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This document contains the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. Some of the key principles established include:
- The Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
- It recognizes the generally accepted principles of international law and adopts a policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
- It establishes various rights for citizens including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law, and the right to information.
- It outlines various state policies including promoting social justice, protecting human rights, prioritizing education and science, and maintaining honesty in public service.
Originalbeschreibung:
This is the MS Word Format of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. This includes all the pertinent provisions of the fundamental law.
This document contains the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. Some of the key principles established include:
- The Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
- It recognizes the generally accepted principles of international law and adopts a policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
- It establishes various rights for citizens including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law, and the right to information.
- It outlines various state policies including promoting social justice, protecting human rights, prioritizing education and science, and maintaining honesty in public service.
This document contains the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. Some of the key principles established include:
- The Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
- It recognizes the generally accepted principles of international law and adopts a policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
- It establishes various rights for citizens including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law, and the right to information.
- It outlines various state policies including promoting social justice, protecting human rights, prioritizing education and science, and maintaining honesty in public service.
1987 CONSTITTION OF T!" #"$%&IC OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S $#"'(%&" )e, the so*erei+, Filipi,o people, implori,+ the aid o- 'lmi+hty .od, i, order to b/ild a 0/st a,d h/ma,e so1iety, a,d establish a .o*er,me,t that shall embody o/r ideals a,d aspiratio,s, promote the 1ommo, +ood, 1o,ser*e a,d de*elop o/r patrimo,y, a,d se1/re to o/rsel*es a,d o/r posterity, the blessi,+s o- i,depe,de,1e a,d demo1ra1y /,der the r/le o- law a,d a re+ime o- tr/th, 0/sti1e, -reedom, lo*e, e2/ality, a,d pea1e, do ordai, a,d prom/l+ate this Co,stit/tio,3 '#TIC&" I N'TION'& T"##ITO#4 The ,atio,al territory 1omprises the $hilippi,e ar1hipela+o, with all the isla,ds a,d waters embra1ed therei,, a,d all other territories o*er whi1h the $hilippi,es has so*erei+,ty or 0/risdi1tio,, 1o,sisti,+ o- its terrestrial, -l/*ial a,d aerial domai,s, i,1l/di,+ its territorial sea, the seabed, the s/bsoil, the i,s/lar shel*es, a,d other s/bmari,e areas3 The waters aro/,d, betwee,, a,d 1o,,e1ti,+ the isla,ds o- the ar1hipela+o, re+ardless o- their breadth a,d dime,sio,s, -orm part o- the i,ter,al waters o- the $hilippi,es3 '#TIC&" II 5"C&'#'TION OF $#INCI$&"S 'N5 ST'T" $O&ICI"S $#INCI$&"S Se1tio, 13 The $hilippi,es is a demo1rati1 a,d rep/bli1a, State3 So*erei+,ty resides i, the people a,d all +o*er,me,t a/thority ema,ates -rom them3 Se1tio, 23 The $hilippi,es re,o/,1es war as a, i,str/me,t o- ,atio,al poli1y, adopts the +e,erally a11epted pri,1iples o- i,ter,atio,al law as part o- the law o- the la,d a,d adheres to the poli1y o- pea1e, e2/ality, 0/sti1e, -reedom, 1ooperatio,, a,d amity with all ,atio,s3 Se1tio, 63 Ci*ilia, a/thority is, at all times, s/preme o*er the military3 The 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es is the prote1tor o- the people a,d the State3 Its +oal is to se1/re the so*erei+,ty o- the State a,d the i,te+rity o- the ,atio,al territory3 Se1tio, 43 The prime d/ty o- the .o*er,me,t is to ser*e a,d prote1t the people3 The .o*er,me,t may 1all /po, the people to de-e,d the State a,d, i, the -/l-illme,t thereo-, all 1iti7e,s may be re2/ired, /,der 1o,ditio,s pro*ided by law, to re,der perso,al, military or 1i*il ser*i1e3 Se1tio, 83 The mai,te,a,1e o- pea1e a,d order, the prote1tio, o- li-e, liberty, a,d property, a,d promotio, o- the +e,eral wel-are are esse,tial -or the e,0oyme,t by all the people o- the blessi,+s o- demo1ra1y3 Se1tio, 93 The separatio, o- Ch/r1h a,d State shall be i,*iolable3 ST'T" $O&ICI"S Se1tio, 73 The State shall p/rs/e a, i,depe,de,t -orei+, poli1y3 I, its relatio,s with other states, the paramo/,t 1o,sideratio, shall be ,atio,al so*erei+,ty, territorial i,te+rity, ,atio,al i,terest, a,d the ri+ht to sel-:determi,atio,3 Se1tio, 83 The $hilippi,es, 1o,siste,t with the ,atio,al i,terest, adopts a,d p/rs/es a poli1y o- -reedom -rom ,/1lear weapo,s i, its territory3 Se1tio, 93 The State shall promote a 0/st a,d dy,ami1 so1ial order that will e,s/re the prosperity a,d i,depe,de,1e o- the ,atio, a,d -ree the people -rom po*erty thro/+h poli1ies that pro*ide ade2/ate so1ial ser*i1es, promote -/ll employme,t, a risi,+ sta,dard o- li*i,+, a,d a, impro*ed 2/ality o- li-e -or all3 Se1tio, 103 The State shall promote so1ial 0/sti1e i, all phases o- ,atio,al de*elopme,t3 Se1tio, 113 The State *al/es the di+,ity o- e*ery h/ma, perso, a,d +/ara,tees -/ll respe1t -or h/ma, ri+hts3 Se1tio, 123 The State re1o+,i7es the sa,1tity o- -amily li-e a,d shall prote1t a,d stre,+the, the -amily as a basi1 a/to,omo/s so1ial i,stit/tio,3 It shall e2/ally prote1t the li-e o- the mother a,d the li-e o- the /,bor, -rom 1o,1eptio,3 The ,at/ral a,d primary ri+ht a,d d/ty o- pare,ts i, the reari,+ o- the yo/th -or 1i*i1 e--i1ie,1y a,d the de*elopme,t o- moral 1hara1ter shall re1ei*e the s/pport o- the .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 163 The State re1o+,i7es the *ital role o- the yo/th i, ,atio,:b/ildi,+ a,d shall promote a,d prote1t their physi1al, moral, spirit/al, i,telle1t/al, a,d so1ial well:bei,+3 It shall i,1/l1ate i, the yo/th patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, a,d e,1o/ra+e their i,*ol*eme,t i, p/bli1 a,d 1i*i1 a--airs3 Se1tio, 143 The State re1o+,i7es the role o- wome, i, ,atio,:b/ildi,+, a,d shall e,s/re the -/,dame,tal e2/ality be-ore the law o- wome, a,d me,3 Se1tio, 183 The State shall prote1t a,d promote the ri+ht to health o- the people a,d i,still health 1o,s1io/s,ess amo,+ them3 Se1tio, 193 The State shall prote1t a,d ad*a,1e the ri+ht o- the people to a bala,1ed a,d health-/l e1olo+y i, a11ord with the rhythm a,d harmo,y o- ,at/re3 Se1tio, 173 The State shall +i*e priority to ed/1atio,, s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y, arts, 1/lt/re, a,d sports to -oster patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, a11elerate so1ial pro+ress, a,d promote total h/ma, liberatio, a,d de*elopme,t3 Se1tio, 183 The State a--irms labor as a primary so1ial e1o,omi1 -or1e3 It shall prote1t the ri+hts o- wor;ers a,d promote their wel-are3 Se1tio, 193 The State shall de*elop a sel-:relia,t a,d i,depe,de,t ,atio,al e1o,omy e--e1ti*ely 1o,trolled by Filipi,os3 Se1tio, 203 The State re1o+,i7es the i,dispe,sable role o- the pri*ate se1tor, e,1o/ra+es pri*ate e,terprise, a,d pro*ides i,1e,ti*es to ,eeded i,*estme,ts3 Se1tio, 213 The State shall promote 1omprehe,si*e r/ral de*elopme,t a,d a+raria, re-orm3 Se1tio, 223 The State re1o+,i7es a,d promotes the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities withi, the -ramewor; o- ,atio,al /,ity a,d de*elopme,t3 Se1tio, 263 The State shall e,1o/ra+e ,o,:+o*er,me,tal, 1omm/,ity:based, or se1toral or+a,i7atio,s that promote the wel-are o- the ,atio,3 Se1tio, 243 The State re1o+,i7es the *ital role o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d i,-ormatio, i, ,atio,:b/ildi,+3 Se1tio, 283 The State shall e,s/re the a/to,omy o- lo1al +o*er,me,ts3 Se1tio, 293 The State shall +/ara,tee e2/al a11ess to opport/,ities -or p/bli1 ser*i1e a,d prohibit politi1al dy,asties as may be de-i,ed by law3 Se1tio, 273 The State shall mai,tai, ho,esty a,d i,te+rity i, the p/bli1 ser*i1e a,d ta;e positi*e a,d e--e1ti*e meas/res a+ai,st +ra-t a,d 1orr/ptio,3 Se1tio, 283 S/b0e1t to reaso,able 1o,ditio,s pres1ribed by law, the State adopts a,d impleme,ts a poli1y o- -/ll p/bli1 dis1los/re o- all its tra,sa1tio,s i,*ol*i,+ p/bli1 i,terest3 '#TIC&" III %I&& OF #I.!TS 1<Se1tio, 13 No perso, shall be depri*ed o- li-e, liberty, or property witho/t d/e pro1ess o- law, ,or shall a,y perso, be de,ied the e2/al prote1tio, o- the laws3 Se1tio, 23 The ri+ht o- the people to be se1/re i, their perso,s, ho/ses, papers, a,d e--e1ts a+ai,st /,reaso,able sear1hes a,d sei7/res o- whate*er ,at/re a,d -or a,y p/rpose shall be i,*iolable, a,d ,o sear1h warra,t or warra,t o- arrest shall iss/e e=1ept /po, probable 1a/se to be determi,ed perso,ally by the 0/d+e a-ter e=ami,atio, /,der oath or a--irmatio, o- the 1omplai,a,t a,d the wit,esses he may prod/1e, a,d parti1/larly des1ribi,+ the pla1e to be sear1hed a,d the perso,s or thi,+s to be sei7ed3 Se1tio, 63 The pri*a1y o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d 1orrespo,de,1e shall be i,*iolable e=1ept /po, law-/l order o- the 1o/rt, or whe, p/bli1 sa-ety or order re2/ires otherwise, as pres1ribed by law3 ',y e*ide,1e obtai,ed i, *iolatio, o- this or the pre1edi,+ se1tio, shall be i,admissible -or a,y p/rpose i, a,y pro1eedi,+3 Se1tio, 43 No law shall be passed abrid+i,+ the -reedom o- spee1h, o- e=pressio,, or o- the press, or the ri+ht o- the people pea1eably to assemble a,d petitio, the +o*er,me,t -or redress o- +rie*a,1es3 Se1tio, 83 No law shall be made respe1ti,+ a, establishme,t o- reli+io,, or prohibiti,+ the -ree e=er1ise thereo-3 The -ree e=er1ise a,d e,0oyme,t o- reli+io/s pro-essio, a,d worship, witho/t dis1rimi,atio, or pre-ere,1e, shall -ore*er be allowed3 No reli+io/s test shall be re2/ired -or the e=er1ise o- 1i*il or politi1al ri+hts3 Se1tio, 93 The liberty o- abode a,d o- 1ha,+i,+ the same withi, the limits pres1ribed by law shall ,ot be impaired e=1ept /po, law-/l order o- the 1o/rt3 Neither shall the ri+ht to tra*el be impaired e=1ept i, the i,terest o- ,atio,al se1/rity, p/bli1 sa-ety, or p/bli1 health, as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 73 The ri+ht o- the people to i,-ormatio, o, matters o- p/bli1 1o,1er, shall be re1o+,i7ed3 '11ess to o--i1ial re1ords, a,d to do1/me,ts a,d papers pertai,i,+ to o--i1ial a1ts, tra,sa1tio,s, or de1isio,s, as well as to +o*er,me,t resear1h data /sed as basis -or poli1y de*elopme,t, shall be a--orded the 1iti7e,, s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 83 The ri+ht o- the people, i,1l/di,+ those employed i, the p/bli1 a,d pri*ate se1tors, to -orm /,io,s, asso1iatio,s, or so1ieties -or p/rposes ,ot 1o,trary to law shall ,ot be abrid+ed3 Se1tio, 93 $ri*ate property shall ,ot be ta;e, -or p/bli1 /se witho/t 0/st 1ompe,satio,3 Se1tio, 103 No law impairi,+ the obli+atio, o- 1o,tra1ts shall be passed3 Se1tio, 113 Free a11ess to the 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies a,d ade2/ate le+al assista,1e shall ,ot be de,ied to a,y perso, by reaso, o- po*erty3 Se1tio, 123 ',y perso, /,der i,*esti+atio, -or the 1ommissio, o- a, o--e,se shall ha*e the ri+ht to be i,-ormed o- his ri+ht to remai, sile,t a,d to ha*e 1ompete,t a,d i,depe,de,t 1o/,sel pre-erably o- his ow, 1hoi1e3 I- the perso, 1a,,ot a--ord the ser*i1es o- 1o/,sel, he m/st be pro*ided with o,e3 These ri+hts 1a,,ot be wai*ed e=1ept i, writi,+ a,d i, the prese,1e o- 1o/,sel3 No tort/re, -or1e, *iole,1e, threat, i,timidatio,, or a,y other mea,s whi1h *itiate the -ree will shall be /sed a+ai,st him3 Se1ret dete,tio, pla1es, solitary, i,1omm/,i1ado, or other similar -orms o- dete,tio, are prohibited3 ',y 1o,-essio, or admissio, obtai,ed i, *iolatio, o- this or Se1tio, 17 hereo- shall be i,admissible i, e*ide,1e a+ai,st him3 The law shall pro*ide -or pe,al a,d 1i*il sa,1tio,s -or *iolatio,s o- this Se1tio, as well as 1ompe,satio, to the rehabilitatio, o- *i1tims o- tort/re or similar pra1ti1es, a,d their -amilies3 Se1tio, 163 'll perso,s, e=1ept those 1har+ed with o--e,ses p/,ishable by re1l/sio, perpet/a whe, e*ide,1e o- +/ilt is stro,+, shall, be-ore 1o,*i1tio,, be bailable by s/--i1ie,t s/reties, or be released o, re1o+,i7a,1e as may be pro*ided by law3 The ri+ht to bail shall ,ot be impaired e*e, whe, the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s is s/spe,ded3 "=1essi*e bail shall ,ot be re2/ired3 Se1tio, 143 No perso, shall be held to a,swer -or a 1rimi,al o--e,se witho/t d/e pro1ess o- law3 I, all 1rimi,al prose1/tio,s, the a11/sed shall be pres/med i,,o1e,t /,til the 1o,trary is pro*ed, a,d shall e,0oy the ri+ht to be heard by himsel- a,d 1o/,sel, to be i,-ormed o- the ,at/re a,d 1a/se o- the a11/satio, a+ai,st him, to ha*e a speedy, impartial, a,d p/bli1 trial, to meet the wit,esses -a1e to -a1e, a,d to ha*e 1omp/lsory pro1ess to se1/re the atte,da,1e o- wit,esses a,d the prod/1tio, o- e*ide,1e i, his behal-3 !owe*er, a-ter arrai+,me,t, trial may pro1eed ,otwithsta,di,+ the abse,1e o- the a11/sed> $ro*ided, that he has bee, d/ly ,oti-ied a,d his -ail/re to appear is /,0/sti-iable3 Se1tio, 183 The pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s shall ,ot be s/spe,ded e=1ept i, 1ases o- i,*asio, or rebellio,, whe, the p/bli1 sa-ety re2/ires it3 Se1tio, 193 'll perso,s shall ha*e the ri+ht to a speedy dispositio, o- their 1ases be-ore all 0/di1ial, 2/asi:0/di1ial, or admi,istrati*e bodies3 Se1tio, 173 No perso, shall be 1ompelled to be a wit,ess a+ai,st himsel-3 Se1tio, 183 No perso, shall be detai,ed solely by reaso, o- his politi1al belie-s a,d aspiratio,s3 No i,*ol/,tary ser*it/de i, a,y -orm shall e=ist e=1ept as a p/,ishme,t -or a 1rime whereo- the party shall ha*e bee, d/ly 1o,*i1ted3 Se1tio, 193 "=1essi*e -i,es shall ,ot be imposed, ,or 1r/el, de+radi,+ or i,h/ma, p/,ishme,t i,-li1ted3 Neither shall death pe,alty be imposed, /,less, -or 1ompelli,+ reaso,s i,*ol*i,+ hei,o/s 1rimes, the Co,+ress herea-ter pro*ides -or it3 ',y death pe,alty already imposed shall be red/1ed to re1l/sio, perpet/a3 The employme,t o- physi1al, psy1holo+i1al, or de+radi,+ p/,ishme,t a+ai,st a,y priso,er or detai,ee or the /se o- s/bsta,dard or i,ade2/ate pe,al -a1ilities /,der s/bh/ma, 1o,ditio,s shall be dealt with by law3 Se1tio, 203 No perso, shall be impriso,ed -or debt or ,o,:payme,t o- a poll ta=3 Se1tio, 213 No perso, shall be twi1e p/t i, 0eopardy o- p/,ishme,t -or the same o--e,se3 I- a, a1t is p/,ished by a law a,d a, ordi,a,1e, 1o,*i1tio, or a12/ittal /,der either shall 1o,stit/te a bar to a,other prose1/tio, -or the same a1t3 Se1tio, 223 No e= post -a1to law or bill o- attai,der shall be e,a1ted3 ARTICLE IV CITIZENSHIP Se1tio, 13 The -ollowi,+ are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es> Those who are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es at the time o- the adoptio, o- this Co,stit/tio,? Those whose -athers or mothers are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es? Those bor, be-ore @a,/ary 17, 1976, o- Filipi,o mothers, who ele1t $hilippi,e Citi7e,ship /po, rea1hi,+ the a+e o- ma0ority? a,d Those who are ,at/rali7ed i, the a11orda,1e with law3 Se1tio, 23 Nat/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s are those who are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es -rom birth witho/t ha*i,+ to per-orm a,y a1t to a12/ire or per-e1t their $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship3 Those who ele1t $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship i, a11orda,1e with para+raph A6B, Se1tio, 1 hereo- shall be deemed ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s3 Se1tio, 63 $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship may be lost or rea12/ired i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 43 Citi7e,s o- the $hilippi,es who marry alie,s shall retai, their 1iti7e,ship, /,less by their a1t or omissio, they are deemed, /,der the law to ha*e re,o/,1ed it3 Se1tio, 83 5/al alle+ia,1e o- 1iti7e,s is i,imi1al to the ,atio,al i,terest a,d shall be dealt with by law3 '#TIC&" C SFF#'." Se1tio, 13 S/--ra+e may be e=er1ised by all 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es, ,ot otherwise dis2/ali-ied by law, who are at least ei+htee, years o- a+e, a,d who shall ha*e resided i, the $hilippi,es -or at least o,e year a,d i, the pla1e wherei, they propose to *ote, -or at least si= mo,ths immediately pre1edi,+ the ele1tio,3 No litera1y, property, or other s/bsta,ti*e re2/ireme,t shall be imposed o, the e=er1ise o- s/--ra+e3 Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide a system -or se1/ri,+ the se1re1y a,d sa,1tity o- the ballot as well as a system -or abse,tee *oti,+ by 2/ali-ied Filipi,os abroad3 The Co,+ress shall also desi+, a pro1ed/re -or the disabled a,d the illiterates to *ote witho/t the assista,1e o- other perso,s3 ,til the,, they shall be allowed to *ote /,der e=isti,+ laws a,d s/1h r/les as the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s may prom/l+ate to prote1t the se1re1y o- the ballot3 '#TIC&" CI T!" &".IS&'TIC" 5"$'#T("NT Se1tio, 13 The le+islati*e power shall be *ested i, the Co,+ress o- the $hilippi,es whi1h shall 1o,sist o- a Se,ate a,d a !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, e=1ept to the e=te,t reser*ed to the people by the pro*isio, o, i,itiati*e a,d re-ere,d/m3 Se1tio, 23 The Se,ate shall be 1omposed o- twe,ty:-o/r Se,ators who shall be ele1ted at lar+e by the 2/ali-ied *oters o- the $hilippi,es, as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 63 No perso, shall be a Se,ator /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es a,d, o, the day o- the ele1tio,, is at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, able to read a,d write, a re+istered *oter, a,d a reside,t o- the $hilippi,es -or ,ot less tha, two years immediately pre1edi,+ the day o- the ele1tio,3 Se1tio, 43 The term o- o--i1e o- the Se,ators shall be si= years a,d shall 1omme,1e, /,less otherwise pro*ided by law, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day o- @/,e ,e=t -ollowi,+ their ele1tio,3 No Se,ator shall ser*e -or more tha, two 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll term o- whi1h he was ele1ted3 Se1tio, 83 The !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be 1omposed o- ,ot more tha, two h/,dred a,d -i-ty members, /,less otherwise -i=ed by law, who shall be ele1ted -rom le+islati*e distri1ts apportio,ed amo,+ the pro*i,1es, 1ities, a,d the (etropolita, (a,ila area i, a11orda,1e with the ,/mber o- their respe1ti*e i,habita,ts, a,d o, the basis o- a /,i-orm a,d pro+ressi*e ratio, a,d those who, as pro*ided by law, shall be ele1ted thro/+h a party:list system o- re+istered ,atio,al, re+io,al, a,d se1toral parties or or+a,i7atio,s3 The party:list represe,tati*es shall 1o,stit/te twe,ty per 1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber o- represe,tati*es i,1l/di,+ those /,der the party list3 For three 1o,se1/ti*e terms a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, o,e:hal- o- the seats allo1ated to party:list represe,tati*es shall be -illed, as pro*ided by law, by sele1tio, or ele1tio, -rom the labor, peasa,t, /rba, poor, i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities, wome,, yo/th, a,d s/1h other se1tors as may be pro*ided by law, e=1ept the reli+io/s se1tor3 "a1h le+islati*e distri1t shall 1omprise, as -ar as pra1ti1able, 1o,ti+/o/s, 1ompa1t, a,d ad0a1e,t territory3 "a1h 1ity with a pop/latio, o- at least two h/,dred -i-ty tho/sa,d, or ea1h pro*i,1e, shall ha*e at least o,e represe,tati*e3 )ithi, three years -ollowi,+ the ret/r, o- e*ery 1e,s/s, the Co,+ress shall ma;e a reapportio,me,t o- le+islati*e distri1ts based o, the sta,dards pro*ided i, this se1tio,3 Se1tio, 93 No perso, shall be a (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es a,d, o, the day o- the ele1tio,, is at least twe,ty:-i*e years o- a+e, able to read a,d write, a,d, e=1ept the party:list represe,tati*es, a re+istered *oter i, the distri1t i, whi1h he shall be ele1ted, a,d a reside,t thereo- -or a period o- ,ot less tha, o,e year immediately pre1edi,+ the day o- the ele1tio,3 Se1tio, 73 The (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be ele1ted -or a term o- three years whi1h shall be+i,, /,less otherwise pro*ided by law, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day o- @/,e ,e=t -ollowi,+ their ele1tio,3 No (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ser*e -or more tha, three 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3 Se1tio, 83 ,less otherwise pro*ided by law, the re+/lar ele1tio, o- the Se,ators a,d the (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay3 Se1tio, 93 I, 1ase o- *a1a,1y i, the Se,ate or i, the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a spe1ial ele1tio, may be 1alled to -ill s/1h *a1a,1y i, the ma,,er pres1ribed by law, b/t the Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es th/s ele1ted shall ser*e o,ly -or the /,e=pired term3 Se1tio, 103 The salaries o- Se,ators a,d (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be determi,ed by law3 No i,1rease i, said 1ompe,satio, shall ta;e e--e1t /,til a-ter the e=piratio, o- the -/ll term o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es appro*i,+ s/1h i,1rease3 Se1tio, 113 ' Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall, i, all o--e,ses p/,ishable by ,ot more tha, si= years impriso,me,t, be pri*ile+ed -rom arrest while the Co,+ress is i, sessio,3 No (ember shall be 2/estio,ed ,or be held liable i, a,y other pla1e -or a,y spee1h or debate i, the Co,+ress or i, a,y 1ommittee thereo-3 Se1tio, 123 'll (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall, /po, ass/mptio, o- o--i1e, ma;e a -/ll dis1los/re o- their -i,a,1ial a,d b/si,ess i,terests3 They shall ,oti-y the !o/se 1o,1er,ed o- a pote,tial 1o,-li1t o- i,terest that may arise -rom the -ili,+ o- a proposed le+islatio, o- whi1h they are a/thors3 Se1tio, 163 No Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es may hold a,y other o--i1e or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries, d/ri,+ his term witho/t -or-eiti,+ his seat3 Neither shall he be appoi,ted to a,y o--i1e whi1h may ha*e bee, 1reated or the emol/me,ts thereo- i,1reased d/ri,+ the term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3 Se1tio, 143 No Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es may perso,ally appear as 1o/,sel be-ore a,y 1o/rt o- 0/sti1e or be-ore the "le1toral Trib/,als, or 2/asi: 0/di1ial a,d other admi,istrati*e bodies3 Neither shall he, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, be i,terested -i,a,1ially i, a,y 1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise or spe1ial pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,, or its s/bsidiary, d/ri,+ his term o- o--i1e3 !e shall ,ot i,ter*e,e i, a,y matter be-ore a,y o--i1e o- the .o*er,me,t -or his pe1/,iary be,e-it or where he may be 1alled /po, to a1t o, a11o/,t o- his o--i1e3 Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall 1o,*e,e o,1e e*ery year o, the -o/rth (o,day o- @/ly -or its re+/lar sessio,, /,less a di--ere,t date is -i=ed by law, a,d shall 1o,ti,/e to be i, sessio, -or s/1h ,/mber o- days as it may determi,e /,til thirty days be-ore the ope,i,+ o- its ,e=t re+/lar sessio,, e=1l/si*e o- Sat/rdays, S/,days, a,d le+al holidays3 The $reside,t may 1all a spe1ial sessio, at a,y time3 Se1tio, 193 The Se,ate shall ele1t its $reside,t a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, its Spea;er, by a ma0ority *ote o- all its respe1ti*e (embers3 "a1h !o/se shall 1hoose s/1h other o--i1ers as it may deem ,e1essary3 ' ma0ority o- ea1h !o/se shall 1o,stit/te a 2/or/m to do b/si,ess, b/t a smaller ,/mber may ad0o/r, -rom day to day a,d may 1ompel the atte,da,1e o- abse,t (embers i, s/1h ma,,er, a,d /,der s/1h pe,alties, as s/1h !o/se may pro*ide3 "a1h !o/se may determi,e the r/les o- its pro1eedi,+s, p/,ish its (embers -or disorderly beha*ior, a,d, with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- two:thirds o- all its (embers, s/spe,d or e=pel a (ember3 ' pe,alty o- s/spe,sio,, whe, imposed, shall ,ot e=1eed si=ty days3 "a1h !o/se shall ;eep a @o/r,al o- its pro1eedi,+s, a,d -rom time to time p/blish the same, e=1epti,+ s/1h parts as may, i, its 0/d+me,t, a--e1t ,atio,al se1/rity? a,d the yeas a,d ,ays o, a,y 2/estio, shall, at the re2/est o- o,e:-i-th o- the (embers prese,t, be e,tered i, the @o/r,al3 "a1h !o/se shall also ;eep a #e1ord o- its pro1eedi,+s3 Neither !o/se d/ri,+ the sessio,s o- the Co,+ress shall, witho/t the 1o,se,t o- the other, ad0o/r, -or more tha, three days, ,or to a,y other pla1e tha, that i, whi1h the two !o/ses shall be sitti,+3 Se1tio, 173 The Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ea1h ha*e a, "le1toral Trib/,al whi1h shall be the sole 0/d+e o- all 1o,tests relati,+ to the ele1tio,, ret/r,s, a,d 2/ali-i1atio,s o- their respe1ti*e (embers3 "a1h "le1toral Trib/,al shall be 1omposed o- ,i,e (embers, three o- whom shall be @/sti1es o- the S/preme Co/rt to be desi+,ated by the Chie- @/sti1e, a,d the remai,i,+ si= shall be (embers o- the Se,ate or the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, as the 1ase may be, who shall be 1hose, o, the basis o- proportio,al represe,tatio, -rom the politi1al parties a,d the parties or or+a,i7atio,s re+istered /,der the party:list system represe,ted therei,3 The se,ior @/sti1e i, the "le1toral Trib/,al shall be its Chairma,3 Se1tio, 183 There shall be a Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts 1o,sisti,+ o- the $reside,t o- the Se,ate, as e= o--i1io Chairma,, twel*e Se,ators, a,d twel*e (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, ele1ted by ea1h !o/se o, the basis o- proportio,al represe,tatio, -rom the politi1al parties a,d parties or or+a,i7atio,s re+istered /,der the party:list system represe,ted therei,3 The 1hairma, o- the Commissio, shall ,ot *ote, e=1ept i, 1ase o- a tie3 The Commissio, shall a1t o, all appoi,tme,ts s/bmitted to it withi, thirty sessio, days o- the Co,+ress -rom their s/bmissio,3 The Commissio, shall r/le by a ma0ority *ote o- all the (embers3 Se1tio, 193 The "le1toral Trib/,als a,d the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts shall be 1o,stit/ted withi, thirty days a-ter the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ha*e bee, or+a,i7ed with the ele1tio, o- the $reside,t a,d the Spea;er3 The Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts shall meet o,ly while the Co,+ress is i, sessio,, at the 1all o- its Chairma, or a ma0ority o- all its (embers, to dis1har+e s/1h powers a,d -/,1tio,s as are herei, 1o,-erred /po, it3 Se1tio, 203 The re1ords a,d boo;s o- a11o/,ts o- the Co,+ress shall be preser*ed a,d be ope, to the p/bli1 i, a11orda,1e with law, a,d s/1h boo;s shall be a/dited by the Commissio, o, '/dit whi1h shall p/blish a,,/ally a, itemi7ed list o- amo/,ts paid to a,d e=pe,ses -or ea1h (ember3 Se1tio, 213 The Se,ate or the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es or a,y o- its respe1ti*e 1ommittees may 1o,d/1t i,2/iries i, aid o- le+islatio, i, a11orda,1e with its d/ly p/blished r/les o- pro1ed/re3 The ri+hts o- perso,s appeari,+ i,, or a--e1ted by, s/1h i,2/iries shall be respe1ted3 Se1tio, 223 The heads o- departme,ts may, /po, their ow, i,itiati*e, with the 1o,se,t o- the $reside,t, or /po, the re2/est o- either !o/se, as the r/les o- ea1h !o/se shall pro*ide, appear be-ore a,d be heard by s/1h !o/se o, a,y matter pertai,i,+ to their departme,ts3 )ritte, 2/estio,s shall be s/bmitted to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es at least three days be-ore their s1hed/led appeara,1e3 I,terpellatio,s shall ,ot be limited to writte, 2/estio,s, b/t may 1o*er matters related thereto3 )he, the se1/rity o- the State or the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires a,d the $reside,t so states i, writi,+, the appeara,1e shall be 1o,d/1ted i, e=e1/ti*e sessio,3 Se1tio, 263 The Co,+ress, by a *ote o- two:thirds o- both !o/ses i, 0oi,t sessio, assembled, *oti,+ separately, shall ha*e the sole power to de1lare the e=iste,1e o- a state o- war3 I, times o- war or other ,atio,al emer+e,1y, the Co,+ress may, by law, a/thori7e the $reside,t, -or a limited period a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h restri1tio,s as it may pres1ribe, to e=er1ise powers ,e1essary a,d proper to 1arry o/t a de1lared ,atio,al poli1y3 ,less soo,er withdraw, by resol/tio, o- the Co,+ress, s/1h powers shall 1ease /po, the ,e=t ad0o/r,me,t thereo-3 Se1tio, 243 'll appropriatio,, re*e,/e or tari-- bills, bills a/thori7i,+ i,1rease o- the p/bli1 debt, bills o- lo1al appli1atio,, a,d pri*ate bills, shall ori+i,ate e=1l/si*ely i, the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, b/t the Se,ate may propose or 1o,1/r with ame,dme,ts3 Se1tio, 283 The Co,+ress may ,ot i,1rease the appropriatio,s re1omme,ded by the $reside,t -or the operatio, o- the .o*er,me,t as spe1i-ied i, the b/d+et3 The -orm, 1o,te,t, a,d ma,,er o- preparatio, o- the b/d+et shall be pres1ribed by law3 No pro*isio, or e,a1tme,t shall be embra1ed i, the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill /,less it relates spe1i-i1ally to some parti1/lar appropriatio, therei,3 ',y s/1h pro*isio, or e,a1tme,t shall be limited i, its operatio, to the appropriatio, to whi1h it relates3 The pro1ed/re i, appro*i,+ appropriatio,s -or the Co,+ress shall stri1tly -ollow the pro1ed/re -or appro*i,+ appropriatio,s -or other departme,ts a,d a+e,1ies3 ' spe1ial appropriatio,s bill shall spe1i-y the p/rpose -or whi1h it is i,te,ded, a,d shall be s/pported by -/,ds a1t/ally a*ailable as 1erti-ied by the Natio,al Treas/rer, or to be raised by a 1orrespo,di,+ re*e,/e proposal therei,3 No law shall be passed a/thori7i,+ a,y tra,s-er o- appropriatio,s? howe*er, the $reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, the Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the heads o- Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s may, by law, be a/thori7ed to a/+me,t a,y item i, the +e,eral appropriatio,s law -or their respe1ti*e o--i1es -rom sa*i,+s i, other items o- their respe1ti*e appropriatio,s3 5is1retio,ary -/,ds appropriated -or parti1/lar o--i1ials shall be disb/rsed o,ly -or p/bli1 p/rposes to be s/pported by appropriate *o/1hers a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h +/ideli,es as may be pres1ribed by law3 I-, by the e,d o- a,y -is1al year, the Co,+ress shall ha*e -ailed to pass the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill -or the e,s/i,+ -is1al year, the +e,eral appropriatio,s law -or the pre1edi,+ -is1al year shall be deemed re:e,a1ted a,d shall remai, i, -or1e a,d e--e1t /,til the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill is passed by the Co,+ress3 Se1tio, 293 "*ery bill passed by the Co,+ress shall embra1e o,ly o,e s/b0e1t whi1h shall be e=pressed i, the title thereo-3 No bill passed by either !o/se shall be1ome a law /,less it has passed three readi,+s o, separate days, a,d pri,ted 1opies thereo- i, its -i,al -orm ha*e bee, distrib/ted to its (embers three days be-ore its passa+e, e=1ept whe, the $reside,t 1erti-ies to the ,e1essity o- its immediate e,a1tme,t to meet a p/bli1 1alamity or emer+e,1y3 po, the last readi,+ o- a bill, ,o ame,dme,t thereto shall be allowed, a,d the *ote thereo, shall be ta;e, immediately therea-ter, a,d the yeas a,d ,ays e,tered i, the @o/r,al3 Se1tio, 273 "*ery bill passed by the Co,+ress shall, be-ore it be1omes a law, be prese,ted to the $reside,t3 I- he appro*es the same he shall si+, it? otherwise, he shall *eto it a,d ret/r, the same with his ob0e1tio,s to the !o/se where it ori+i,ated, whi1h shall e,ter the ob0e1tio,s at lar+e i, its @o/r,al a,d pro1eed to re1o,sider it3 I-, a-ter s/1h re1o,sideratio,, two:thirds o- all the (embers o- s/1h !o/se shall a+ree to pass the bill, it shall be se,t, to+ether with the ob0e1tio,s, to the other !o/se by whi1h it shall li;ewise be re1o,sidered, a,d i- appro*ed by two:thirds o- all the (embers o- that !o/se, it shall be1ome a law3 I, all s/1h 1ases, the *otes o- ea1h !o/se shall be determi,ed by yeas or ,ays, a,d the ,ames o- the (embers *oti,+ -or or a+ai,st shall be e,tered i, its @o/r,al3 The $reside,t shall 1omm/,i1ate his *eto o- a,y bill to the !o/se where it ori+i,ated withi, thirty days a-ter the date o- re1eipt thereo-, otherwise, it shall be1ome a law as i- he had si+,ed it3 The $reside,t shall ha*e the power to *eto a,y parti1/lar item or items i, a, appropriatio,, re*e,/e, or tari-- bill, b/t the *eto shall ,ot a--e1t the item or items to whi1h he does ,ot ob0e1t3 Se1tio, 283 The r/le o- ta=atio, shall be /,i-orm a,d e2/itable3 The Co,+ress shall e*ol*e a pro+ressi*e system o- ta=atio,3 The Co,+ress may, by law, a/thori7e the $reside,t to -i= withi, spe1i-ied limits, a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s a,d restri1tio,s as it may impose, tari-- rates, import a,d e=port 2/otas, to,,a+e a,d whar-a+e d/es, a,d other d/ties or imposts withi, the -ramewor; o- the ,atio,al de*elopme,t pro+ram o- the .o*er,me,t3 Charitable i,stit/tio,s, 1h/r1hes a,d perso,a+es or 1o,*e,ts app/rte,a,t thereto, mos2/es, ,o,:pro-it 1emeteries, a,d all la,ds, b/ildi,+s, a,d impro*eme,ts, a1t/ally, dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely /sed -or reli+io/s, 1haritable, or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be e=empt -rom ta=atio,3 No law +ra,ti,+ a,y ta= e=emptio, shall be passed witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Co,+ress3 Se1tio, 293 No mo,ey shall be paid o/t o- the Treas/ry e=1ept i, p/rs/a,1e o- a, appropriatio, made by law3 No p/bli1 mo,ey or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, -or the /se, be,e-it, or s/pport o- a,y se1t, 1h/r1h, de,omi,atio,, se1taria, i,stit/tio,, or system o- reli+io,, or o- a,y priest, prea1her, mi,ister, other reli+io/s tea1her, or di+,itary as s/1h, e=1ept whe, s/1h priest, prea1her, mi,ister, or di+,itary is assi+,ed to the armed -or1es, or to a,y pe,al i,stit/tio,, or +o*er,me,t orpha,a+e or leprosari/m3 'll mo,ey 1olle1ted o, a,y ta= le*ied -or a spe1ial p/rpose shall be treated as a spe1ial -/,d a,d paid o/t -or s/1h p/rpose o,ly3 I- the p/rpose -or whi1h a spe1ial -/,d was 1reated has bee, -/l-illed or aba,do,ed, the bala,1e, i- a,y, shall be tra,s-erred to the +e,eral -/,ds o- the .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 603 No law shall be passed i,1reasi,+ the appellate 0/risdi1tio, o- the S/preme Co/rt as pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio, witho/t its ad*i1e a,d 1o,1/rre,1e3 Se1tio, 613 No law +ra,ti,+ a title o- royalty or ,obility shall be e,a1ted3 Se1tio, 623 The Co,+ress shall, as early as possible, pro*ide -or a system o- i,itiati*e a,d re-ere,d/m, a,d the e=1eptio,s there-rom, whereby the people 1a, dire1tly propose a,d e,a1t laws or appro*e or re0e1t a,y a1t or law or part thereo- passed by the Co,+ress or lo1al le+islati*e body a-ter the re+istratio, o- a petitio, there-or si+,ed by at least te, per 1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber o- re+istered *oters, o- whi1h e*ery le+islati*e distri1t m/st be represe,ted by at least three per 1e,t/m o- the re+istered *oters thereo-3 '#TIC&" CII "D"CTIC" 5"$'#T("NT Se1tio, 13 The e=e1/ti*e power shall be *ested i, the $reside,t o- the $hilippi,es3 Se1tio, 23 No perso, may be ele1ted $reside,t /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es, a re+istered *oter, able to read a,d write, at least -orty years o- a+e o, the day o- the ele1tio,, a,d a reside,t o- the $hilippi,es -or at least te, years immediately pre1edi,+ s/1h ele1tio,3 Se1tio, 63 There shall be a Ci1e:$reside,t who shall ha*e the same 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d term o- o--i1e a,d be ele1ted with, a,d i, the same ma,,er, as the $reside,t3 !e may be remo*ed -rom o--i1e i, the same ma,,er as the $reside,t3 The Ci1e:$reside,t may be appoi,ted as a (ember o- the Cabi,et3 S/1h appoi,tme,t re2/ires ,o 1o,-irmatio,3 Se1tio, 43 The $reside,t a,d the Ci1e:$reside,t shall be ele1ted by dire1t *ote o- the people -or a term o- si= years whi1h shall be+i, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day o- @/,e ,e=t -ollowi,+ the day o- the ele1tio, a,d shall e,d at ,oo, o- the same date, si= years therea-ter3 The $reside,t shall ,ot be eli+ible -or a,y re:ele1tio,3 No perso, who has s/11eeded as $reside,t a,d has ser*ed as s/1h -or more tha, -o/r years shall be 2/ali-ied -or ele1tio, to the same o--i1e at a,y time3 No Ci1e:$reside,t shall ser*e -or more tha, two s/11essi*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- the ser*i1e -or the -/ll term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3 ,less otherwise pro*ided by law, the re+/lar ele1tio, -or $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay3 The ret/r,s o- e*ery ele1tio, -or $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t, d/ly 1erti-ied by the board o- 1a,*assers o- ea1h pro*i,1e or 1ity, shall be tra,smitted to the Co,+ress, dire1ted to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate3 po, re1eipt o- the 1erti-i1ates o- 1a,*ass, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate shall, ,ot later tha, thirty days a-ter the day o- the ele1tio,, ope, all the 1erti-i1ates i, the prese,1e o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es i, 0oi,t p/bli1 sessio,, a,d the Co,+ress, /po, determi,atio, o- the a/the,ti1ity a,d d/e e=e1/tio, thereo- i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law, 1a,*ass the *otes3 The perso, ha*i,+ the hi+hest ,/mber o- *otes shall be pro1laimed ele1ted, b/t i, 1ase two or more shall ha*e a, e2/al a,d hi+hest ,/mber o- *otes, o,e o- them shall -orthwith be 1hose, by the *ote o- a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- both !o/ses o- the Co,+ress, *oti,+ separately3 The Co,+ress shall prom/l+ate its r/les -or the 1a,*assi,+ o- the 1erti-i1ates3 The S/preme Co/rt, sitti,+ e, ba,1, shall be the sole 0/d+e o- all 1o,tests relati,+ to the ele1tio,, ret/r,s, a,d 2/ali-i1atio,s o- the $reside,t or Ci1e:$reside,t, a,d may prom/l+ate its r/les -or the p/rpose3 Se1tio, 83 %e-ore they e,ter o, the e=e1/tio, o- their o--i1e, the $reside,t, the Ci1e: $reside,t, or the '1ti,+ $reside,t shall ta;e the -ollowi,+ oath or a--irmatio,> EI do solem,ly swear Aor a--irmB that I will -aith-/lly a,d 1o,s1ie,tio/sly -/l-ill my d/ties as $reside,t Aor Ci1e:$reside,t or '1ti,+ $reside,tB o- the $hilippi,es, preser*e a,d de-e,d its Co,stit/tio,, e=e1/te its laws, do 0/sti1e to e*ery ma,, a,d 1o,se1rate mysel- to the ser*i1e o- the Natio,3 So help me .od3E AI, 1ase o- a--irmatio,, last se,te,1e will be omitted3B Se1tio, 93 The $reside,t shall ha*e a, o--i1ial reside,1e3 The salaries o- the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t shall be determi,ed by law a,d shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their te,/re3 No i,1rease i, said 1ompe,satio, shall ta;e e--e1t /,til a-ter the e=piratio, o- the term o- the i,1/mbe,t d/ri,+ whi1h s/1h i,1rease was appro*ed3 They shall ,ot re1ei*e d/ri,+ their te,/re a,y other emol/me,t -rom the .o*er,me,t or a,y other so/r1e3 Se1tio, 73 The $reside,t:ele1t a,d the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall ass/me o--i1e at the be+i,,i,+ o- their terms3 I- the $reside,t:ele1t -ails to 2/ali-y, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall a1t as $reside,t /,til the $reside,t:ele1t shall ha*e 2/ali-ied3 I- a $reside,t shall ,ot ha*e bee, 1hose,, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall a1t as $reside,t /,til a $reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, a,d 2/ali-ied3 I- at the be+i,,i,+ o- the term o- the $reside,t, the $reside,t:ele1t shall ha*e died or shall ha*e be1ome perma,e,tly disabled, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall be1ome $reside,t3 )here ,o $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, or shall ha*e 2/ali-ied, or where both shall ha*e died or be1ome perma,e,tly disabled, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or, i, 1ase o- his i,ability, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, shall a1t as $reside,t /,til a $reside,t or a Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, a,d 2/ali-ied3 The Co,+ress shall, by law, pro*ide -or the ma,,er i, whi1h o,e who is to a1t as $reside,t shall be sele1ted /,til a $reside,t or a Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e 2/ali-ied, i, 1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, or i,ability o- the o--i1ials me,tio,ed i, the ,e=t pre1edi,+ para+raph3 Se1tio, 83 I, 1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, remo*al -rom o--i1e, or resi+,atio, o- the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall be1ome the $reside,t to ser*e the /,e=pired term3 I, 1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, remo*al -rom o--i1e, or resi+,atio, o- both the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or, i, 1ase o- his i,ability, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, shall the, a1t as $reside,t /,til the $reside,t or Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, ele1ted a,d 2/ali-ied3 The Co,+ress shall, by law, pro*ide who shall ser*e as $reside,t i, 1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, or resi+,atio, o- the '1ti,+ $reside,t3 !e shall ser*e /,til the $reside,t or the Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, ele1ted a,d 2/ali-ied, a,d be s/b0e1t to the same restri1tio,s o- powers a,d dis2/ali-i1atio,s as the '1ti,+ $reside,t3 Se1tio, 93 )he,e*er there is a *a1a,1y i, the O--i1e o- the Ci1e:$reside,t d/ri,+ the term -or whi1h he was ele1ted, the $reside,t shall ,omi,ate a Ci1e:$reside,t -rom amo,+ the (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es who shall ass/me o--i1e /po, 1o,-irmatio, by a ma0ority *ote o- all the (embers o- both !o/ses o- the Co,+ress, *oti,+ separately3 Se1tio, 103 The Co,+ress shall, at te, oF1lo1; i, the mor,i,+ o- the third day a-ter the *a1a,1y i, the o--i1es o- the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t o11/rs, 1o,*e,e i, a11orda,1e with its r/les witho/t ,eed o- a 1all a,d withi, se*e, days, e,a1t a law 1alli,+ -or a spe1ial ele1tio, to ele1t a $reside,t a,d a Ci1e:$reside,t to be held ,ot earlier tha, -orty:-i*e days ,or later tha, si=ty days -rom the time o- s/1h 1all3 The bill 1alli,+ s/1h spe1ial ele1tio, shall be deemed 1erti-ied /,der para+raph 2, Se1tio, 29, 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d shall be1ome law /po, its appro*al o, third readi,+ by the Co,+ress3 'ppropriatio,s -or the spe1ial ele1tio, shall be 1har+ed a+ai,st a,y 1/rre,t appropriatio,s a,d shall be e=empt -rom the re2/ireme,ts o- para+raph 4, Se1tio, 28, 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio,3 The 1o,*e,i,+ o- the Co,+ress 1a,,ot be s/spe,ded ,or the spe1ial ele1tio, postpo,ed3 No spe1ial ele1tio, shall be 1alled i- the *a1a,1y o11/rs withi, ei+htee, mo,ths be-ore the date o- the ,e=t preside,tial ele1tio,3 Se1tio, 113 )he,e*er the $reside,t tra,smits to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es his writte, de1laratio, that he is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, a,d /,til he tra,smits to them a writte, de1laratio, to the 1o,trary, s/1h powers a,d d/ties shall be dis1har+ed by the Ci1e: $reside,t as '1ti,+ $reside,t3 )he,e*er a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Cabi,et tra,smit to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d to the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es their writte, de1laratio, that the $reside,t is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall immediately ass/me the powers a,d d/ties o- the o--i1e as '1ti,+ $reside,t3 Therea-ter, whe, the $reside,t tra,smits to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d to the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es his writte, de1laratio, that ,o i,ability e=ists, he shall reass/me the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e3 (ea,while, sho/ld a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Cabi,et tra,smit withi, -i*e days to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d to the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, their writte, de1laratio, that the $reside,t is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Co,+ress shall de1ide the iss/e3 For that p/rpose, the Co,+ress shall 1o,*e,e, i- it is ,ot i, sessio,, withi, -orty:ei+ht ho/rs, i, a11orda,1e with its r/les a,d witho/t ,eed o- 1all3 I- the Co,+ress, withi, te, days a-ter re1eipt o- the last writte, de1laratio,, or, i- ,ot i, sessio,, withi, twel*e days a-ter it is re2/ired to assemble, determi,es by a two:thirds *ote o- both !o/ses, *oti,+ separately, that the $reside,t is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall a1t as $reside,t? otherwise, the $reside,t shall 1o,ti,/e e=er1isi,+ the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e3 Se1tio, 123 I, 1ase o- serio/s ill,ess o- the $reside,t, the p/bli1 shall be i,-ormed o- the state o- his health3 The members o- the Cabi,et i, 1har+e o- ,atio,al se1/rity a,d -orei+, relatio,s a,d the Chie- o- Sta-- o- the 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es, shall ,ot be de,ied a11ess to the $reside,t d/ri,+ s/1h ill,ess3 Se1tio, 163 The $reside,t, Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the Cabi,et, a,d their dep/ties or assista,ts shall ,ot, /,less otherwise pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio,, hold a,y other o--i1e or employme,t d/ri,+ their te,/re3 They shall ,ot, d/ri,+ said te,/re, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, pra1ti1e a,y other pro-essio,, parti1ipate i, a,y b/si,ess, or be -i,a,1ially i,terested i, a,y 1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise, or spe1ial pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries3 They shall stri1tly a*oid 1o,-li1t o- i,terest i, the 1o,d/1t o- their o--i1e3 The spo/se a,d relati*es by 1o,sa,+/i,ity or a--i,ity withi, the -o/rth 1i*il de+ree o- the $reside,t shall ,ot, d/ri,+ his te,/re, be appoi,ted as (embers o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, or the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, or as Se1retaries, ,derse1retaries, 1hairme, or heads o- b/rea/s or o--i1es, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries3 Se1tio, 143 'ppoi,tme,ts e=te,ded by a, '1ti,+ $reside,t shall remai, e--e1ti*e, /,less re*o;ed by the ele1ted $reside,t, withi, ,i,ety days -rom his ass/mptio, or reass/mptio, o- o--i1e3 Se1tio, 183 Two mo,ths immediately be-ore the ,e=t preside,tial ele1tio,s a,d /p to the e,d o- his term, a $reside,t or '1ti,+ $reside,t shall ,ot ma;e appoi,tme,ts, e=1ept temporary appoi,tme,ts to e=e1/ti*e positio,s whe, 1o,ti,/ed *a1a,1ies therei, will pre0/di1e p/bli1 ser*i1e or e,da,+er p/bli1 sa-ety3 Se1tio, 193 The $reside,t shall ,omi,ate a,d, with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts, appoi,t the heads o- the e=e1/ti*e departme,ts, ambassadors, other p/bli1 mi,isters a,d 1o,s/ls, or o--i1ers o- the armed -or1es -rom the ra,; o- 1olo,el or ,a*al 1aptai,, a,d other o--i1ers whose appoi,tme,ts are *ested i, him i, this Co,stit/tio,3 !e shall also appoi,t all other o--i1ers o- the .o*er,me,t whose appoi,tme,ts are ,ot otherwise pro*ided -or by law, a,d those whom he may be a/thori7ed by law to appoi,t3 The Co,+ress may, by law, *est the appoi,tme,t o- other o--i1ers lower i, ra,; i, the $reside,t alo,e, i, the 1o/rts, or i, the heads o- departme,ts, a+e,1ies, 1ommissio,s, or boards3 The $reside,t shall ha*e the power to ma;e appoi,tme,ts d/ri,+ the re1ess o- the Co,+ress, whether *ol/,tary or 1omp/lsory, b/t s/1h appoi,tme,ts shall be e--e1ti*e o,ly /,til disappro*ed by the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts or /,til the ,e=t ad0o/r,me,t o- the Co,+ress3 Se1tio, 173 The $reside,t shall ha*e 1o,trol o- all the e=e1/ti*e departme,ts, b/rea/s, a,d o--i1es3 !e shall e,s/re that the laws be -aith-/lly e=e1/ted3 Se1tio, 183 The $reside,t shall be the Comma,der:i,:Chie- o- all armed -or1es o- the $hilippi,es a,d whe,e*er it be1omes ,e1essary, he may 1all o/t s/1h armed -or1es to pre*e,t or s/ppress lawless *iole,1e, i,*asio, or rebellio,3 I, 1ase o- i,*asio, or rebellio,, whe, the p/bli1 sa-ety re2/ires it, he may, -or a period ,ot e=1eedi,+ si=ty days, s/spe,d the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s or pla1e the $hilippi,es or a,y part thereo- /,der martial law3 )ithi, -orty:ei+ht ho/rs -rom the pro1lamatio, o- martial law or the s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s, the $reside,t shall s/bmit a report i, perso, or i, writi,+ to the Co,+ress3 The Co,+ress, *oti,+ 0oi,tly, by a *ote o- at least a ma0ority o- all its (embers i, re+/lar or spe1ial sessio,, may re*o;e s/1h pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio,, whi1h re*o1atio, shall ,ot be set aside by the $reside,t3 po, the i,itiati*e o- the $reside,t, the Co,+ress may, i, the same ma,,er, e=te,d s/1h pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio, -or a period to be determi,ed by the Co,+ress, i- the i,*asio, or rebellio, shall persist a,d p/bli1 sa-ety re2/ires it3 The Co,+ress, i- ,ot i, sessio,, shall, withi, twe,ty:-o/r ho/rs -ollowi,+ s/1h pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio,, 1o,*e,e i, a11orda,1e with its r/les witho/t ,eed o- a 1all3 The S/preme Co/rt may re*iew, i, a, appropriate pro1eedi,+ -iled by a,y 1iti7e,, the s/--i1ie,1y o- the -a1t/al basis o- the pro1lamatio, o- martial law or the s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ or the e=te,sio, thereo-, a,d m/st prom/l+ate its de1isio, thereo, withi, thirty days -rom its -ili,+3 ' state o- martial law does ,ot s/spe,d the operatio, o- the Co,stit/tio,, ,or s/ppla,t the -/,1tio,i,+ o- the 1i*il 1o/rts or le+islati*e assemblies, ,or a/thori7e the 1o,-erme,t o- 0/risdi1tio, o, military 1o/rts a,d a+e,1ies o*er 1i*ilia,s where 1i*il 1o/rts are able to -/,1tio,, ,or a/tomati1ally s/spe,d the pri*ile+e o- the writ3 The s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ shall apply o,ly to perso,s 0/di1ially 1har+ed -or rebellio, or o--e,ses i,here,t i, or dire1tly 1o,,e1ted with i,*asio,3 5/ri,+ the s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ, a,y perso, th/s arrested or detai,ed shall be 0/di1ially 1har+ed withi, three days, otherwise he shall be released3 Se1tio, 193 "=1ept i, 1ases o- impea1hme,t, or as otherwise pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio,, the $reside,t may +ra,t reprie*es, 1omm/tatio,s, a,d pardo,s, a,d remit -i,es a,d -or-eit/res, a-ter 1o,*i1tio, by -i,al 0/d+me,t3 !e shall also ha*e the power to +ra,t am,esty with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Co,+ress3 Se1tio, 203 The $reside,t may 1o,tra1t or +/ara,tee -orei+, loa,s o, behal- o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es with the prior 1o,1/rre,1e o- the (o,etary %oard, a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s as may be pro*ided by law3 The (o,etary %oard shall, withi, thirty days -rom the e,d o- e*ery 2/arter o- the 1ale,dar year, s/bmit to the Co,+ress a 1omplete report o- its de1isio, o, appli1atio,s -or loa,s to be 1o,tra1ted or +/ara,teed by the .o*er,me,t or +o*er,me,t:ow,ed a,d 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s whi1h wo/ld ha*e the e--e1t o- i,1reasi,+ the -orei+, debt, a,d 1o,tai,i,+ other matters as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 213 No treaty or i,ter,atio,al a+reeme,t shall be *alid a,d e--e1ti*e /,less 1o,1/rred i, by at least two:thirds o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate3 Se1tio, 223 The $reside,t shall s/bmit to the Co,+ress, withi, thirty days -rom the ope,i,+ o- e*ery re+/lar sessio, as the basis o- the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill, a b/d+et o- e=pe,dit/res a,d so/r1es o- -i,a,1i,+, i,1l/di,+ re1eipts -rom e=isti,+ a,d proposed re*e,/e meas/res3 Se1tio, 263 The $reside,t shall address the Co,+ress at the ope,i,+ o- its re+/lar sessio,3 !e may also appear be-ore it at a,y other time3 '#TIC&" CIII @5ICI'& 5"$'#T("NT Se1tio, 13 The 0/di1ial power shall be *ested i, o,e S/preme Co/rt a,d i, s/1h lower 1o/rts as may be established by law3 @/di1ial power i,1l/des the d/ty o- the 1o/rts o- 0/sti1e to settle a1t/al 1o,tro*ersies i,*ol*i,+ ri+hts whi1h are le+ally dema,dable a,d e,-or1eable, a,d to determi,e whether or ,ot there has bee, a +ra*e ab/se o- dis1retio, amo/,ti,+ to la1; or e=1ess o- 0/risdi1tio, o, the part o- a,y bra,1h or i,str/me,tality o- the .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress shall ha*e the power to de-i,e, pres1ribe, a,d apportio, the 0/risdi1tio, o- the *ario/s 1o/rts b/t may ,ot depri*e the S/preme Co/rt o- its 0/risdi1tio, o*er 1ases e,/merated i, Se1tio, 8 hereo-3 No law shall be passed reor+a,i7i,+ the @/di1iary whe, it /,dermi,es the se1/rity o- te,/re o- its (embers3 Se1tio, 63 The @/di1iary shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 'ppropriatio,s -or the @/di1iary may ,ot be red/1ed by the le+islat/re below the amo/,t appropriated -or the pre*io/s year a,d, a-ter appro*al, shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3 Se1tio, 43 The S/preme Co/rt shall be 1omposed o- a Chie- @/sti1e a,d -o/rtee, 'sso1iate @/sti1es3 It may sit e, ba,1 or i, its dis1retio,, i, di*isio, o- three, -i*e, or se*e, (embers3 ',y *a1a,1y shall be -illed withi, ,i,ety days -rom the o11/rre,1e thereo-3 'll 1ases i,*ol*i,+ the 1o,stit/tio,ality o- a treaty, i,ter,atio,al or e=e1/ti*e a+reeme,t, or law, whi1h shall be heard by the S/preme Co/rt e, ba,1, a,d all other 1ases whi1h /,der the #/les o- Co/rt are re2/ired to be heard e, ba,1, i,1l/di,+ those i,*ol*i,+ the 1o,stit/tio,ality, appli1atio,, or operatio, o- preside,tial de1rees, pro1lamatio,s, orders, i,str/1tio,s, ordi,a,1es, a,d other re+/latio,s, shall be de1ided with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a ma0ority o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the 1ase a,d *oted thereo,3 Cases or matters heard by a di*isio, shall be de1ided or resol*ed with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a ma0ority o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the 1ase a,d *oted thereo,, a,d i, ,o 1ase witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- at least three o- s/1h (embers3 )he, the re2/ired ,/mber is ,ot obtai,ed, the 1ase shall be de1ided e, ba,1> $ro*ided, that ,o do1tri,e or pri,1iple o- law laid dow, by the 1o/rt i, a de1isio, re,dered e, ba,1 or i, di*isio, may be modi-ied or re*ersed e=1ept by the 1o/rt sitti,+ e, ba,13 Se1tio, 83 The S/preme Co/rt shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers> "=er1ise ori+i,al 0/risdi1tio, o*er 1ases a--e1ti,+ ambassadors, other p/bli1 mi,isters a,d 1o,s/ls, a,d o*er petitio,s -or 1ertiorari, prohibitio,, ma,dam/s, 2/o warra,to, a,d habeas 1orp/s3 #e*iew, re*ise, re*erse, modi-y, or a--irm o, appeal or 1ertiorari, as the law or the #/les o- Co/rt may pro*ide, -i,al 0/d+me,ts a,d orders o- lower 1o/rts i,> 'll 1ases i, whi1h the 1o,stit/tio,ality or *alidity o- a,y treaty, i,ter,atio,al or e=e1/ti*e a+reeme,t, law, preside,tial de1ree, pro1lamatio,, order, i,str/1tio,, ordi,a,1e, or re+/latio, is i, 2/estio,3 'll 1ases i,*ol*i,+ the le+ality o- a,y ta=, impost, assessme,t, or toll, or a,y pe,alty imposed i, relatio, thereto3 'll 1ases i, whi1h the 0/risdi1tio, o- a,y lower 1o/rt is i, iss/e3 'll 1rimi,al 1ases i, whi1h the pe,alty imposed is re1l/sio, perpet/a or hi+her3 'll 1ases i, whi1h o,ly a, error or 2/estio, o- law is i,*ol*ed3 'ssi+, temporarily 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts to other statio,s as p/bli1 i,terest may re2/ire3 S/1h temporary assi+,me,t shall ,ot e=1eed si= mo,ths witho/t the 1o,se,t o- the 0/d+e 1o,1er,ed3 Order a 1ha,+e o- *e,/e or pla1e o- trial to a*oid a mis1arria+e o- 0/sti1e3 $rom/l+ate r/les 1o,1er,i,+ the prote1tio, a,d e,-or1eme,t o- 1o,stit/tio,al ri+hts, pleadi,+, pra1ti1e, a,d pro1ed/re i, all 1o/rts, the admissio, to the pra1ti1e o- law, the i,te+rated bar, a,d le+al assista,1e to the /,der:pri*ile+ed3 S/1h r/les shall pro*ide a simpli-ied a,d i,e=pe,si*e pro1ed/re -or the speedy dispositio, o- 1ases, shall be /,i-orm -or all 1o/rts o- the same +rade, a,d shall ,ot dimi,ish, i,1rease, or modi-y s/bsta,ti*e ri+hts3 #/les o- pro1ed/re o- spe1ial 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies shall remai, e--e1ti*e /,less disappro*ed by the S/preme Co/rt3 'ppoi,t all o--i1ials a,d employees o- the @/di1iary i, a11orda,1e with the Ci*il Ser*i1e &aw3 Se1tio, 93 The S/preme Co/rt shall ha*e admi,istrati*e s/per*isio, o*er all 1o/rts a,d the perso,,el thereo-3 Se1tio, 73 No perso, shall be appoi,ted (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt or a,y lower 1olle+iate 1o/rt /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es3 ' (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt m/st be at least -orty years o- a+e, a,d m/st ha*e bee, -or -i-tee, years or more, a 0/d+e o- a lower 1o/rt or e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law i, the $hilippi,es3 The Co,+ress shall pres1ribe the 2/ali-i1atio,s o- 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts, b/t ,o perso, may be appoi,ted 0/d+e thereo- /,less he is a 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es a,d a member o- the $hilippi,e %ar3 ' (ember o- the @/di1iary m/st be a perso, o- pro*e, 1ompete,1e, i,te+rity, probity, a,d i,depe,de,1e3 Se1tio, 83 ' @/di1ial a,d %ar Co/,1il is hereby 1reated /,der the s/per*isio, o- the S/preme Co/rt 1omposed o- the Chie- @/sti1e as e= o--i1io Chairma,, the Se1retary o- @/sti1e, a,d a represe,tati*e o- the Co,+ress as e= o--i1io (embers, a represe,tati*e o- the I,te+rated %ar, a pro-essor o- law, a retired (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d a represe,tati*e o- the pri*ate se1tor3 The re+/lar members o- the Co/,1il shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t -or a term o- -o/r years with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts3 O- the (embers -irst appoi,ted, the represe,tati*e o- the I,te+rated %ar shall ser*e -or -o/r years, the pro-essor o- law -or three years, the retired @/sti1e -or two years, a,d the represe,tati*e o- the pri*ate se1tor -or o,e year3 The Cler; o- the S/preme Co/rt shall be the Se1retary e= o--i1io o- the Co/,1il a,d shall ;eep a re1ord o- its pro1eedi,+s3 The re+/lar (embers o- the Co/,1il shall re1ei*e s/1h emol/me,ts as may be determi,ed by the S/preme Co/rt3 The S/preme Co/rt shall pro*ide i, its a,,/al b/d+et the appropriatio,s -or the Co/,1il3 The Co/,1il shall ha*e the pri,1ipal -/,1tio, o- re1omme,di,+ appoi,tees to the 0/di1iary3 It may e=er1ise s/1h other -/,1tio,s a,d d/ties as the S/preme Co/rt may assi+, to it3 Se1tio, 93 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a list o- at least three ,omi,ees pre-erred by the @/di1ial a,d %ar Co/,1il -or e*ery *a1a,1y3 S/1h appoi,tme,ts ,eed ,o 1o,-irmatio,3 For the lower 1o/rts, the $reside,t shall iss/ed the appoi,tme,t withi, ,i,ety days -rom the s/bmissio, o- the list3 Se1tio, 103 The salary o- the Chie- @/sti1e a,d o- the 'sso1iate @/sti1es o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d o- 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts shall be -i=ed by law3 5/ri,+ the 1o,ti,/a,1e i, o--i1e, their salary shall ,ot be de1reased3 Se1tio, 113 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d 0/d+es o- the lower 1o/rt shall hold o--i1e d/ri,+ +ood beha*ior /,til they rea1h the a+e o- se*e,ty years or be1ome i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their o--i1e3 The S/preme Co/rt e, ba,1 shall ha*e the power to dis1ipli,e 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts, or order their dismissal by a *ote o- ma0ority o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the 1ase a,d *oted i, thereo,3 Se1tio, 123 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d o- other 1o/rts established by law shall ,ot be desi+,ated to a,y a+e,1y per-ormi,+ 2/asi:0/di1ial or admi,istrati*e -/,1tio,3 Se1tio, 163 The 1o,1l/sio,s o- the S/preme Co/rt i, a,y 1ase s/bmitted to it -or the de1isio, e, ba,1 or i, di*isio, shall be rea1hed i, 1o,s/ltatio, be-ore the 1ase the 1ase assi+,ed to a (ember -or the writi,+ o- the opi,io, o- the Co/rt3 ' 1erti-i1atio, to this e--e1t si+,ed by the Chie- @/sti1e shall be iss/ed a,d a 1opy thereo- atta1hed to the re1ord o- the 1ase a,d ser*ed /po, the parties3 ',y (ember who too; ,o part, or disse,ted, or abstai,ed -rom a de1isio, or resol/tio, m/st state the reaso, there-or3 The same re2/ireme,ts shall be obser*ed by all lower 1olle+iate 1o/rt3 Se1tio, 143 No de1isio, shall be re,dered by a,y 1o/rt witho/t e=pressi,+ therei, 1learly a,d disti,1tly the -a1ts a,d the law o, whi1h it is based3 No petitio, -or re*iew or motio, -or re1o,sideratio, o- a de1isio, o- the 1o/rt shall be re-/sed d/e 1o/rse or de,ied witho/t stati,+ the le+al basis there-or3 Se1tio, 183 'll 1ases or matters -iled a-ter the e--e1ti*ity o- this Co,stit/tio, m/st be de1ided or resol*ed withi, twe,ty:-o/r mo,ths -rom date o- s/bmissio, -or the S/preme Co/rt, a,d, /,less red/1ed by the S/preme Co/rt, twel*e mo,ths -or all lower 1olle+iate 1o/rts, a,d three mo,ths -or all other lower 1o/rts3 ' 1ase or matter shall be deemed s/bmitted -or de1isio, or resol/tio, /po, the -ili,+ o- the last pleadi,+, brie-, or memora,d/m re2/ired by the #/les o- Co/rt or by the 1o/rt itsel-3 po, the e=piratio, o- the 1orrespo,di,+ period, a 1erti-i1atio, to this e--e1t si+,ed by the Chie- @/sti1e or the presidi,+ 0/d+e shall -orthwith be iss/ed a,d a 1opy thereo- atta1hed to the re1ord o- the 1ase or matter, a,d ser*ed /po, the parties3 The 1erti-i1atio, shall state why a de1isio, or resol/tio, has ,ot bee, re,dered or iss/ed withi, said period3 5espite the e=piratio, o- the appli1able ma,datory period, the 1o/rt, witho/t pre0/di1e to s/1h respo,sibility as may ha*e bee, i,1/rred i, 1o,se2/e,1e thereo-, shall de1ide or resol*e the 1ase or matter s/bmitted thereto -or determi,atio,, witho/t -/rther delay3 Se1tio, 193 The S/preme Co/rt shall, withi, thirty days -rom the ope,i,+ o- ea1h re+/lar sessio, o- the Co,+ress, s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress a, a,,/al report o, the operatio,s a,d a1ti*ities o- the @/di1iary3 '#TIC&" ID CONSTITTION'& CO((ISSION '3 CO((ON $#OCISIONS Se1tio, 13 The Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, whi1h shall be i,depe,de,t, are the Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio,, the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s, a,d the Commissio, o, '/dit3 Se1tio, 23 No member o- a Co,stit/tio,al Commissio, shall, d/ri,+ his te,/re, hold a,y other o--i1e or employme,t3 Neither shall he e,+a+e i, the pra1ti1e o- a,y pro-essio, or i, the a1ti*e ma,a+eme,t or 1o,trol o- a,y b/si,ess whi1h, i, a,y way, may be a--e1ted by the -/,1tio,s o- his o--i1e, ,or shall he be -i,a,1ially i,terested, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y 1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise or pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t, a,y o- its s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, or i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries3 Se1tio, 63 The salary o- the Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be -i=ed by law a,d shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their te,/re3 Se1tio, 43 The Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s shall appoi,t their o--i1ials a,d employees i, a11orda,1e with law3 Se1tio, 83 The Commissio, shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 Their appro*ed a,,/al appropriatio,s shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3 Se1tio, 93 "a1h Commissio, e, ba,1 may prom/l+ate its ow, r/les 1o,1er,i,+ pleadi,+s a,d pra1ti1e be-ore it or be-ore a,y o- its o--i1es3 S/1h r/les, howe*er, shall ,ot dimi,ish, i,1rease, or modi-y s/bsta,ti*e ri+hts3 Se1tio, 73 "a1h Commissio, shall de1ide by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, a,y 1ase or matter bro/+ht be-ore it withi, si=ty days -rom the date o- its s/bmissio, -or de1isio, or resol/tio,3 ' 1ase or matter is deemed s/bmitted -or de1isio, or resol/tio, /po, the -ili,+ o- the last pleadi,+, brie-, or memora,d/m re2/ired by the r/les o- the Commissio, or by the Commissio, itsel-3 ,less otherwise pro*ided by this Co,stit/tio, or by law, a,y de1isio,, order, or r/li,+ o- ea1h Commissio, may be bro/+ht to the S/preme Co/rt o, 1ertiorari by the a++rie*ed party withi, thirty days -rom re1eipt o- a 1opy thereo-3 Se1tio, 83 "a1h Commissio, shall per-orm s/1h other -/,1tio,s as may be pro*ided by law3 %3 T!" CICI& S"#CIC" CO((ISSION Se1tio, 13 The 1i*il ser*i1e shall be admi,istered by the Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio, 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d two Commissio,ers who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d, at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, with pro*e, 1apa1ity -or p/bli1 admi,istratio,, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e positio, i, the ele1tio,s immediately pre1edi,+ their appoi,tme,t3 The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, the Chairma, shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years, a Commissio,er -or -i*e years, a,d a,other Commissio,er -or three years, witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired term o- the prede1essor3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a temporary or a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3 Se1tio, 23 The 1i*il ser*i1e embra1es all bra,1hes, s/bdi*isio,s, i,str/me,talities, a,d a+e,1ies o- the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s with ori+i,al 1harters3 'ppoi,tme,ts i, the 1i*il ser*i1e shall be made o,ly a11ordi,+ to merit a,d -it,ess to be determi,ed, as -ar as pra1ti1able, a,d, e=1ept to positio,s whi1h are poli1y:determi,i,+, primarily 1o,-ide,tial, or hi+hly te1h,i1al, by 1ompetiti*e e=ami,atio,3 No o--i1er or employee o- the 1i*il ser*i1e shall be remo*ed or s/spe,ded e=1ept -or 1a/se pro*ided by law3 No o--i1er or employee i, the 1i*il ser*i1e shall e,+a+e, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y ele1tio,eeri,+ or partisa, politi1al 1ampai+,3 The ri+ht to sel-:or+a,i7atio, shall ,ot be de,ied to +o*er,me,t employees3 Temporary employees o- the .o*er,me,t shall be +i*e, s/1h prote1tio, as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 63 The Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio,, as the 1e,tral perso,,el a+e,1y o- the .o*er,me,t, shall establish a 1areer ser*i1e a,d adopt meas/res to promote morale, e--i1ie,1y, i,te+rity, respo,si*e,ess, pro+ressi*e,ess, a,d 1o/rtesy i, the 1i*il ser*i1e3 It shall stre,+the, the merit a,d rewards system, i,te+rate all h/ma, reso/r1es de*elopme,t pro+rams -or all le*els a,d ra,;s, a,d i,stit/tio,ali7e a ma,a+eme,t 1limate 1o,d/1i*e to p/bli1 a11o/,tability3 It shall s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress a, a,,/al report o, its perso,,el pro+rams3 Se1tio, 43 'll p/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees shall ta;e a, oath or a--irmatio, to /phold a,d de-e,d this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 83 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or the sta,dardi7atio, o- 1ompe,satio, o- +o*er,me,t o--i1ials a,d employees, i,1l/di,+ those i, +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s with ori+i,al 1harters, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t the ,at/re o- the respo,sibilities pertai,i,+ to, a,d the 2/ali-i1atio,s re2/ired -or, their positio,s3 Se1tio, 93 No 1a,didate who has lost i, a,y ele1tio,, shall withi, o,e year a-ter s/1h ele1tio,, be appoi,ted to a,y o--i1e i, the .o*er,me,t or a,y .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or i, a,y o- their s/bsidiaries3 Se1tio, 73 No ele1ti*e o--i1ial shall be eli+ible -or appoi,tme,t or desi+,atio, i, a,y 1apa1ity to a,y p/bli1 o--i1e or positio, d/ri,+ his te,/re3 ,less otherwise allowed by law or by the primary -/,1tio,s o- his positio,, ,o appoi,ti*e o--i1ial shall hold a,y other o--i1e or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries3 Se1tio, 83 No ele1ti*e or appoi,ti*e p/bli1 o--i1er or employee shall re1ei*e additio,al, do/ble, or i,dire1t 1ompe,satio,, /,less spe1i-i1ally a/thori7ed by law, ,or a11ept witho/t the 1o,se,t o- the Co,+ress, a,y prese,t, emol/me,t, o--i1e, or title o- a,y ;i,d -rom a,y -orei+, +o*er,me,t3 $e,sio,s or +rat/ities shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as additio,al, do/ble, or i,dire1t 1ompe,satio,3 C3 T!" CO((ISSION ON "&"CTIONS Se1tio, 13 There shall be a Commissio, o, "le1tio,s 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d si= Commissio,ers who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d, at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, holders o- a 1olle+e de+ree, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e positio,s i, the immediately pre1edi,+ ele1tio,s3 !owe*er, a ma0ority thereo-, i,1l/di,+ the Chairma,, shall be members o- the $hilippi,e %ar who ha*e bee, e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law -or at least te, years3 The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, three (embers shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years, two (embers -or -i*e years, a,d the last (embers -or three years, witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired term o- the prede1essor3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a temporary or a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3 Se1tio, 23 The Commissio, o, "le1tio,s shall e=er1ise the -ollowi,+ powers a,d -/,1tio,s> ",-or1e a,d admi,ister all laws a,d re+/latio,s relati*e to the 1o,d/1t o- a, ele1tio,, plebis1ite, i,itiati*e, re-ere,d/m, a,d re1all3 "=er1ise e=1l/si*e ori+i,al 0/risdi1tio, o*er all 1o,tests relati,+ to the ele1tio,s, ret/r,s, a,d 2/ali-i1atio,s o- all ele1ti*e re+io,al, pro*i,1ial, a,d 1ity o--i1ials, a,d appellate 0/risdi1tio, o*er all 1o,tests i,*ol*i,+ ele1ti*e m/,i1ipal o--i1ials de1ided by trial 1o/rts o- +e,eral 0/risdi1tio,, or i,*ol*i,+ ele1ti*e bara,+ay o--i1ials de1ided by trial 1o/rts o- limited 0/risdi1tio,3 5e1isio,s, -i,al orders, or r/li,+s o- the Commissio, o, ele1tio, 1o,tests i,*ol*i,+ ele1ti*e m/,i1ipal a,d bara,+ay o--i1es shall be -i,al, e=e1/tory, a,d ,ot appealable3 5e1ide, e=1ept those i,*ol*i,+ the ri+ht to *ote, all 2/estio,s a--e1ti,+ ele1tio,s, i,1l/di,+ determi,atio, o- the ,/mber a,d lo1atio, o- polli,+ pla1es, appoi,tme,t o- ele1tio, o--i1ials a,d i,spe1tors, a,d re+istratio, o- *oters3 5ep/ti7e, with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- the $reside,t, law e,-or1eme,t a+e,1ies a,d i,str/me,talities o- the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+ the 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es, -or the e=1l/si*e p/rpose o- e,s/ri,+ -ree, orderly, ho,est, pea1e-/l, a,d 1redible ele1tio,s3 #e+ister, a-ter s/--i1ie,t p/bli1atio,, politi1al parties, or+a,i7atio,s, or 1oalitio,s whi1h, i, additio, to other re2/ireme,ts, m/st prese,t their plat-orm or pro+ram o- +o*er,me,t? a,d a11redit 1iti7e,sF arms o- the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s3 #eli+io/s de,omi,atio,s a,d se1ts shall ,ot be re+istered3 Those whi1h see; to a1hie*e their +oals thro/+h *iole,1e or /,law-/l mea,s, or re-/se to /phold a,d adhere to this Co,stit/tio,, or whi1h are s/pported by a,y -orei+, +o*er,me,t shall li;ewise be re-/sed re+istratio,3 Fi,a,1ial 1o,trib/tio,s -rom -orei+, +o*er,me,ts a,d their a+e,1ies to politi1al parties, or+a,i7atio,s, 1oalitio,s, or 1a,didates related to ele1tio,s, 1o,stit/te i,ter-ere,1e i, ,atio,al a--airs, a,d, whe, a11epted, shall be a, additio,al +ro/,d -or the 1a,1ellatio, o- their re+istratio, with the Commissio,, i, additio, to other pe,alties that may be pres1ribed by law3 File, /po, a *eri-ied 1omplai,t, or o, its ow, i,itiati*e, petitio,s i, 1o/rt -or i,1l/sio, or e=1l/sio, o- *oters? i,*esti+ate a,d, where appropriate, prose1/te 1ases o- *iolatio,s o- ele1tio, laws, i,1l/di,+ a1ts or omissio,s 1o,stit/ti,+ ele1tio, -ra/ds, o--e,ses, a,d malpra1ti1es3 #e1omme,d to the Co,+ress e--e1ti*e meas/res to mi,imi7e ele1tio, spe,di,+, i,1l/di,+ limitatio, o- pla1es where propa+a,da materials shall be posted, a,d to pre*e,t a,d pe,ali7e all -orms o- ele1tio, -ra/ds, o--e,ses, malpra1ti1es, a,d ,/isa,1e 1a,dida1ies3 #e1omme,d to the $reside,t the remo*al o- a,y o--i1er or employee it has dep/ti7ed, or the impositio, o- a,y other dis1ipli,ary a1tio,, -or *iolatio, or disre+ard o-, or disobedie,1e to, its dire1ti*e, order, or de1isio,3 S/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress, a 1omprehe,si*e report o, the 1o,d/1t o- ea1h ele1tio,, plebis1ite, i,itiati*e, re-ere,d/m, or re1all3 Se1tio, 63 The Commissio, o, "le1tio,s may sit e, ba,1 or i, two di*isio,s, a,d shall prom/l+ate its r/les o- pro1ed/re i, order to e=pedite dispositio, o- ele1tio, 1ases, i,1l/di,+ pre: pro1lamatio, 1o,tro*ersies3 'll s/1h ele1tio, 1ases shall be heard a,d de1ided i, di*isio,, pro*ided that motio,s -or re1o,sideratio, o- de1isio,s shall be de1ided by the Commissio, e, ba,13 Se1tio, 43 The Commissio, may, d/ri,+ the ele1tio, period, s/per*ise or re+/late the e,0oyme,t or /tili7atio, o- all -ra,1hises or permits -or the operatio, o- tra,sportatio, a,d other p/bli1 /tilities, media o- 1omm/,i1atio, or i,-ormatio,, all +ra,ts, spe1ial pri*ile+es, or 1o,1essio,s +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio, or its s/bsidiary3 S/1h s/per*isio, or re+/latio, shall aim to e,s/re e2/al opport/,ity, time, a,d spa1e ,a,d the ri+ht to reply, i,1l/di,+ reaso,able, e2/al rates there-or, -or p/bli1 i,-ormatio, 1ampai+,s a,d -or/ms amo,+ 1a,didates i, 1o,,e1tio, with the ob0e1ti*e o- holdi,+ -ree, orderly, ho,est, pea1e-/l, a,d 1redible ele1tio,s3 Se1tio, 83 No pardo,, am,esty, parole, or s/spe,sio, o- se,te,1e -or *iolatio, o- ele1tio, laws, r/les, a,d re+/latio,s shall be +ra,ted by the $reside,t witho/t the -a*orable re1omme,datio, o- the Commissio,3 Se1tio, 93 ' -ree a,d ope, party system shall be allowed to e*ol*e a11ordi,+ to the -ree 1hoi1e o- the people, s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this 'rti1le3 Se1tio, 73 No *otes 1ast i, -a*or o- a politi1al party, or+a,i7atio,, or 1oalitio, shall be *alid, e=1ept -or those re+istered /,der the party:list system as pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 83 $oliti1al parties, or or+a,i7atio,s or 1oalitio,s re+istered /,der the party:list system, shall ,ot be represe,ted i, the *otersF re+istratio, boards, boards o- ele1tio, i,spe1tors, boards o- 1a,*assers, or other similar bodies3 !owe*er, they shall be e,titled to appoi,t poll wat1hers i, a11orda,1e with law3 Se1tio, 93 ,less otherwise -i=ed by the Commissio, i, spe1ial 1ases, the ele1tio, period shall 1omme,1e ,i,ety days be-ore the day o- ele1tio, a,d shall e,d thirty days therea-ter3 Se1tio, 103 %o,a -ide 1a,didates -or a,y p/bli1 o--i1e shall be -ree -rom a,y -orm o- harassme,t a,d dis1rimi,atio,3 Se1tio, 113 F/,ds 1erti-ied by the Commissio, as ,e1essary to de-ray the e=pe,ses -or holdi,+ re+/lar a,d spe1ial ele1tio,s, plebis1ites, i,itiati*es, re-ere,da, a,d re1alls, shall be pro*ided i, the re+/lar or spe1ial appropriatio,s a,d, o,1e appro*ed, shall be released a/tomati1ally /po, 1erti-i1atio, by the Chairma, o- the Commissio, 53 T!" CO((ISSION ON '5IT Se1tio, 13 There shall be a Commissio, o, '/dit 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d two Commissio,ers, who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d, at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, Certi-ied $/bli1 '11o/,ta,ts with ,ot less tha, te, years o- a/diti,+ e=perie,1e, or members o- the $hilippi,e %ar who ha*e bee, e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law -or at least te, years, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e positio, i, the ele1tio,s immediately pre1edi,+ their appoi,tme,t3 't ,o time shall all (embers o- the Commissio, belo,+ to the same pro-essio,3 The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, the Chairma, shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years, o,e Commissio,er -or -i*e years, a,d the other Commissio,er -or three years, witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired portio, o- the term o- the prede1essor3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a temporary or a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3 Se1tio, 23 The Commissio, o, '/dit shall ha*e the power, a/thority, a,d d/ty to e=ami,e, a/dit, a,d settle all a11o/,ts pertai,i,+ to the re*e,/e a,d re1eipts o-, a,d e=pe,dit/res or /ses o- -/,ds a,d property, ow,ed or held i, tr/st by, or pertai,i,+ to, the .o*er,me,t, or a,y o- its s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, or i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s with ori+i,al 1harters, a,d o, a post: a/dit basis> 1o,stit/tio,al bodies, 1ommissio,s a,d o--i1es that ha*e bee, +ra,ted -is1al a/to,omy /,der this Co,stit/tio,? a/to,omo/s state 1olle+es a,d /,i*ersities? other +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries? a,d s/1h ,o,:+o*er,me,tal e,tities re1ei*i,+ s/bsidy or e2/ity, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, -rom or thro/+h the .o*er,me,t, whi1h are re2/ired by law or the +ra,ti,+ i,stit/tio, to s/bmit to s/1h a/dit as a 1o,ditio, o- s/bsidy or e2/ity3 !owe*er, where the i,ter,al 1o,trol system o- the a/dited a+e,1ies is i,ade2/ate, the Commissio, may adopt s/1h meas/res, i,1l/di,+ temporary or spe1ial pre:a/dit, as are ,e1essary a,d appropriate to 1orre1t the de-i1ie,1ies3 It shall ;eep the +e,eral a11o/,ts o- the .o*er,me,t a,d, -or s/1h period as may be pro*ided by law, preser*e the *o/1hers a,d other s/pporti,+ papers pertai,i,+ thereto3 The Commissio, shall ha*e e=1l/si*e a/thority, s/b0e1t to the limitatio,s i, this 'rti1le, to de-i,e the s1ope o- its a/dit a,d e=ami,atio,, establish the te1h,i2/es a,d methods re2/ired there-or, a,d prom/l+ate a11o/,ti,+ a,d a/diti,+ r/les a,d re+/latio,s, i,1l/di,+ those -or the pre*e,tio, a,d disallowa,1e o- irre+/lar, /,,e1essary, e=1essi*e, e=tra*a+a,t, or /,1o,s1io,able e=pe,dit/res or /ses o- +o*er,me,t -/,ds a,d properties3 Se1tio, 63 No law shall be passed e=empti,+ a,y e,tity o- the .o*er,me,t or its s/bsidiaries i, a,y +/ise whate*er, or a,y i,*estme,t o- p/bli1 -/,ds, -rom the 0/risdi1tio, o- the Commissio, o, '/dit3 Se1tio, 43 The Commissio, shall s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress, withi, the time -i=ed by law, a, a,,/al report 1o*eri,+ the -i,a,1ial 1o,ditio, a,d operatio, o- the .o*er,me,t, its s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, a,d i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s, a,d ,o,:+o*er,me,tal e,tities s/b0e1t to its a/dit, a,d re1omme,d meas/res ,e1essary to impro*e their e--e1ti*e,ess a,d e--i1ie,1y3 It shall s/bmit s/1h other reports as may be re2/ired by law3 '#TIC&" D &OC'& .OC"#N("NT ."N"#'& $#OCISIONS Se1tio, 13 The territorial a,d politi1al s/bdi*isio,s o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es are the pro*i,1es, 1ities, m/,i1ipalities, a,d bara,+ays3 There shall be a/to,omo/s re+io,s i, (/slim (i,da,ao a,d the Cordilleras as herei,a-ter pro*ided3 Se1tio, 23 The territorial a,d politi1al s/bdi*isio,s shall e,0oy lo1al a/to,omy3 Se1tio, 63 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t a lo1al +o*er,me,t 1ode whi1h shall pro*ide -or a more respo,si*e a,d a11o/,table lo1al +o*er,me,t str/1t/re i,stit/ted thro/+h a system o- de1e,trali7atio, with e--e1ti*e me1ha,isms o- re1all, i,itiati*e, a,d re-ere,d/m, allo1ate amo,+ the di--ere,t lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its their powers, respo,sibilities, a,d reso/r1es, a,d pro*ide -or the 2/ali-i1atio,s, ele1tio,, appoi,tme,t a,d remo*al, term, salaries, powers a,d -/,1tio,s a,d d/ties o- lo1al o--i1ials, a,d all other matters relati,+ to the or+a,i7atio, a,d operatio, o- the lo1al /,its3 Se1tio, 43 The $reside,t o- the $hilippi,es shall e=er1ise +e,eral s/per*isio, o*er lo1al +o*er,me,ts3 $ro*i,1es with respe1t to 1ompo,e,t 1ities a,d m/,i1ipalities, a,d 1ities a,d m/,i1ipalities with respe1t to 1ompo,e,t bara,+ays, shall e,s/re that the a1ts o- their 1ompo,e,t /,its are withi, the s1ope o- their pres1ribed powers a,d -/,1tio,s3 Se1tio, 83 "a1h lo1al +o*er,me,t /,it shall ha*e the power to 1reate its ow, so/r1es o- re*e,/es a,d to le*y ta=es, -ees a,d 1har+es s/b0e1t to s/1h +/ideli,es a,d limitatio,s as the Co,+ress may pro*ide, 1o,siste,t with the basi1 poli1y o- lo1al a/to,omy3 S/1h ta=es, -ees, a,d 1har+es shall a11r/e e=1l/si*ely to the lo1al +o*er,me,ts3 Se1tio, 93 &o1al +o*er,me,t /,its shall ha*e a 0/st share, as determi,ed by law, i, the ,atio,al ta=es whi1h shall be a/tomati1ally released to them3 Se1tio, 73 &o1al +o*er,me,ts shall be e,titled to a, e2/itable share i, the pro1eeds o- the /tili7atio, a,d de*elopme,t o- the ,atio,al wealth withi, their respe1ti*e areas, i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law, i,1l/di,+ shari,+ the same with the i,habita,ts by way o- dire1t be,e-its3 Se1tio, 83 The term o- o--i1e o- ele1ti*e lo1al o--i1ials, e=1ept bara,+ay o--i1ials, whi1h shall be determi,ed by law, shall be three years a,d ,o s/1h o--i1ial shall ser*e -or more tha, three 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3 Se1tio, 93 &e+islati*e bodies o- lo1al +o*er,me,ts shall ha*e se1toral represe,tatio, as may be pres1ribed by law3 Se1tio, 103 No pro*i,1e, 1ity, m/,i1ipality, or bara,+ay may be 1reated, di*ided, mer+ed, abolished, or its bo/,dary s/bsta,tially altered, e=1ept i, a11orda,1e with the 1riteria established i, the lo1al +o*er,me,t 1ode a,d s/b0e1t to appro*al by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite i, the politi1al /,its dire1tly a--e1ted3 Se1tio, 113 The Co,+ress may, by law, 1reate spe1ial metropolita, politi1al s/bdi*isio,s, s/b0e1t to a plebis1ite as set -orth i, Se1tio, 10 hereo-3 The 1ompo,e,t 1ities a,d m/,i1ipalities shall retai, their basi1 a/to,omy a,d shall be e,titled to their ow, lo1al e=e1/ti*e a,d le+islati*e assemblies3 The 0/risdi1tio, o- the metropolita, a/thority that will thereby be 1reated shall be limited to basi1 ser*i1es re2/iri,+ 1oordi,atio,3 Se1tio, 123 Cities that are hi+hly /rba,i7ed, as determi,ed by law, a,d 1ompo,e,t 1ities whose 1harters prohibit their *oters -rom *oti,+ -or pro*i,1ial ele1ti*e o--i1ials, shall be i,depe,de,t o- the pro*i,1e3 The *oters o- 1ompo,e,t 1ities withi, a pro*i,1e, whose 1harters 1o,tai, ,o s/1h prohibitio,, shall ,ot be depri*ed o- their ri+ht to *ote -or ele1ti*e pro*i,1ial o--i1ials3 Se1tio, 163 &o1al +o*er,me,t /,its may +ro/p themsel*es, 1o,solidate or 1oordi,ate their e--orts, ser*i1es, a,d reso/r1es -or p/rposes 1ommo,ly be,e-i1ial to them i, a11orda,1e with law3 Se1tio, 143 The $reside,t shall pro*ide -or re+io,al de*elopme,t 1o/,1ils or other similar bodies 1omposed o- lo1al +o*er,me,t o--i1ials, re+io,al heads o- departme,ts a,d other +o*er,me,t o--i1es, a,d represe,tati*es -rom ,o,:+o*er,me,tal or+a,i7atio,s withi, the re+io,s -or p/rposes o- admi,istrati*e de1e,trali7atio, to stre,+the, the a/to,omy o- the /,its therei, a,d to a11elerate the e1o,omi1 a,d so1ial +rowth a,d de*elopme,t o- the /,its i, the re+io,3 'TONO(OS #".IONS Se1tio, 183 There shall be 1reated a/to,omo/s re+io,s i, (/slim (i,da,ao a,d i, the Cordilleras 1o,sisti,+ o- pro*i,1es, 1ities, m/,i1ipalities, a,d +eo+raphi1al areas shari,+ 1ommo, a,d disti,1ti*e histori1al a,d 1/lt/ral herita+e, e1o,omi1 a,d so1ial str/1t/res, a,d other rele*a,t 1hara1teristi1s withi, the -ramewor; o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d the ,atio,al so*erei+,ty as well as territorial i,te+rity o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es3 Se1tio, 193 The $reside,t shall e=er1ise +e,eral s/per*isio, o*er a/to,omo/s re+io,s to e,s/re that laws are -aith-/lly e=e1/ted3 Se1tio, 173 'll powers, -/,1tio,s, a,d respo,sibilities ,ot +ra,ted by this Co,stit/tio, or by law to the a/to,omo/s re+io,s shall be *ested i, the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t a, or+a,i1 a1t -or ea1h a/to,omo/s re+io, with the assista,1e a,d parti1ipatio, o- the re+io,al 1o,s/ltati*e 1ommissio, 1omposed o- represe,tati*es appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a list o- ,omi,ees -rom m/lti:se1toral bodies3 The or+a,i1 a1t shall de-i,e the basi1 str/1t/re o- +o*er,me,t -or the re+io, 1o,sisti,+ o- the e=e1/ti*e departme,t a,d le+islati*e assembly, both o- whi1h shall be ele1ti*e a,d represe,tati*e o- the 1o,stit/e,t politi1al /,its3 The or+a,i1 a1ts shall li;ewise pro*ide -or spe1ial 1o/rts with perso,al, -amily, a,d property law 0/risdi1tio, 1o,siste,t with the pro*isio,s o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al laws3 The 1reatio, o- the a/to,omo/s re+io, shall be e--e1ti*e whe, appro*ed by ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast by the 1o,stit/e,t /,its i, a plebis1ite 1alled -or the p/rpose, pro*ided that o,ly pro*i,1es, 1ities, a,d +eo+raphi1 areas *oti,+ -a*orably i, s/1h plebis1ite shall be i,1l/ded i, the a/to,omo/s re+io,3 Se1tio, 193 The -irst Co,+ress ele1ted /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall, withi, ei+htee, mo,ths -rom the time o- or+a,i7atio, o- both !o/ses, pass the or+a,i1 a1ts -or the a/to,omo/s re+io,s i, (/slim (i,da,ao a,d the Cordilleras3 Se1tio, 203 )ithi, its territorial 0/risdi1tio, a,d s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al laws, the or+a,i1 a1t o- a/to,omo/s re+io,s shall pro*ide -or le+islati*e powers o*er> 'dmi,istrati*e or+a,i7atio,? Creatio, o- so/r1es o- re*e,/es? ',1estral domai, a,d ,at/ral reso/r1es? $erso,al, -amily, a,d property relatio,s? #e+io,al /rba, a,d r/ral pla,,i,+ de*elopme,t? "1o,omi1, so1ial, a,d to/rism de*elopme,t? "d/1atio,al poli1ies? $reser*atio, a,d de*elopme,t o- the 1/lt/ral herita+e? a,d S/1h other matters as may be a/thori7ed by law -or the promotio, o- the +e,eral wel-are o- the people o- the re+io,3 Se1tio, 213 The preser*atio, o- pea1e a,d order withi, the re+io,s shall be the respo,sibility o- the lo1al poli1e a+e,1ies whi1h shall be or+a,i7ed, mai,tai,ed, s/per*ised, a,d /tili7ed i, a11orda,1e with appli1able laws3 The de-e,se a,d se1/rity o- the re+io,s shall be the respo,sibility o- the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3 '#TIC&" DI 'CCONT'%I&IT4 OF $%&IC OFFIC"#S Se1tio, 13 $/bli1 o--i1e is a p/bli1 tr/st3 $/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees m/st, at all times, be a11o/,table to the people, ser*e them with /tmost respo,sibility, i,te+rity, loyalty, a,d e--i1ie,1y? a1t with patriotism a,d 0/sti1e, a,d lead modest li*es3 Se1tio, 23 The $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt, the (embers o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, a,d the Omb/dsma, may be remo*ed -rom o--i1e o, impea1hme,t -or, a,d 1o,*i1tio, o-, 1/lpable *iolatio, o- the Co,stit/tio,, treaso,, bribery, +ra-t a,d 1orr/ptio,, other hi+h 1rimes, or betrayal o- p/bli1 tr/st3 'll other p/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees may be remo*ed -rom o--i1e as pro*ided by law, b/t ,ot by impea1hme,t3 Se1tio, 63 The !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ha*e the e=1l/si*e power to i,itiate all 1ases o- impea1hme,t3 ' *eri-ied 1omplai,t -or impea1hme,t may be -iled by a,y (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es or by a,y 1iti7e, /po, a resol/tio, or e,dorseme,t by a,y (ember thereo-, whi1h shall be i,1l/ded i, the Order o- %/si,ess withi, te, sessio, days, a,d re-erred to the proper Committee withi, three sessio, days therea-ter3 The Committee, a-ter heari,+, a,d by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, shall s/bmit its report to the !o/se withi, si=ty sessio, days -rom s/1h re-erral, to+ether with the 1orrespo,di,+ resol/tio,3 The resol/tio, shall be 1ale,dared -or 1o,sideratio, by the !o/se withi, te, sessio, days -rom re1eipt thereo-3 ' *ote o- at least o,e:third o- all the (embers o- the !o/se shall be ,e1essary either to a--irm a -a*orable resol/tio, with the 'rti1les o- Impea1hme,t o- the Committee, or o*erride its 1o,trary resol/tio,3 The *ote o- ea1h (ember shall be re1orded3 I, 1ase the *eri-ied 1omplai,t or resol/tio, o- impea1hme,t is -iled by at least o,e: third o- all the (embers o- the !o/se, the same shall 1o,stit/te the 'rti1les o- Impea1hme,t, a,d trial by the Se,ate shall -orthwith pro1eed3 No impea1hme,t pro1eedi,+s shall be i,itiated a+ai,st the same o--i1ial more tha, o,1e withi, a period o- o,e year3 The Se,ate shall ha*e the sole power to try a,d de1ide all 1ases o- impea1hme,t3 )he, sitti,+ -or that p/rpose, the Se,ators shall be o, oath or a--irmatio,3 )he, the $reside,t o- the $hilippi,es is o, trial, the Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt shall preside, b/t shall ,ot *ote3 No perso, shall be 1o,*i1ted witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- two:thirds o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate3 @/d+me,t i, 1ases o- impea1hme,t shall ,ot e=te,d -/rther tha, remo*al -rom o--i1e a,d dis2/ali-i1atio, to hold a,y o--i1e /,der the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es, b/t the party 1o,*i1ted shall ,e*ertheless be liable a,d s/b0e1t to prose1/tio,, trial, a,d p/,ishme,t, a11ordi,+ to law3 The Co,+ress shall prom/l+ate its r/les o, impea1hme,t to e--e1ti*ely 1arry o/t the p/rpose o- this se1tio,3 Se1tio, 43 The prese,t a,ti:+ra-t 1o/rt ;,ow, as the Sa,di+a,baya, shall 1o,ti,/e to -/,1tio, a,d e=er1ise its 0/risdi1tio, as ,ow or herea-ter may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 83 There is hereby 1reated the i,depe,de,t O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, 1omposed o- the Omb/dsma, to be ;,ow, as Ta,odbaya,, o,e o*erall 5ep/ty a,d at least o,e 5ep/ty ea1h -or &/7o,, Cisayas, a,d (i,da,ao3 ' separate 5ep/ty -or the military establishme,t may li;ewise be appoi,ted3 Se1tio, 93 The o--i1ials a,d employees o- the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, other tha, the 5ep/ties, shall be appoi,ted by the Omb/dsma,, a11ordi,+ to the Ci*il Ser*i1e &aw3 Se1tio, 73 The e=isti,+ Ta,odbaya, shall herea-ter be ;,ow, as the O--i1e o- the Spe1ial $rose1/tor3 It shall 1o,ti,/e to -/,1tio, a,d e=er1ise its powers as ,ow or herea-ter may be pro*ided by law, e=1ept those 1o,-erred o, the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, 1reated /,der this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 83 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es, a,d at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least -orty years old, o- re1o+,i7ed probity a,d i,depe,de,1e, a,d members o- the $hilippi,e %ar, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e o--i1e i, the immediately pre1edi,+ ele1tio,3 The Omb/dsma, m/st ha*e, -or te, years or more, bee, a 0/d+e or e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law i, the $hilippi,es3 5/ri,+ their te,/re, they shall be s/b0e1t to the same dis2/ali-i1atio,s a,d prohibitio,s as pro*ided -or i, Se1tio, 2 o- 'rti1le 1D:' o- this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 93 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a list o- at least si= ,omi,ees prepared by the @/di1ial a,d %ar Co/,1il, a,d -rom a list o- three ,omi,ees -or e*ery *a1a,1y therea-ter3 S/1h appoi,tme,ts shall re2/ire ,o 1o,-irmatio,3 'll *a1a,1ies shall be -illed withi, three mo,ths a-ter they o11/r3 Se1tio, 103 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall ha*e the ra,; o- Chairma, a,d (embers, respe1ti*ely, o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, a,d they shall re1ei*e the same salary whi1h shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their term o- o--i1e3 Se1tio, 113 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall ser*e -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 They shall ,ot be 2/ali-ied to r/, -or a,y o--i1e i, the ele1tio, immediately s/11eedi,+ their 1essatio, -rom o--i1e3 Se1tio, 123 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties, as prote1tors o- the people, shall a1t promptly o, 1omplai,ts -iled i, a,y -orm or ma,,er a+ai,st p/bli1 o--i1ials or employees o- the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s, a,d shall, i, appropriate 1ases, ,oti-y the 1omplai,a,ts o- the a1tio, ta;e, a,d the res/lt thereo-3 Se1tio, 163 The O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers, -/,1tio,s, a,d d/ties> I,*esti+ate o, its ow,, or o, 1omplai,t by a,y perso,, a,y a1t or omissio, o- a,y p/bli1 o--i1ial, employee, o--i1e or a+e,1y, whe, s/1h a1t or omissio, appears to be ille+al, /,0/st, improper, or i,e--i1ie,t3 5ire1t, /po, 1omplai,t or at its ow, i,sta,1e, a,y p/bli1 o--i1ial or employee o- the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, as well as o- a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio, with ori+i,al 1harter, to per-orm a,d e=pedite a,y a1t or d/ty re2/ired by law, or to stop, pre*e,t, a,d 1orre1t a,y ab/se or impropriety i, the per-orma,1e o- d/ties3 5ire1t the o--i1er 1o,1er,ed to ta;e appropriate a1tio, a+ai,st a p/bli1 o--i1ial or employee at -a/lt, a,d re1omme,d his remo*al, s/spe,sio,, demotio,, -i,e, 1e,s/re, or prose1/tio,, a,d e,s/re 1omplia,1e therewith3 5ire1t the o--i1er 1o,1er,ed, i, a,y appropriate 1ase, a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s as may be pro*ided by law, to -/r,ish it with 1opies o- do1/me,ts relati,+ to 1o,tra1ts or tra,sa1tio,s e,tered i,to by his o--i1e i,*ol*i,+ the disb/rseme,t or /se o- p/bli1 -/,ds or properties, a,d report a,y irre+/larity to the Commissio, o, '/dit -or appropriate a1tio,3 #e2/est a,y +o*er,me,t a+e,1y -or assista,1e a,d i,-ormatio, ,e1essary i, the dis1har+e o- its respo,sibilities, a,d to e=ami,e, i- ,e1essary, perti,e,t re1ords a,d do1/me,ts3 $/bli1i7e matters 1o*ered by its i,*esti+atio, whe, 1ir1/msta,1es so warra,t a,d with d/e pr/de,1e3 5etermi,e the 1a/ses o- i,e--i1ie,1y, red tape, misma,a+eme,t, -ra/d, a,d 1orr/ptio, i, the .o*er,me,t a,d ma;e re1omme,datio,s -or their elimi,atio, a,d the obser*a,1e o- hi+h sta,dards o- ethi1s a,d e--i1ie,1y3 $rom/l+ate its r/les o- pro1ed/re a,d e=er1ise s/1h other powers or per-orm s/1h -/,1tio,s or d/ties as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 143 The O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 Its appro*ed a,,/al appropriatio,s shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3 Se1tio, 183 The ri+ht o- the State to re1o*er properties /,law-/lly a12/ired by p/bli1 o--i1ials or employees, -rom them or -rom their ,omi,ees or tra,s-erees, shall ,ot be barred by pres1riptio,, la1hes, or estoppel3 Se1tio, 193 No loa,, +/ara,ty, or other -orm o- -i,a,1ial a11ommodatio, -or a,y b/si,ess p/rpose may be +ra,ted, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, by a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled ba,; or -i,a,1ial i,stit/tio, to the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the Cabi,et, the Co,+ress, the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, the Omb/dsma,, or to a,y -irm or e,tity i, whi1h they ha*e 1o,trolli,+ i,terest, d/ri,+ their te,/re3 Se1tio, 173 ' p/bli1 o--i1er or employee shall, /po, ass/mptio, o- o--i1e a,d as o-te, therea-ter as may be re2/ired by law, s/bmit a de1laratio, /,der oath o- his assets, liabilities, a,d ,et worth3 I, the 1ase o- the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the Cabi,et, the Co,+ress, the S/preme Co/rt, the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s a,d other 1o,stit/tio,al o--i1es, a,d o--i1ers o- the armed -or1es with +e,eral or -la+ ra,;, the de1laratio, shall be dis1losed to the p/bli1 i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 183 $/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees owe the State a,d this Co,stit/tio, alle+ia,1e at all times a,d a,y p/bli1 o--i1er or employee who see;s to 1ha,+e his 1iti7e,ship or a12/ire the stat/s o- a, immi+ra,t o- a,other 1o/,try d/ri,+ his te,/re shall be dealt with by law3 '#TIC&" DII N'TION'& "CONO(4 'N5 $'T#I(ON4 Se1tio, 13 The +oals o- the ,atio,al e1o,omy are a more e2/itable distrib/tio, o- opport/,ities, i,1ome, a,d wealth? a s/stai,ed i,1rease i, the amo/,t o- +oods a,d ser*i1es prod/1ed by the ,atio, -or the be,e-it o- the people? a,d a, e=pa,di,+ prod/1ti*ity as the ;ey to raisi,+ the 2/ality o- li-e -or all, espe1ially the /,derpri*ile+ed3 The State shall promote i,d/striali7atio, a,d -/ll employme,t based o, so/,d a+ri1/lt/ral de*elopme,t a,d a+raria, re-orm, thro/+h i,d/stries that ma;e -/ll o- e--i1ie,t /se o- h/ma, a,d ,at/ral reso/r1es, a,d whi1h are 1ompetiti*e i, both domesti1 a,d -orei+, mar;ets3 !owe*er, the State shall prote1t Filipi,o e,terprises a+ai,st /,-air -orei+, 1ompetitio, a,d trade pra1ti1es3 I, the p/rs/it o- these +oals, all se1tors o- the e1o,omy a,d all re+io, s o- the 1o/,try shall be +i*e, optim/m opport/,ity to de*elop3 $ri*ate e,terprises, i,1l/di,+ 1orporatio,s, 1ooperati*es, a,d similar 1olle1ti*e or+a,i7atio,s, shall be e,1o/ra+ed to broade, the base o- their ow,ership3 Se1tio, 23 'll la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai,, waters, mi,erals, 1oal, petrole/m, a,d other mi,eral oils, all -or1es o- pote,tial e,er+y, -isheries, -orests or timber, wildli-e, -lora a,d -a/,a, a,d other ,at/ral reso/r1es are ow,ed by the State3 )ith the e=1eptio, o- a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds, all other ,at/ral reso/r1es shall ,ot be alie,ated3 The e=ploratio,, de*elopme,t, a,d /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es shall be /,der the -/ll 1o,trol a,d s/per*isio, o- the State3 The State may dire1tly /,derta;e s/1h a1ti*ities, or it may e,ter i,to 1o:prod/1tio,, 0oi,t *e,t/re, or prod/1tio,:shari,+ a+reeme,ts with Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, or 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least 90 per 1e,t/m o- whose 1apital is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s3 S/1h a+reeme,ts may be -or a period ,ot e=1eedi,+ twe,ty:-i*e years, re,ewable -or ,ot more tha, twe,ty:-i*e years, a,d /,der s/1h terms a,d 1o,ditio,s as may pro*ided by law3 I, 1ases o- water ri+hts -or irri+atio,, water s/pply, -isheries, or i,d/strial /ses other tha, the de*elopme,t o- waterpower, be,e-i1ial /se may be the meas/re a,d limit o- the +ra,t3 The State shall prote1t the ,atio,s mari,e wealth i, its ar1hipela+i1 waters, territorial sea, a,d e=1l/si*e e1o,omi1 7o,e, a,d reser*e its /se a,d e,0oyme,t e=1l/si*ely to Filipi,o 1iti7e,s3 The Co,+ress may, by law, allow small:s1ale /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es by Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, as well as 1ooperati*e -ish -armi,+, with priority to s/bsiste,1e -isherme, a,d -ish wor;ers i, ri*ers, la;es, bays, a,d la+oo,s3 The $reside,t may e,ter i,to a+reeme,ts with -orei+,:ow,ed 1orporatio,s i,*ol*i,+ either te1h,i1al or -i,a,1ial assista,1e -or lar+e:s1ale e=ploratio,, de*elopme,t, a,d /tili7atio, o- mi,erals, petrole/m, a,d other mi,eral oils a11ordi,+ to the +e,eral terms a,d 1o,ditio,s pro*ided by law, based o, real 1o,trib/tio,s to the e1o,omi1 +rowth a,d +e,eral wel-are o- the 1o/,try3 I, s/1h a+reeme,ts, the State shall promote the de*elopme,t a,d /se o- lo1al s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,i1al reso/r1es3 The $reside,t shall ,oti-y the Co,+ress o- e*ery 1o,tra1t e,tered i,to i, a11orda,1e with this pro*isio,, withi, thirty days -rom its e=e1/tio,3 Se1tio, 63 &a,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, are 1lassi-ied i,to a+ri1/lt/ral, -orest or timber, mi,eral la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s3 '+ri1/lt/ral la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, may be -/rther 1lassi-ied by law a11ordi,+ to the /ses to whi1h they may be de*oted3 'lie,able la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, shall be limited to a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds3 $ri*ate 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s may ,ot hold s/1h alie,able la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, e=1ept by lease, -or a period ,ot e=1eedi,+ twe,ty:-i*e years, re,ewable -or ,ot more tha, twe,ty:-i*e years, a,d ,ot to e=1eed o,e tho/sa,d he1tares i, area3 Citi7e,s o- the $hilippi,es may lease ,ot more tha, -i*e h/,dred he1tares, or a12/ire ,ot more tha, twel*e he1tares thereo-, by p/r1hase, homestead, or +ra,t3 Ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t the re2/ireme,ts o- 1o,ser*atio,, e1olo+y, a,d de*elopme,t, a,d s/b0e1t to the re2/ireme,ts o- a+raria, re-orm, the Co,+ress shall determi,e, by law, the si7e o- la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, whi1h may be a12/ired, de*eloped, held, or leased a,d the 1o,ditio,s there-or3 Se1tio, 43 The Co,+ress shall, as soo, as possible, determi,e, by law, the spe1i-i1 limits o- -orest la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s, mar;i,+ 1learly their bo/,daries o, the +ro/,d3 Therea-ter, s/1h -orest la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s shall be 1o,ser*ed a,d may ,ot be i,1reased ,or dimi,ished, e=1ept by law3 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or s/1h period as it may determi,e, meas/res to prohibit lo++i,+ i, e,da,+ered -orests a,d watershed areas3 Se1tio, 83 The State, s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al de*elopme,t poli1ies a,d pro+rams, shall prote1t the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities to their a,1estral la,ds to e,s/re their e1o,omi1, so1ial, a,d 1/lt/ral well: bei,+3 The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or the appli1ability o- 1/stomary laws +o*er,i,+ property ri+hts or relatio,s i, determi,i,+ the ow,ership a,d e=te,t o- a,1estral domai,3 Se1tio, 93 The /se o- property bears a so1ial -/,1tio,, a,d all e1o,omi1 a+e,ts shall 1o,trib/te to the 1ommo, +ood3 I,di*id/als a,d pri*ate +ro/ps, i,1l/di,+ 1orporatio,s, 1ooperati*es, a,d similar 1olle1ti*e or+a,i7atio,s, shall ha*e the ri+ht to ow,, establish, a,d operate e1o,omi1 e,terprises, s/b0e1t to the d/ty o- the State to promote distrib/ti*e 0/sti1e a,d to i,ter*e,e whe, the 1ommo, +ood so dema,ds3 Se1tio, 73 Sa*e i, 1ases o- hereditary s/11essio,, ,o pri*ate la,ds shall be tra,s-erred or 1o,*eyed e=1ept to i,di*id/als, 1orporatio,s, or asso1iatio,s 2/ali-ied to a12/ire or hold la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai,3 Se1tio, 83 Notwithsta,di,+ the pro*isio,s o- Se1tio, 7 o- this 'rti1le, a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es who has lost his $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship may be a tra,s-eree o- pri*ate la,ds, s/b0e1t to limitatio,s pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 93 The Co,+ress may establish a, i,depe,de,t e1o,omi1 a,d pla,,i,+ a+e,1y headed by the $reside,t, whi1h shall, a-ter 1o,s/ltatio,s with the appropriate p/bli1 a+e,1ies, *ario/s pri*ate se1tors, a,d lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its, re1omme,d to Co,+ress, a,d impleme,t 1o,ti,/i,+ i,te+rated a,d 1oordi,ated pro+rams a,d poli1ies -or ,atio,al de*elopme,t3 ,til the Co,+ress pro*ides otherwise, the Natio,al "1o,omi1 a,d 5e*elopme,t '/thority shall -/,1tio, as the i,depe,de,t pla,,i,+ a+e,1y o- the +o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 103 The Co,+ress shall, /po, re1omme,datio, o- the e1o,omi1 a,d pla,,i,+ a+e,1y, whe, the ,atio,al i,terest di1tates, reser*e to 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or to 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- whose 1apital is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s, or s/1h hi+her per1e,ta+e as Co,+ress may pres1ribe, 1ertai, areas o- i,*estme,ts3 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t meas/res that will e,1o/ra+e the -ormatio, a,d operatio, o- e,terprises whose 1apital is wholly ow,ed by Filipi,os3 I, the +ra,t o- ri+hts, pri*ile+es, a,d 1o,1essio,s 1o*eri,+ the ,atio,al e1o,omy a,d patrimo,y, the State shall +i*e pre-ere,1e to 2/ali-ied Filipi,os3 The State shall re+/late a,d e=er1ise a/thority o*er -orei+, i,*estme,ts withi, its ,atio,al 0/risdi1tio, a,d i, a11orda,1e with its ,atio,al +oals a,d priorities3 Se1tio, 113 No -ra,1hise, 1erti-i1ate, or a,y other -orm o- a/thori7atio, -or the operatio, o- a p/bli1 /tility shall be +ra,ted e=1ept to 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or to 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s or+a,i7ed /,der the laws o- the $hilippi,es, at least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- whose 1apital is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s? ,or shall s/1h -ra,1hise, 1erti-i1ate, or a/thori7atio, be e=1l/si*e i, 1hara1ter or -or a lo,+er period tha, -i-ty years3 Neither shall a,y s/1h -ra,1hise or ri+ht be +ra,ted e=1ept /,der the 1o,ditio, that it shall be s/b0e1t to ame,dme,t, alteratio,, or repeal by the Co,+ress whe, the 1ommo, +ood so re2/ires3 The State shall e,1o/ra+e e2/ity parti1ipatio, i, p/bli1 /tilities by the +e,eral p/bli13 The parti1ipatio, o- -orei+, i,*estors i, the +o*er,i,+ body o- a,y p/bli1 /tility e,terprise shall be limited to their proportio,ate share i, its 1apital, a,d all the e=e1/ti*e a,d ma,a+i,+ o--i1ers o- s/1h 1orporatio, or asso1iatio, m/st be 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es3 Se1tio, 123 The State shall promote the pre-ere,tial /se o- Filipi,o labor, domesti1 materials a,d lo1ally prod/1ed +oods, a,d adopt meas/res that help ma;e them 1ompetiti*e3 Se1tio, 163 The State shall p/rs/e a trade poli1y that ser*es the +e,eral wel-are a,d /tili7es all -orms a,d arra,+eme,ts o- e=1ha,+e o, the basis o- e2/ality a,d re1ipro1ity3 Se1tio, 143 The s/stai,ed de*elopme,t o- a reser*oir o- ,atio,al tale,ts 1o,sisti,+ o- Filipi,o s1ie,tists, e,trepre,e/rs, pro-essio,als, ma,a+ers, hi+h:le*el te1h,i1al ma,power a,d s;illed wor;ers a,d 1ra-tsme, i, all -ields shall be promoted by the State3 The State shall e,1o/ra+e appropriate te1h,olo+y a,d re+/late its tra,s-er -or the ,atio,al be,e-it3 The pra1ti1e o- all pro-essio,s i, the $hilippi,es shall be limited to Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, sa*e i, 1ases pres1ribed by law3 Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall 1reate a, a+e,1y to promote the *iability a,d +rowth o- 1ooperati*es as i,str/me,ts -or so1ial 0/sti1e a,d e1o,omi1 de*elopme,t3 Se1tio, 193 The Co,+ress shall ,ot, e=1ept by +e,eral law, pro*ide -or the -ormatio,, or+a,i7atio,, or re+/latio, o- pri*ate 1orporatio,s3 .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s may be 1reated or established by spe1ial 1harters i, the i,terest o- the 1ommo, +ood a,d s/b0e1t to the test o- e1o,omi1 *iability3 Se1tio, 173 I, times o- ,atio,al emer+e,1y, whe, the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires, the State may, d/ri,+ the emer+e,1y a,d /,der reaso,able terms pres1ribed by it, temporarily ta;e o*er or dire1t the operatio, o- a,y pri*ately:ow,ed p/bli1 /tility or b/si,ess a--e1ted with p/bli1 i,terest3 Se1tio, 183 The State may, i, the i,terest o- ,atio,al wel-are or de-e,se, establish a,d operate *ital i,d/stries a,d, /po, payme,t o- 0/st 1ompe,satio,, tra,s-er to p/bli1 ow,ership /tilities a,d other pri*ate e,terprises to be operated by the .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 193 The State shall re+/late or prohibit mo,opolies whe, the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires3 No 1ombi,atio,s i, restrai,t o- trade or /,-air 1ompetitio, shall be allowed3 Se1tio, 203 The Co,+ress shall establish a, i,depe,de,t 1e,tral mo,etary a/thority, the members o- whose +o*er,i,+ board m/st be ,at/ral:bor, Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, o- ;,ow, probity, i,te+rity, a,d patriotism, the ma0ority o- whom shall 1ome -rom the pri*ate se1tor3 They shall also be s/b0e1t to s/1h other 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d disabilities as may be pres1ribed by law3 The a/thority shall pro*ide poli1y dire1tio, i, the areas o- mo,ey, ba,;i,+, a,d 1redit3 It shall ha*e s/per*isio, o*er the operatio,s o- ba,;s a,d e=er1ise s/1h re+/latory powers as may be pro*ided by law o*er the operatio,s o- -i,a,1e 1ompa,ies a,d other i,stit/tio,s per-ormi,+ similar -/,1tio,s3 ,til the Co,+ress otherwise pro*ides, the Ce,tral %a,; o- the $hilippi,es operati,+ /,der e=isti,+ laws, shall -/,1tio, as the 1e,tral mo,etary a/thority3 Se1tio, 213 Forei+, loa,s may o,ly be i,1/rred i, a11orda,1e with law a,d the re+/latio, o- the mo,etary a/thority3 I,-ormatio, o, -orei+, loa,s obtai,ed or +/ara,teed by the .o*er,me,t shall be made a*ailable to the p/bli13 Se1tio, 223 '1ts whi1h 1ir1/m*e,t or ,e+ate a,y o- the pro*isio,s o- this 'rti1le shall be 1o,sidered i,imi1al to the ,atio,al i,terest a,d s/b0e1t to 1rimi,al a,d 1i*il sa,1tio,s, as may be pro*ided by law3 '#TIC&" DIII SOCI'& @STIC" 'N5 !('N #I.!TS Se1tio, 13 The Co,+ress shall +i*e hi+hest priority to the e,a1tme,t o- meas/res that prote1t a,d e,ha,1e the ri+ht o- all the people to h/ma, di+,ity, red/1e so1ial, e1o,omi1, a,d politi1al i,e2/alities, a,d remo*e 1/lt/ral i,e2/ities by e2/itably di--/si,+ wealth a,d politi1al power -or the 1ommo, +ood3 To this e,d, the State shall re+/late the a12/isitio,, ow,ership, /se, a,d dispositio, o- property a,d its i,1reme,ts3 Se1tio, 23 The promotio, o- so1ial 0/sti1e shall i,1l/de the 1ommitme,t to 1reate e1o,omi1 opport/,ities based o, -reedom o- i,itiati*e a,d sel-:relia,1e3 &'%O# Se1tio, 63 The State shall a--ord -/ll prote1tio, to labor, lo1al a,d o*erseas, or+a,i7ed a,d /,or+a,i7ed, a,d promote -/ll employme,t a,d e2/ality o- employme,t opport/,ities -or all3 It shall +/ara,tee the ri+hts o- all wor;ers to sel-:or+a,i7atio,, 1olle1ti*e bar+ai,i,+ a,d ,e+otiatio,s, a,d pea1e-/l 1o,1erted a1ti*ities, i,1l/di,+ the ri+ht to stri;e i, a11orda,1e with law3 They shall be e,titled to se1/rity o- te,/re, h/ma,e 1o,ditio,s o- wor;, a,d a li*i,+ wa+e3 They shall also parti1ipate i, poli1y a,d de1isio,:ma;i,+ pro1esses a--e1ti,+ their ri+hts a,d be,e-its as may be pro*ided by law3 The State shall promote the pri,1iple o- shared respo,sibility betwee, wor;ers a,d employers a,d the pre-ere,tial /se o- *ol/,tary modes i, settli,+ disp/tes, i,1l/di,+ 1o,1iliatio,, a,d shall e,-or1e their m/t/al 1omplia,1e therewith to -oster i,d/strial pea1e3 The State shall re+/late the relatio,s betwee, wor;ers a,d employers, re1o+,i7i,+ the ri+ht o- labor to its 0/st share i, the -r/its o- prod/1tio, a,d the ri+ht o- e,terprises to reaso,able ret/r,s to i,*estme,ts, a,d to e=pa,sio, a,d +rowth3 '.#'#I'N 'N5 N'T#'& #"SO#C"S #"FO#( Se1tio, 43 The State shall, by law, /,derta;e a, a+raria, re-orm pro+ram -o/,ded o, the ri+ht o- -armers a,d re+/lar -armwor;ers who are la,dless, to ow, dire1tly or 1olle1ti*ely the la,ds they till or, i, the 1ase o- other -armwor;ers, to re1ei*e a 0/st share o- the -r/its thereo-3 To this e,d, the State shall e,1o/ra+e a,d /,derta;e the 0/st distrib/tio, o- all a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds, s/b0e1t to s/1h priorities a,d reaso,able rete,tio, limits as the Co,+ress may pres1ribe, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t e1olo+i1al, de*elopme,tal, or e2/ity 1o,sideratio,s, a,d s/b0e1t to the payme,t o- 0/st 1ompe,satio,3 I, determi,i,+ rete,tio, limits, the State shall respe1t the ri+ht o- small la,dow,ers3 The State shall -/rther pro*ide i,1e,ti*es -or *ol/,tary la,d:shari,+3 Se1tio, 83 The State shall re1o+,i7e the ri+ht o- -armers, -armwor;ers, a,d la,dow,ers, as well as 1ooperati*es, a,d other i,depe,de,t -armersF or+a,i7atio,s to parti1ipate i, the pla,,i,+, or+a,i7atio,, a,d ma,a+eme,t o- the pro+ram, a,d shall pro*ide s/pport to a+ri1/lt/re thro/+h appropriate te1h,olo+y a,d resear1h, a,d ade2/ate -i,a,1ial, prod/1tio,, mar;eti,+, a,d other s/pport ser*i1es3 Se1tio, 93 The State shall apply the pri,1iples o- a+raria, re-orm or stewardship, whe,e*er appli1able i, a11orda,1e with law, i, the dispositio, or /tili7atio, o- other ,at/ral reso/r1es, i,1l/di,+ la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, /,der lease or 1o,1essio, s/itable to a+ri1/lt/re, s/b0e1t to prior ri+hts, homestead ri+hts o- small settlers, a,d the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1omm/,ities to their a,1estral la,ds3 The State may resettle la,dless -armers a,d -armwor;ers i, its ow, a+ri1/lt/ral estates whi1h shall be distrib/ted to them i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 73 The State shall prote1t the ri+hts o- s/bsiste,1e -isherme,, espe1ially o- lo1al 1omm/,ities, to the pre-ere,tial /se o- the 1omm/,al mari,e a,d -ishi,+ reso/r1es, both i,la,d a,d o--shore3 It shall pro*ide s/pport to s/1h -isherme, thro/+h appropriate te1h,olo+y a,d resear1h, ade2/ate -i,a,1ial, prod/1tio,, a,d mar;eti,+ assista,1e, a,d other ser*i1es3 The State shall also prote1t, de*elop, a,d 1o,ser*e s/1h reso/r1es3 The prote1tio, shall e=te,d to o--shore -ishi,+ +ro/,ds o- s/bsiste,1e -isherme, a+ai,st -orei+, i,tr/sio,3 Fishwor;ers shall re1ei*e a 0/st share -rom their labor i, the /tili7atio, o- mari,e a,d -ishi,+ reso/r1es3 Se1tio, 83 The State shall pro*ide i,1e,ti*es to la,dow,ers to i,*est the pro1eeds o- the a+raria, re-orm pro+ram to promote i,d/striali7atio,, employme,t 1reatio,, a,d pri*ati7atio, o- p/bli1 se1tor e,terprises3 Fi,a,1ial i,str/me,ts /sed as payme,t -or their la,ds shall be ho,ored as e2/ity i, e,terprises o- their 1hoi1e3 #%'N &'N5 #"FO#( 'N5 !OSIN. Se1tio, 93 The State shall, by law, a,d -or the 1ommo, +ood, /,derta;e, i, 1ooperatio, with the pri*ate se1tor, a 1o,ti,/i,+ pro+ram o- /rba, la,d re-orm a,d ho/si,+ whi1h will ma;e a*ailable at a--ordable 1ost, de1e,t ho/si,+ a,d basi1 ser*i1es to /,der:pri*ile+ed a,d homeless 1iti7e,s i, /rba, 1e,ters a,d resettleme,t areas3 It shall also promote ade2/ate employme,t opport/,ities to s/1h 1iti7e,s3 I, the impleme,tatio, o- s/1h pro+ram the State shall respe1t the ri+hts o- small property ow,ers3 Se1tio, 103 rba, or r/ral poor dwellers shall ,ot be e*i1ted ,or their dwelli,+ demolished, e=1ept i, a11orda,1e with law a,d i, a 0/st a,d h/ma,e ma,,er3 No resettleme,t o- /rba, or r/ral dwellers shall be /,derta;e, witho/t ade2/ate 1o,s/ltatio, with them a,d the 1omm/,ities where they are to be relo1ated3 !"'&T! Se1tio, 113 The State shall adopt a, i,te+rated a,d 1omprehe,si*e approa1h to health de*elopme,t whi1h shall e,dea*or to ma;e esse,tial +oods, health a,d other so1ial ser*i1es a*ailable to all the people at a--ordable 1ost3 There shall be priority -or the ,eeds o- the /,der:pri*ile+ed, si1;, elderly, disabled, wome,, a,d 1hildre,3 The State shall e,dea*or to pro*ide -ree medi1al 1are to pa/pers3 Se1tio, 123 The State shall establish a,d mai,tai, a, e--e1ti*e -ood a,d dr/+ re+/latory system a,d /,derta;e appropriate health, ma,power de*elopme,t, a,d resear1h, respo,si*e to the 1o/,tryFs health ,eeds a,d problems3 Se1tio, 163 The State shall establish a spe1ial a+e,1y -or disabled perso, -or their rehabilitatio,, sel-:de*elopme,t, a,d sel-:relia,1e, a,d their i,te+ratio, i,to the mai,stream o- so1iety3 )O("N Se1tio, 143 The State shall prote1t wor;i,+ wome, by pro*idi,+ sa-e a,d health-/l wor;i,+ 1o,ditio,s, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t their mater,al -/,1tio,s, a,d s/1h -a1ilities a,d opport/,ities that will e,ha,1e their wel-are a,d e,able them to reali7e their -/ll pote,tial i, the ser*i1e o- the ,atio,3 #O&" 'N5 #I.!TS OF $"O$&"FS O#.'NIG'TIONS Se1tio, 183 The State shall respe1t the role o- i,depe,de,t peopleFs or+a,i7atio,s to e,able the people to p/rs/e a,d prote1t, withi, the demo1rati1 -ramewor;, their le+itimate a,d 1olle1ti*e i,terests a,d aspiratio,s thro/+h pea1e-/l a,d law-/l mea,s3 $eopleFs or+a,i7atio,s are bo,a -ide asso1iatio,s o- 1iti7e,s with demo,strated 1apa1ity to promote the p/bli1 i,terest a,d with ide,ti-iable leadership, membership, a,d str/1t/re3 Se1tio, 193 The ri+ht o- the people a,d their or+a,i7atio,s to e--e1ti*e a,d reaso,able parti1ipatio, at all le*els o- so1ial, politi1al, a,d e1o,omi1 de1isio,:ma;i,+ shall ,ot be abrid+ed3 The State shall, by law, -a1ilitate the establishme,t o- ade2/ate 1o,s/ltatio, me1ha,isms3 !('N #I.!TS Se1tio, 173 There is hereby 1reated a, i,depe,de,t o--i1e 1alled the Commissio, o, !/ma, #i+hts3 The Commissio, shall be 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d -o/r (embers who m/st be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d a ma0ority o- whom shall be members o- the %ar3 The term o- o--i1e a,d other 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d disabilities o- the (embers o- the Commissio, shall be pro*ided by law3 ,til this Commissio, is 1o,stit/ted, the e=isti,+ $reside,tial Committee o, !/ma, #i+hts shall 1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise its prese,t -/,1tio,s a,d powers3 The appro*ed a,,/al appropriatio,s o- the Commissio, shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3 Se1tio, 183 The Commissio, o, !/ma, #i+hts shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers a,d -/,1tio,s> I,*esti+ate, o, its ow, or o, 1omplai,t by a,y party, all -orms o- h/ma, ri+hts *iolatio,s i,*ol*i,+ 1i*il a,d politi1al ri+hts? 'dopt its operatio,al +/ideli,es a,d r/les o- pro1ed/re, a,d 1ite -or 1o,tempt -or *iolatio,s thereo- i, a11orda,1e with the #/les o- Co/rt? $ro*ide appropriate le+al meas/res -or the prote1tio, o- h/ma, ri+hts o- all perso,s withi, the $hilippi,es, as well as Filipi,os residi,+ abroad, a,d pro*ide -or pre*e,ti*e meas/res a,d le+al aid ser*i1es to the /,der:pri*ile+ed whose h/ma, ri+hts ha*e bee, *iolated or ,eed prote1tio,? "=er1ise *isitorial powers o*er 0ails, priso,s, or dete,tio, -a1ilities? "stablish a 1o,ti,/i,+ pro+ram o- resear1h, ed/1atio,, a,d i,-ormatio, to e,ha,1e respe1t -or the prima1y o- h/ma, ri+hts? #e1omme,d to Co,+ress e--e1ti*e meas/res to promote h/ma, ri+hts a,d to pro*ide -or 1ompe,satio, to *i1tims o- *iolatio,s o- h/ma, ri+hts, or their -amilies? (o,itor the $hilippi,e .o*er,me,tFs 1omplia,1e with i,ter,atio,al treaty obli+atio,s o, h/ma, ri+hts? .ra,t imm/,ity -rom prose1/tio, to a,y perso, whose testimo,y or whose possessio, o- do1/me,ts or other e*ide,1e is ,e1essary or 1o,*e,ie,t to determi,e the tr/th i, a,y i,*esti+atio, 1o,d/1ted by it or /,der its a/thority? #e2/est the assista,1e o- a,y departme,t, b/rea/, o--i1e, or a+e,1y i, the per-orma,1e o- its -/,1tio,s? 'ppoi,t its o--i1ers a,d employees i, a11orda,1e with law? a,d $er-orm s/1h other d/ties a,d -/,1tio,s as may be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 193 The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or other 1ases o- *iolatio,s o- h/ma, ri+hts that sho/ld -all withi, the a/thority o- the Commissio,, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t its re1omme,datio,s3 '#TIC&" DIC "5C'TION, SCI"NC" 'N5 T"C!NO&O.4, '#TS, C&T#" 'N5 S$O#TS "5C'TION Se1tio, 13 The State shall prote1t a,d promote the ri+ht o- all 1iti7e,s to 2/ality ed/1atio, at all le*els, a,d shall ta;e appropriate steps to ma;e s/1h ed/1atio, a11essible to all3 Se1tio, 23 The State shall> "stablish, mai,tai,, a,d s/pport a 1omplete, ade2/ate, a,d i,te+rated system o- ed/1atio, rele*a,t to the ,eeds o- the people a,d so1iety? "stablish a,d mai,tai,, a system o- -ree p/bli1 ed/1atio, i, the eleme,tary a,d hi+h s1hool le*els3 )itho/t limiti,+ the ,at/ral ri+hts o- pare,ts to rear their 1hildre,, eleme,tary ed/1atio, is 1omp/lsory -or all 1hildre, o- s1hool a+e? "stablish a,d mai,tai, a system o- s1holarship +ra,ts, st/de,t loa, pro+rams, s/bsidies, a,d other i,1e,ti*es whi1h shall be a*ailable to deser*i,+ st/de,ts i, both p/bli1 a,d pri*ate s1hools, espe1ially to the /,der:pri*ile+ed? ",1o/ra+e ,o,:-ormal, i,-ormal, a,d i,di+e,o/s lear,i,+ systems, as well as sel-: lear,i,+, i,depe,de,t, a,d o/t:o-:s1hool st/dy pro+rams parti1/larly those that respo,d to 1omm/,ity ,eeds? a,d $ro*ide ad/lt 1iti7e,s, the disabled, a,d o/t:o-:s1hool yo/th with trai,i,+ i, 1i*i1s, *o1atio,al e--i1ie,1y, a,d other s;ills3 Se1tio, 63 'll ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall i,1l/de the st/dy o- the Co,stit/tio, as part o- the 1/rri1/la3 They shall i,1/l1ate patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, -oster lo*e o- h/ma,ity, respe1t -or h/ma, ri+hts, appre1iatio, o- the role o- ,atio,al heroes i, the histori1al de*elopme,t o- the 1o/,try, tea1h the ri+hts a,d d/ties o- 1iti7e,ship, stre,+the, ethi1al a,d spirit/al *al/es, de*elop moral 1hara1ter a,d perso,al dis1ipli,e, e,1o/ra+e 1riti1al a,d 1reati*e thi,;i,+, broade, s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,olo+i1al ;,owled+e, a,d promote *o1atio,al e--i1ie,1y3 't the optio, e=pressed i, writi,+ by the pare,ts or +/ardia,s, reli+io, shall be allowed to be ta/+ht to their 1hildre, or wards i, p/bli1 eleme,tary a,d hi+h s1hools withi, the re+/lar 1lass ho/rs by i,str/1tors desi+,ated or appro*ed by the reli+io/s a/thorities o- the reli+io, to whi1h the 1hildre, or wards belo,+, witho/t additio,al 1ost to the .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 43 The State re1o+,i7es the 1ompleme,tary roles o- p/bli1 a,d pri*ate i,stit/tio,s i, the ed/1atio,al system a,d shall e=er1ise reaso,able s/per*isio, a,d re+/latio, o- all ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s3 "d/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s, other tha, those established by reli+io/s +ro/ps a,d missio, boards, shall be ow,ed solely by 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- the 1apital o- whi1h is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s3 The Co,+ress may, howe*er, re2/ire i,1reased Filipi,o e2/ity parti1ipatio, i, all ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s3 The 1o,trol a,d admi,istratio, o- ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall be *ested i, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es3 No ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio, shall be established e=1l/si*ely -or alie,s a,d ,o +ro/p o- alie,s shall 1omprise more tha, o,e:third o- the e,rollme,t i, a,y s1hool3 The pro*isio,s o- this s/b se1tio, shall ,ot apply to s1hools established -or -orei+, diplomati1 perso,,el a,d their depe,de,ts a,d, /,less otherwise pro*ided by law, -or other -orei+, temporary reside,ts3 'll re*e,/es a,d assets o- ,o,:sto1;, ,o,:pro-it ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s /sed a1t/ally, dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely -or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be e=empt -rom ta=es a,d d/ties3 po, the dissol/tio, or 1essatio, o- the 1orporate e=iste,1e o- s/1h i,stit/tio,s, their assets shall be disposed o- i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3 $roprietary ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s, i,1l/di,+ those 1ooperati*ely ow,ed, may li;ewise be e,titled to s/1h e=emptio,s, s/b0e1t to the limitatio,s pro*ided by law, i,1l/di,+ restri1tio,s o, di*ide,ds a,d pro*isio,s -or rei,*estme,t3 S/b0e1t to 1o,ditio,s pres1ribed by law, all +ra,ts, e,dowme,ts, do,atio,s, or 1o,trib/tio,s /sed a1t/ally, dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely -or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be e=empt -rom ta=3 Se1tio, 83 the State shall ta;e i,to a11o/,t re+io,al a,d se1toral ,eeds a,d 1o,ditio,s a,d shall e,1o/ra+e lo1al pla,,i,+ i, the de*elopme,t o- ed/1atio,al poli1ies a,d pro+rams3 '1ademi1 -reedom shall be e,0oyed i, all i,stit/tio,s o- hi+her lear,i,+3 "*ery 1iti7e, has a ri+ht to sele1t a pro-essio, or 1o/rse o- st/dy, s/b0e1t to -air, reaso,able, a,d e2/itable admissio, a,d a1ademi1 re2/ireme,ts3 The State shall e,ha,1e the ri+ht o- tea1hers to pro-essio,al ad*a,1eme,t3 No,: tea1hi,+ a1ademi1 a,d ,o,:a1ademi1 perso,,el shall e,0oy the prote1tio, o- the State3 The State shall assi+, the hi+hest b/d+etary priority to ed/1atio, a,d e,s/re that tea1hi,+ will attra1t a,d retai, its ri+ht-/l share o- the best a*ailable tale,ts thro/+h ade2/ate rem/,eratio, a,d other mea,s o- 0ob satis-a1tio, a,d -/l-illme,t3 &'N.'." Se1tio, 93 The ,atio,al la,+/a+e o- the $hilippi,es is Filipi,o3 's it e*ol*es, it shall be -/rther de*eloped a,d e,ri1hed o, the basis o- e=isti,+ $hilippi,e a,d other la,+/a+es3 S/b0e1t to pro*isio,s o- law a,d as the Co,+ress may deem appropriate, the .o*er,me,t shall ta;e steps to i,itiate a,d s/stai, the /se o- Filipi,o as a medi/m o- o--i1ial 1omm/,i1atio, a,d as la,+/a+e o- i,str/1tio, i, the ed/1atio,al system3 Se1tio, 73 For p/rposes o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d i,str/1tio,, the o--i1ial la,+/a+es o- the $hilippi,es are Filipi,o a,d, /,til otherwise pro*ided by law, ",+lish3 The re+io,al la,+/a+es are the a/=iliary o--i1ial la,+/a+es i, the re+io,s a,d shall ser*e as a/=iliary media o- i,str/1tio, therei,3 Spa,ish a,d 'rabi1 shall be promoted o, a *ol/,tary a,d optio,al basis3 Se1tio, 83 This Co,stit/tio, shall be prom/l+ated i, Filipi,o a,d ",+lish a,d shall be tra,slated i,to ma0or re+io,al la,+/a+es, 'rabi1, a,d Spa,ish3 Se1tio, 93 The Co,+ress shall establish a ,atio,al la,+/a+e 1ommissio, 1omposed o- represe,tati*es o- *ario/s re+io,s a,d dis1ipli,es whi1h shall /,derta;e, 1oordi,ate, a,d promote resear1hes -or the de*elopme,t, propa+atio,, a,d preser*atio, o- Filipi,o a,d other la,+/a+es3 SCI"NC" 'N5 T"C!NO&O.4 Se1tio, 103 S1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y are esse,tial -or ,atio,al de*elopme,t a,d pro+ress3 The State shall +i*e priority to resear1h a,d de*elopme,t, i,*e,tio,, i,,o*atio,, a,d their /tili7atio,? a,d to s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y ed/1atio,, trai,i,+, a,d ser*i1es3 It shall s/pport i,di+e,o/s, appropriate, a,d sel-:relia,t s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,olo+i1al 1apabilities, a,d their appli1atio, to the 1o/,tryFs prod/1ti*e systems a,d ,atio,al li-e3 Se1tio, 113 The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or i,1e,ti*es, i,1l/di,+ ta= ded/1tio,s, to e,1o/ra+e pri*ate parti1ipatio, i, pro+rams o- basi1 a,d applied s1ie,ti-i1 resear1h3 S1holarships, +ra,ts:i,:aid, or other -orms o- i,1e,ti*es shall be pro*ided to deser*i,+ s1ie,1e st/de,ts, resear1hers, s1ie,tists, i,*e,tors, te1h,olo+ists, a,d spe1ially +i-ted 1iti7e,s3 Se1tio, 123 The State shall re+/late the tra,s-er a,d promote the adaptatio, o- te1h,olo+y -rom all so/r1es -or the ,atio,al be,e-it3 It shall e,1o/ra+e the widest parti1ipatio, o- pri*ate +ro/ps, lo1al +o*er,me,ts, a,d 1omm/,ity:based or+a,i7atio,s i, the +e,eratio, a,d /tili7atio, o- s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y3 Se1tio, 163 The State shall prote1t a,d se1/re the e=1l/si*e ri+hts o- s1ie,tists, i,*e,tors, artists, a,d other +i-ted 1iti7e,s to their i,telle1t/al property a,d 1reatio,s, parti1/larly whe, be,e-i1ial to the people, -or s/1h period as may be pro*ided by law3 '#TS 'N5 C&T#" Se1tio, 143 The State shall -oster the preser*atio,, e,ri1hme,t, a,d dy,ami1 e*ol/tio, o- a Filipi,o ,atio,al 1/lt/re based o, the pri,1iple o- /,ity i, di*ersity i, a 1limate o- -ree artisti1 a,d i,telle1t/al e=pressio,3 Se1tio, 183 'rts a,d letters shall e,0oy the patro,a+e o- the State3 The State shall 1o,ser*e, promote, a,d pop/lari7e the ,atio,Fs histori1al a,d 1/lt/ral herita+e a,d reso/r1es, as well as artisti1 1reatio,s3 Se1tio, 193 'll the 1o/,tryFs artisti1 a,d histori1 wealth 1o,stit/tes the 1/lt/ral treas/re o- the ,atio, a,d shall be /,der the prote1tio, o- the State whi1h may re+/late its dispositio,3 Se1tio, 173 The State shall re1o+,i7e, respe1t, a,d prote1t the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities to preser*e a,d de*elop their 1/lt/res, traditio,s, a,d i,stit/tio,s3 It shall 1o,sider these ri+hts i, the -orm/latio, o- ,atio,al pla,s a,d poli1ies3 Se1tio, 183 The State shall e,s/re e2/al a11ess to 1/lt/ral opport/,ities thro/+h the ed/1atio,al system, p/bli1 or pri*ate 1/lt/ral e,tities, s1holarships, +ra,ts a,d other i,1e,ti*es, a,d 1omm/,ity 1/lt/ral 1e,ters, a,d other p/bli1 *e,/es3 The State shall e,1o/ra+e a,d s/pport resear1hes a,d st/dies o, the arts a,d 1/lt/re3 S$O#TS Se1tio, 193 The State shall promote physi1al ed/1atio, a,d e,1o/ra+e sports pro+rams, lea+/e 1ompetitio,s, a,d amate/r sports, i,1l/di,+ trai,i,+ -or i,ter,atio,al 1ompetitio,s, to -oster sel-:dis1ipli,e, teamwor;, a,d e=1elle,1e -or the de*elopme,t o- a healthy a,d alert 1iti7e,ry3 'll ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall /,derta;e re+/lar sports a1ti*ities thro/+ho/t the 1o/,try i, 1ooperatio, with athleti1 1l/bs a,d other se1tors3 '#TIC&" DC T!" F'(I&4 Se1tio, 13 The State re1o+,i7es the Filipi,o -amily as the -o/,datio, o- the ,atio,3 '11ordi,+ly, it shall stre,+the, its solidarity a,d a1ti*ely promote its total de*elopme,t3 Se1tio, 23 (arria+e, as a, i,*iolable so1ial i,stit/tio,, is the -o/,datio, o- the -amily a,d shall be prote1ted by the State3 Se1tio, 63 The State shall de-e,d> The ri+ht o- spo/ses to -o/,d a -amily i, a11orda,1e with their reli+io/s 1o,*i1tio,s a,d the dema,ds o- respo,sible pare,thood? The ri+ht o- 1hildre, to assista,1e, i,1l/di,+ proper 1are a,d ,/tritio,, a,d spe1ial prote1tio, -rom all -orms o- ,e+le1t, ab/se, 1r/elty, e=ploitatio, a,d other 1o,ditio,s pre0/di1ial to their de*elopme,t? The ri+ht o- the -amily to a -amily li*i,+ wa+e a,d i,1ome? a,d The ri+ht o- -amilies or -amily asso1iatio,s to parti1ipate i, the pla,,i,+ a,d impleme,tatio, o- poli1ies a,d pro+rams that a--e1t them3 Se1tio, 43 The -amily has the d/ty to 1are -or its elderly members b/t the State may also do so thro/+h 0/st pro+rams o- so1ial se1/rity3 '#TIC&" DCI ."N"#'& $#OCISIONS Se1tio, 13 The -la+ o- the $hilippi,es shall be red, white, a,d bl/e, with a s/, a,d three stars, as 1o,se1rated a,d ho,ored by the people a,d re1o+,i7ed by law3 Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress may, by law, adopt a ,ew ,ame -or the 1o/,try, a ,atio,al a,them, or a ,atio,al seal, whi1h shall all be tr/ly re-le1ti*e a,d symboli1 o- the ideals, history, a,d traditio,s o- the people3 S/1h law shall ta;e e--e1t o,ly /po, its rati-i1atio, by the people i, a ,atio,al re-ere,d/m3 Se1tio, 63 The State may ,ot be s/ed witho/t its 1o,se,t3 Se1tio, 43 The 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es shall be 1omposed o- a 1iti7e, armed -or1e whi1h shall /,der+o military trai,i,+ a,d ser*e as may be pro*ided by law3 It shall ;eep a re+/lar -or1e ,e1essary -or the se1/rity o- the State3 Se1tio, 83 'll members o- the armed -or1es shall ta;e a, oath or a--irmatio, to /phold a,d de-e,d this Co,stit/tio,3 The State shall stre,+the, the patrioti1 spirit a,d ,atio,alist 1o,s1io/s,ess o- the military, a,d respe1t -or peopleFs ri+hts i, the per-orma,1e o- their d/ty3 $ro-essio,alism i, the armed -or1es a,d ade2/ate rem/,eratio, a,d be,e-its o- its members shall be a prime 1o,1er, o- the State3 The armed -or1es shall be i,s/lated -rom partisa, politi1s3 No member o- the military shall e,+a+e, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y partisa, politi1al a1ti*ity, e=1ept to *ote3 No member o- the armed -or1es i, the a1ti*e ser*i1e shall, at a,y time, be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a,y 1apa1ity to a 1i*ilia, positio, i, the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or a,y o- their s/bsidiaries3 &aws o, retireme,t o- military o--i1ers shall ,ot allow e=te,sio, o- their ser*i1e3 The o--i1ers a,d me, o- the re+/lar -or1e o- the armed -or1es shall be re1r/ited proportio,ately -rom all pro*i,1es a,d 1ities as -ar as pra1ti1able3 The to/r o- d/ty o- the Chie- o- Sta-- o- the armed -or1es shall ,ot e=1eed three years3 !owe*er, i, times o- war or other ,atio,al emer+e,1y de1lared by the Co,+ress, the $reside,t may e=te,d s/1h to/r o- d/ty3 Se1tio, 93 The State shall establish a,d mai,tai, o,e poli1e -or1e, whi1h shall be ,atio,al i, s1ope a,d 1i*ilia, i, 1hara1ter, to be admi,istered a,d 1o,trolled by a ,atio,al poli1e 1ommissio,3 The a/thority o- lo1al e=e1/ti*es o*er the poli1e /,its i, their 0/risdi1tio, shall be pro*ided by law3 Se1tio, 73 The State shall pro*ide immediate a,d ade2/ate 1are, be,e-its, a,d other -orms o- assista,1e to war *etera,s a,d *etera,s o- military 1ampai+,s, their s/r*i*i,+ spo/ses a,d orpha,s3 F/,ds shall be pro*ided there-or a,d d/e 1o,sideratio, shall be +i*e, them i, the dispositio, o- a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, a,d, i, appropriate 1ases, i, the /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es3 Se1tio, 83 The State shall, -rom time to time, re*iew to i,1rease the pe,sio,s a,d other be,e-its d/e to retirees o- both the +o*er,me,t a,d the pri*ate se1tors3 Se1tio, 93 The State shall prote1t 1o,s/mers -rom trade malpra1ti1es a,d -rom s/bsta,dard or ha7ardo/s prod/1ts3 Se1tio, 103 The State shall pro*ide the poli1y e,*iro,me,t -or the -/ll de*elopme,t o- Filipi,o 1apability a,d the emer+e,1e o- 1omm/,i1atio, str/1t/res s/itable to the ,eeds a,d aspiratio,s o- the ,atio, a,d the bala,1ed -low o- i,-ormatio, i,to, o/t o-, a,d a1ross the 1o/,try, i, a11orda,1e with a poli1y that respe1ts the -reedom o- spee1h a,d o- the press3 Se1tio, 113 The ow,ership a,d ma,a+eme,t o- mass media shall be limited to 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es, or to 1orporatio,s, 1ooperati*es or asso1iatio,s, wholly:ow,ed a,d ma,a+ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s3 The Co,+ress shall re+/late or prohibit mo,opolies i, 1ommer1ial mass media whe, the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires3 No 1ombi,atio,s i, restrai,t o- trade or /,-air 1ompetitio, therei, shall be allowed3 The ad*ertisi,+ i,d/stry is impressed with p/bli1 i,terest, a,d shall be re+/lated by law -or the prote1tio, o- 1o,s/mers a,d the promotio, o- the +e,eral wel-are3 O,ly Filipi,o 1iti7e,s or 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least se*e,ty per 1e,t/m o- the 1apital o- whi1h is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s shall be allowed to e,+a+e i, the ad*ertisi,+ i,d/stry3 The parti1ipatio, o- -orei+, i,*estors i, the +o*er,i,+ body o- e,tities i, s/1h i,d/stry shall be limited to their proportio,ate share i, the 1apital thereo-, a,d all the e=e1/ti*e a,d ma,a+i,+ o--i1ers o- s/1h e,tities m/st be 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es3 Se1tio, 123 The Co,+ress may 1reate a 1o,s/ltati*e body to ad*ise the $reside,t o, poli1ies a--e1ti,+ i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities, the ma0ority o- the members o- whi1h shall 1ome -rom s/1h 1omm/,ities3 '#TIC&" DCII '("N5("NTS O# #"CISIONS Se1tio, 13 ',y ame,dme,t to, or re*isio, o-, this Co,stit/tio, may be proposed by> The Co,+ress, /po, a *ote o- three:-o/rths o- all its (embers? or ' 1o,stit/tio,al 1o,*e,tio,3 Se1tio, 23 'me,dme,ts to this Co,stit/tio, may li;ewise be dire1tly proposed by the people thro/+h i,itiati*e /po, a petitio, o- at least twel*e per 1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber o- re+istered *oters, o- whi1h e*ery le+islati*e distri1t m/st be represe,ted by at least three per 1e,t/m o- the re+istered *oters therei,3 No ame,dme,t /,der this se1tio, shall be a/thori7ed withi, -i*e years -ollowi,+ the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, ,or o-te,er tha, o,1e e*ery -i*e years therea-ter3 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or the impleme,tatio, o- the e=er1ise o- this ri+ht3 Se1tio, 63 The Co,+ress may, by a *ote o- two:thirds o- all its (embers, 1all a 1o,stit/tio,al 1o,*e,tio,, or by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, s/bmit to the ele1torate the 2/estio, o- 1alli,+ s/1h a 1o,*e,tio,3 Se1tio, 43',y ame,dme,t to, or re*isio, o-, this Co,stit/tio, /,der Se1tio, 1 hereo- shall be *alid whe, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite whi1h shall be held ,ot earlier tha, si=ty days ,or later tha, ,i,ety days a-ter the appro*al o- s/1h ame,dme,t or re*isio,3 ',y ame,dme,t /,der Se1tio, 2 hereo- shall be *alid whe, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite whi1h shall be held ,ot earlier tha, si=ty days ,or later tha, ,i,ety days a-ter the 1erti-i1atio, by the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s o- the s/--i1ie,1y o- the petitio,3 '#TIC&" DCIII T#'NSITO#4 $#OCISIONS Se1tio, 13 The -irst ele1tio,s o- (embers o- the Co,+ress /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay, 19873 The -irst lo1al ele1tio,s shall be held o, a date to be determi,ed by the $reside,t, whi1h may be sim/lta,eo/s with the ele1tio, o- the (embers o- the Co,+ress3 It shall i,1l/de the ele1tio, o- all (embers o- the 1ity or m/,i1ipal 1o/,1ils i, the (etropolita, (a,ila area3 Se1tio, 23 The Se,ators, (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a,d the lo1al o--i1ials -irst ele1ted /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall ser*e /,til ,oo, o- @/,e 60, 19923 O- the Se,ators ele1ted i, the ele1tio,s i, 1992, the -irst twel*e obtai,i,+ the hi+hest ,/mber o- *otes shall ser*e -or si= years a,d the remai,i,+ twel*e -or three years3 Se1tio, 63 'll e=isti,+ laws, de1rees, e=e1/ti*e orders, pro1lamatio,s, letters o- i,str/1tio,s, a,d other e=e1/ti*e iss/a,1es ,ot i,1o,siste,t with this Co,stit/tio, shall remai, operati*e /,til ame,ded, repealed, or re*o;ed3 Se1tio, 43 'll e=isti,+ treaties or i,ter,atio,al a+reeme,ts whi1h ha*e ,ot bee, rati-ied shall ,ot be re,ewed or e=te,ded witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- at least two:thirds o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate3 Se1tio, 83 The si=:year term o- the i,1/mbe,t $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t ele1ted i, the Febr/ary 7, 1989 ele1tio, is, -or p/rposes o- sy,1hro,i7atio, o- ele1tio,s, hereby e=te,ded to ,oo, o- @/,e 60, 19923 The -irst re+/lar ele1tio,s -or the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay, 19923 Se1tio, 93 The i,1/mbe,t $reside,t shall 1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise le+islati*e powers /,til the -irst Co,+ress is 1o,*e,ed3 Se1tio, 73 ,til a law is passed, the $reside,t may -ill by appoi,tme,t -rom a list o- ,omi,ees by the respe1ti*e se1tors, the seats reser*ed -or se1toral represe,tatio, i, para+raph A2B, Se1tio, 8 o- 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 83 ,til otherwise pro*ided by the Co,+ress, the $reside,t may 1o,stit/te the (etropolita, (a,ila '/thority to be 1omposed o- the heads o- all lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its 1omprisi,+ the (etropolita, (a,ila area3 Se1tio, 93 ' s/b:pro*i,1e shall 1o,ti,/e to e=ist a,d operate /,til it is 1o,*erted i,to a re+/lar pro*i,1e or /,til its 1ompo,e,t m/,i1ipalities are re*erted to the mother pro*i,1e3 Se1tio, 103 'll 1o/rts e=isti,+ at the time o- the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, shall 1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise their 0/risdi1tio,, /,til otherwise pro*ided by law3 The pro*isio,s o- the e=isti,+ #/les o- Co/rt, 0/di1iary a1ts, a,d pro1ed/ral laws ,ot i,1o,siste,t with this Co,stit/tio, shall remai, operati*e /,less ame,ded or repealed by the S/preme Co/rt or the Co,+ress3 Se1tio, 113 The i,1/mbe,t (embers o- the @/di1iary shall 1o,ti,/e i, o--i1e /,til they rea1h the a+e o- se*e,ty years or be1ome i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their o--i1e or are remo*ed -or 1a/se3 Se1tio, 123 The S/preme Co/rt shall, withi, o,e year a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, adopt a systemati1 pla, to e=pedite the de1isio, or resol/tio, o- 1ases or matters pe,di,+ i, the S/preme Co/rt or the lower 1o/rts prior to the e--e1ti*ity o- this Co,stit/tio,3 ' similar pla, shall be adopted -or all spe1ial 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies3 Se1tio, 163 The le+al e--e1t o- the lapse, be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, o- the appli1able period -or the de1isio, or resol/tio, o- the 1ases or matters s/bmitted -or ad0/di1atio, by the 1o/rts, shall be determi,ed by the S/preme Co/rt as soo, as pra1ti1able3 Se1tio, 143 The pro*isio,s o- para+raphs A6B a,d A4B, Se1tio, 18 o- 'rti1le CIII o- this Co,stit/tio, shall apply to 1ases or matters -iled be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, whe, the appli1able period lapses a-ter s/1h rati-i1atio,3 Se1tio, 183 The i,1/mbe,t (embers o- the Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio,, the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s, a,d the Commissio, o, '/dit shall 1o,ti,/e i, o--i1e -or o,e year a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, /,less they are soo,er remo*ed -or 1a/se or be1ome i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their o--i1e or appoi,ted to a ,ew term there/,der3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember ser*e lo,+er tha, se*e, years i,1l/di,+ ser*i1e be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 193 Career 1i*il ser*i1e employees separated -rom the ser*i1e ,ot -or 1a/se b/t as a res/lt o- the reor+a,i7atio, p/rs/a,t to $ro1lamatio, No3 6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989 a,d the reor+a,i7atio, -ollowi,+ the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, shall be e,titled to appropriate separatio, pay a,d to retireme,t a,d other be,e-its a11r/i,+ to them /,der the laws o- +e,eral appli1atio, i, -or1e at the time o- their separatio,3 I, lie/ thereo-, at the optio, o- the employees, they may be 1o,sidered -or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t or i, a,y o- its s/bdi*isio,s, i,str/me,talities, or a+e,1ies, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries3 This pro*isio, also applies to 1areer o--i1ers whose resi+,atio,, te,dered i, li,e with the e=isti,+ poli1y, had bee, a11epted3 Se1tio, 173 ,til the Co,+ress pro*ides otherwise, the $reside,t shall re1ei*e a, a,,/al salary o- three h/,dred tho/sa,d pesos? the Ci1e:$reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a,d the Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt, two h/,dred -orty tho/sa,d pesos ea1h? the Se,ators, the (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, the 'sso1iate @/sti1es o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the Chairme, o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, two h/,dred -o/r tho/sa,d pesos ea1h? a,d the (embers o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, o,e h/,dred ei+hty tho/sa,d pesos ea1h3 Se1tio, 183 't the earliest possible time, the .o*er,me,t shall i,1rease the salary s1ales o- the other o--i1ials a,d employees o- the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3 Se1tio, 193 'll properties, re1ords, e2/ipme,t, b/ildi,+s, -a1ilities, a,d other assets o- a,y o--i1e or body abolished or reor+a,i7ed /,der $ro1lamatio, No3 6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989 or this Co,stit/tio, shall be tra,s-erred to the o--i1e or body to whi1h its powers, -/,1tio,s, a,d respo,sibilities s/bsta,tially pertai,3 Se1tio, 203 The -irst Co,+ress shall +i*e priority to the determi,atio, o- the period -or the -/ll impleme,tatio, o- -ree p/bli1 se1o,dary ed/1atio,3 Se1tio, 213 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide e--i1a1io/s pro1ed/res a,d ade2/ate remedies -or the re*ersio, to the State o- all la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, a,d real ri+hts 1o,,e1ted therewith whi1h were a12/ired i, *iolatio, o- the Co,stit/tio, or the p/bli1 la,d laws, or thro/+h 1orr/pt pra1ti1es3 No tra,s-er or dispositio, o- s/1h la,ds or real ri+hts shall be allowed /,til a-ter the lapse o- o,e year -rom the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3 Se1tio, 223 't the earliest possible time, the .o*er,me,t shall e=propriate idle or aba,do,ed a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds as may be de-i,ed by law, -or distrib/tio, to the be,e-i1iaries o- the a+raria, re-orm pro+ram3 Se1tio, 263 'd*ertisi,+ e,tities a--e1ted by para+raph A2B, Se1tio, 11 o- 'rti1le DC1 o- this Co,stit/tio, shall ha*e -i*e years -rom its rati-i1atio, to 1omply o, a +rad/ated a,d proportio,ate basis with the mi,im/m Filipi,o ow,ership re2/ireme,t therei,3 Se1tio, 243 $ri*ate armies a,d other armed +ro/ps ,ot re1o+,i7ed by d/ly 1o,stit/ted a/thority shall be disma,tled3 'll paramilitary -or1es i,1l/di,+ Ci*ilia, !ome 5e-e,se For1es ,ot 1o,siste,t with the 1iti7e, armed -or1e established i, this Co,stit/tio,, shall be dissol*ed or, where appropriate, 1o,*erted i,to the re+/lar -or1e3 Se1tio, 283 '-ter the e=piratio, i, 1991 o- the '+reeme,t betwee, the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es a,d the ,ited States o- 'meri1a 1o,1er,i,+ military bases, -orei+, military bases, troops, or -a1ilities shall ,ot be allowed i, the $hilippi,es e=1ept /,der a treaty d/ly 1o,1/rred i, by the Se,ate a,d, whe, the Co,+ress so re2/ires, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast by the people i, a ,atio,al re-ere,d/m held -or that p/rpose, a,d re1o+,i7ed as a treaty by the other 1o,tra1ti,+ State3 Se1tio, 293 The a/thority to iss/e se2/estratio, or -ree7e orders /,der $ro1lamatio, No3 6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989 i, relatio, to the re1o*ery o- ill:+otte, wealth shall remai, operati*e -or ,ot more tha, ei+htee, mo,ths a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3 !owe*er, i, the ,atio,al i,terest, as 1erti-ied by the $reside,t, the Co,+ress may e=te,d s/1h period3 ' se2/estratio, or -ree7e order shall be iss/ed o,ly /po, showi,+ o- a prima -a1ie 1ase3 The order a,d the list o- the se2/estered or -ro7e, properties shall -orthwith be re+istered with the proper 1o/rt3 For orders iss/ed be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, the 1orrespo,di,+ 0/di1ial a1tio, or pro1eedi,+ shall be -iled withi, si= mo,ths -rom its rati-i1atio,3 For those iss/ed a-ter s/1h rati-i1atio,, the 0/di1ial a1tio, or pro1eedi,+ shall be 1omme,1ed withi, si= mo,ths -rom the iss/a,1e thereo-3 The se2/estratio, or -ree7e order is deemed a/tomati1ally li-ted i- ,o 0/di1ial a1tio, or pro1eedi,+ is 1omme,1ed as herei, pro*ided3 Se1tio, 273 This Co,stit/tio, shall ta;e e--e1t immediately /po, its rati-i1atio, by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite held -or the p/rpose a,d shall s/persede all pre*io/s Co,stit/tio,s3 The -ore+oi,+ proposed Co,stit/tio, o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es was appro*ed by the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio, o- 1989 o, the twel-th day o- O1tober, Ni,etee, h/,dred a,d ei+hty:si=, a,d a11ordi,+ly si+,ed o, the -i-tee,th day o- O1tober, Ni,etee, h/,dred a,d ei+hty:si= at the $le,ary !all, Natio,al .o*er,me,t Ce,ter, H/e7o, City, by the Commissio,ers whose si+,at/res are here/,der a--i=ed3 'dopted> $reside,t > Ce1ilia (/,o7 $alma Ci1e:$reside,t > 'mbrosio %3 $adilla Floor &eader > Napoleo, .3 #ama 'ssista,t Floor &eaders > 'hmad 5omo1ao 'lo,to > @ose 53 Caldero, 4/s/- #3 'b/ba;ar Feli1itas S3 '2/i,o 'dol-o S3 '71/,a Teodoro C3 %a1a,i @ose F3 S3 %e,+7o,, @r3 $o,1ia,o &3 %e,,a+e, @oa2/i, .3 %er,as Flora,+el #osario %raid Crispi,o (3 de Castro @ose C3 Colay1o #oberto #3 Co,1ep1io, !ilario .3 5a*ide, @r3 Ci1e,te %3 Fo7 "dm/,do .3 .ar1ia @ose &/is (arti, C3 .as1o, Sera-i, C3C3 ./i,+o,a 'lberto (3 I3 @amir @ose %3 &a/rel, @r3 "/lo+io #3 &er/m #e+alado "3 (aambo,+ Christia, S3 (o,sod Teod/lo C3 Nati*idad (a3 Teresa F3 Nie*a @ose N3 Nolledo %las F3 Ople (i,da &/7 (3 H/esada Flore,7 53 #e+alado #/sti1o F3 de los #eyes, @r3 Cirilo '3 #i+os Fra,1is1o '3 #odri+o #i1ardo @3 #om/lo 5e1oroso #3 #osales #e,e C3 Sarmie,to @ose "3 S/are7 &ore,7o (3 S/m/lo,+ @aime S3 &3 Tadeo Christi,e O3 Ta, .re+orio @3 Ti,+so, "-rai, %3 Tre,as &/+/m &3 ;a )il-rido C3 Cilla1orta %er,ardo (3 Cille+as 'ttested by > Flerida #/th $3 #omero Se1retary:.e,eral O#5IN'NC" '$$O#TIONIN. T!" S"'TS OF T!" !OS" OF #"$#"S"NT'TIC"S OF T!" CON.#"SS OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S TO T!" 5IFF"#"NT &".IS&'TIC" 5IST#ICTS IN $#OCINC"S 'N5 CITI"S 'N5 T!" ("T#O$O&IT'N ('NI&' '#"' Se1tio, 13 For p/rposes o- the ele1tio, o- (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es o- the First Co,+ress o- the $hilippi,es /,der the Co,stit/tio, proposed by the 1989 Co,stit/tio,al Commissio, a,d s/bse2/e,t ele1tio,s, a,d /,til otherwise pro*ided by law, the (embers thereo- shall be ele1ted -rom le+islati*e distri1ts apportio,ed amo,+ the pro*i,1es, 1ities, a,d the (etropolita, (a,ila 'rea as -ollows> (etropolita, (a,ila 'rea ('NI&', si= A9B : First 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos31:149, N:City %o/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,? " : From "stero de S/,o+ 'po+ +oi,+ So/th to "stero de Citas /p to the brid+e spa,,i,+ @/a, &/,a Street, eastward to Tay/ma, Street /p to the #ailroad Tra1;s alo,+ 5a+/pa, Street,the,1e so/thward to Claro (3 #e1to '*e,/e? S" : From poi,t Claro (3 #e1to '*e,/e e=te,di,+ westward to (a,ila %ay? ) : (a,ila %ay ,orthward to City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,3 Se1o,d 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 147:297, N : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,? " : From e,d o- #i7al '*e,/e "=te,sio, e=te,di,+ so/thward to #ailroad Tra1;s at ',tipolo Street? -rom 1or,er ',tipolo Street a,d #i7al '*e,/e o, so/ther, side o- #ailroad Tra1;s e=te,di,+ westward to "stero de Sa, &a7aro, so/thward alo,+ "stero de Sa, &a7aro /p to 1or,er o- C3 (3 #e1to '*e,/e westward to brid+e spa,,i,+ Claro (3 #e1to at "stero de la #ei,a? ) : "stero de la #ei,a to "stero de Citas to "stero S/,o+ 'po+ to City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,? Third 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 298:694, N : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,? " : '3 %o,i-a1io Street e=te,di,+ so/thward to 5imasala,+, to ',da:l/1ia, Claro (3 #e1to '*e,/e eastward to "stero de Sa, (i+/el e,di,+ at $asi+ #i*er? S : (o/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el at $asi+ #i*er, westward to 5el $a, %rid+e, the,1e to 5el $a, Street? ) : 5el $a, Street ,orthward /p to Claro (3 #e1to "=te,sio, to "stero de Sa, &a7aro, ,orthward to ',tipolo Street, eastward to #i7al '*e,/e "=te,sio,, ,orthward to bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,? Fo/rth 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 698 : 889, S) : "stero de Sa, (i+/el /p to (e,diola %rid+e, the,1e to C3 (3 #e1to '*e,/e to H/e7o, %o/le*ard? ) : H/e7o, %o/le*ard, ',dal/1ia, 5imasala,+ /p to bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d H/e7o, City? N" : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d H/e7o, City /p to #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard? S" : #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard /p to C3 (apa Street? S : #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard /p to poi,t "stero de Sa, (i+/el where #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard spa,s "stero de Sa, (i+/el? Fi-th 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 949:828, N : (o/th o- $asi+ #i*er i,la,d to poi,t $a7 (3 ./a,7o, Street e=te,di,+ to "stero de $a,da1a,? N" : "stero de $a,da1a, /p to $edro .il Street to Te0ero, Street /p to bo/,dary o- (a,ila a,d (a;ati? S" : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d (a;ati /p to "stero de Tripa de .alli,a? S : City bo/,dary betwee, $asay a,d (a,ila dow, to #o=as %o/le*ard /p to ed+e o- re1laimed areas westward to (a,ila %ay? ) : (a,ila %ay /p to mo/th o- $asi+ #i*er, Si=th 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 887:948? a,d 829:908 N : Starti,+ -rom poi,t whi1h is mo/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el +oi,+ eastward to (e,diola %rid+e, -ollowi,+ li,e alo,+ "stero de Sa, (i+/el /p to poi,t where #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard eastward to City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d H/e7o, Cityl? N" : City bo/,dary /p to poi,t 1ity bo/,dary o- (a,ila, Sa, @/a, a,d H/e7o, City? " : (a,ila:Sa, @/a,:(a,dal/yo,+:(a;ati bo/,daries /p to Te0ero, Street? S" : Te0ero, Street to $edro .il Street /p to brid+e spa,,i,+ "stero de $a,da1a,? S) J ) : "stero de $a,da1a, +oi,+ ,orthward to $a7 (3 ./a,7o, Street, the, ,orthward o, $a7 (3 ./a7o, Street /p to $asi+ #i*er to mo/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el o, $asi+ #i*er3 H"GON CIT4, -o/r A4B First 5istri1t > %ara,+ays 5el (o,te, $alto;, %/,+ad, Sa, ',to,io, Iatip/,a,, Cetera,s Cilla+e, Talaya,, 5amaya,, (ariblo, $araiso, Sta3 Cr/7, Nayo,+ Ia,l/ra,, $hilam, )est Tria,+le, N3S3 'mora,to, Sa, Isidro &abrador, Sta3 Teresita, Sal*a1io,, (aharli;a, St3 $eter, &o/rdes, Sto3 5omi,+o, Sie,,a, Sa, @ose, (a,resa, $a+:ibi+ sa Nayo,, %ali,+asa, (asambo,+, 5amar, %ahay Toro, St3 Cristo, #amo, (a+saysay, $ro0e1t 9, Casra, 'li1ia, a,d %a+o,+ $a+:asa? Se1o,d 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Fair*iew, New "ra, !oly Spirit, %atasa, !ills, Commo,wealth, $ayatas, %a+o,+ Sila,+a,, Sa/yo, Talipapa, %a+ba+, Sa, %artolome, Sta3 &/1ia, ./lod, No*ali1hes $roper, Sa, '+/sti,, Na+;aisa,+ Nayo,, Sta3 (o,i1a, Iali+ayaha,, $aso,+ $/ti;, 'polo,io Samso,, ,a,+ Si+aw, Ta,da,+ Sora, $aso,+ Tamo, C/liat, %aesa, Capri, %al/mbato, a,d Sa,+a,daa,> Third 5istri1t > %ara,+ays "3 #odri+/e7, Sila,+a,, H/iri,o 6:', 5/ya,:5/ya,, H/iri,o 6:%, 'miha,, So1orro, Sa, #o2/e, (a,+a, Gobel 5io2/i,o, Ta+/mpay, '+/i,aldo, "s1opa 1, "s1opa 2, "s1opa 6, "s1opa 4, )est Iamias, "ast Iamias, H/iri,o 2 ', H/riri,o 2 %, H/iri,o 2 C, +o,+ Norte, %a+/mbaya,, &ibis, Cilla (aria Clara, (asa+a,a, (ila+rosa, (arila+, %a+/mbaya,, &oyola !ei+hts, $a,sol, a,d (ata,da,+ %alara? Fo/rth 5istri1t> %ara,+ays %a+o,+ &ip/,a,, Ia/,lara,, Sa, (arti,, Imma1/late Co,1ep1io,, So/th Tria,+le, Sa1red !eart, &a+i,+ !a,da, $ali+saha,, Obrero, #o=as, Iam/,i,+, Ia,l/ra,, Iam/,i,+ Sila,+a,, Tatalo,, 5o, (a,/el, 5o,a @ose-a, Sa, Isidro, 5o,a '/rora, Sa,to Ni,o, Sa,tol, 5o,a Imelda, Iristo,+ !ari, Ial/s/+a,, 5amaya,+ &a+i, (aria,a, Cale,1ia, !orseshoe, $i,a+;aisaha,, Sa, Ci1e,te, 3$3 Camp/s, Ir/s Na &i+as, Ce,tral, Old Capital Site, 3$3 Cilla+e, Tea1herFs "ast, Tea1herFs )est, Si;at/,a, (alaya, $i,aha,, a,d %oto1a, C'&OOC'N CIT4, two A2B : First 5istri1t > 70 %ara,+ays? 'll o- Caloo1a, North "5S'? Se1o,d 5istri1t> 118 %ara,+ays? 'll o- Caloo1a, So/th "5S'3 $'S'4 CIT4, o,e A1B ('&'%ON a,d N'COT'S, o,e A1B S'N @'N a,d ('N5'&4ON., o,e A1B ('#IIIN', o,e A1B ('I'TI, o,e A1B $'SI., o,e A1B $'#'N'H", o,e A1B &'S $IN'S a,d (NTIN.&$', o,e A1B $'T"#OS a,d T'.I., o,e A1B C'&"NG"&', o,e A1B ("(%"#S OF T!" CONSTITTION'& CO((ISSION KCON CO(L )!IC! 5#'FT"5 T!" 1987 CONSTITTION OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S $reside,t > Ce1ilia (/,o7 $alma Ci1e:$reside,t > 'mbrosio %3 $adilla Floor &eader > Napoleo, .3 #ama 'ssista,t Floor &eaders > 'hmad 5omo1ao 'lo,to > @ose 53 Caldero, 4/s/- #3 'b/ba;ar Feli1itas S3 '2/i,o 'dol-o S3 '71/,a Teodoro C3 %a1a,i @ose F3 S3 %e,+7o,, @r3 $o,1ia,o &3 %e,,a+e, @oa2/i, .3 %er,as Flora,+el #osario %raid Crispi,o (3 de Castro @ose C3 Colay1o #oberto #3 Co,1ep1io, !ilario .3 5a*ide, @r3 Ci1e,te %3 Fo7 "dm/,do .3 .ar1ia @ose &/is (arti, C3 .as1o, Sera-i, C3C3 ./i,+o,a 'lberto (3 I3 @amir @ose %3 &a/rel, @r3 "/lo+io #3 &er/m #e+alado "3 (aambo,+ Christia, S3 (o,sod Teod/lo C3 Nati*idad (a3 Teresa F3 Nie*a @ose N3 Nolledo %las F3 Ople (i,da &/7 (3 H/esada Flore,7 53 #e+alado #/sti1o F3 de los #eyes, @r3 Cirilo '3 #i+os Fra,1is1o '3 #odri+o #i1ardo @3 #om/lo 5e1oroso #3 #osales #e,e C3 Sarmie,to @ose "3 S/are7 &ore,7o (3 S/m/lo,+ @aime S3 &3 Tadeo Christi,e O3 Ta, .re+orio @3 Ti,+so, "-rai, %3 Tre,as &/+/m &3 ;a )il-rido C3 Cilla1orta %er,ardo (3 Cille+as 'ttested by > Flerida #/th $3 #omero Se1retary:.e,eral The &awphil $ro0e1t : 'rella,o &aw Fo/,datio,