PDPM INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DESIGN &

MANUFACTURING JABALPUR
Dumna Airport Road, PO Khamaria, Jabalpur-482005 India



CS 203 Fundamentals of
Computer System
TERM PAPER
APRIL 09,2011
4G
Technology
Submitted To
Dr. K.V. ARYA
Dr. P.KHANNA


Submitted by,
Pankaj Kumar Saini(2009074)
Prahalad Khatik(2009080)
Prateek Bhardwaj(2009083)
Vaibhav Pandey(2009135)
Acknowledgement


We would like to take the opportunity to thank Dr. Pritee Khanna and Dr.
K.V.Arya under whom we made the term paper and who guided us to proceed.
We are also specially thankful to www.wikipedia.com and its creators, who
helped us to understand the topic well and provided us with relevant data.


G01 Members:
Pankaj Kumar Saini (2009074)
Prahalad Khatik (2009080)
Prateek Bhardwaj (2009083)
Vaibhav Pandey (2009135)






Abstract
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.
It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards.
In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.The current versions of
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term
evolution (LTE) did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates
approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems.
4G Predecessors include 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Mobile WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e), whereas 4G Candidates include LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-
Advanced.
We also inspected various key technologies for the development of 4G and they
are OFDMA, Software Defined Ratio ,Multiple Input Multiple Output and IPv6
Support.
Applications of 4G are various such as wireless broadband access (100Mbps),
MMS, Video chat, Mobile TV, HDTV etc.






Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
1.2 What is 4G?
1.3 Background of wireless standards
2. 4G Cellular Requirements
3. Forerunners of 4G
3.1 4G Predecessors
3.2 4G Candidates
4. Key 4G Technologies
4.1 OFDMA
4.2 Software Defined Ratio
4.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output
4.4 IPv6 Support
5. APPLICATIONS OF 4G
6. FUTURE OF 4G
7. CONCLUSION


1. INTRODUCTION
Voice was the driver for second-generation mobile and has been a considerable
success. Today, video and TV services are driving forward third generation (3G)
deployment. And in the future, low cost, high speed data will drive forward the fourth
generation (4G) as short-range communication emerges. Service and application
ubiquity, with a high degree of personalization and synchronization between various
user appliances, will be another driver.

1.1 Objective
In this term paper we intend to inspect the development of 4G wireless standards
and their various supporting technologies. We try to find out the requirements
which 4G is supposed to fulfil. We shall also focus on various aspects of pre-4G
technologies upon which 4G is getting developed. Also, we shall reflect upon
various applications of the technology, its requirements and its future.
1.2 What is 4G?
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless
standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the
ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed
requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such
as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as
pedestrians and stationary users).
[1]

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based
mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and
other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP
telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in
3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-
domain equalization schemes. This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple
Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent
scheduling.

1.3 Background of Wireless Standards
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the
fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission
technology, and new frequency bands. New generations have appeared about every
ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in
1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum
transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G, which
refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed)
access and multi-carrier transmission.
[citation needed]

The fastest 3G based standard in the WCDMA family is the HSPA+ standard,
which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without
MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22
Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-
DO Rev. B, which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.
[citation
needed]

In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for
what standards that should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market
only brands some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000),
but not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000
requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not branded
as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
The current versions of Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-
release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have did not fulfill the original ITU-R
requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems.
2. 4G WIRELESS STANDARDS
An IMT-Advanced cellular system, referred to as 4G must fulfill the
following requirements:
Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low
mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITU
requirements.
Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support
more simultaneous users per cell.
Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up
to 40 MHz.
Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75
bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should
be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and
2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia
support.
3. FORERUNNERS OF 4G
3.1 4G predecessors
a) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is
often branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply
with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit
rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in
the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used and more if multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High
Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do
not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in
the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo
(a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009.

b) Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband
access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is
sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s
downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channel.
The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by
KT in Seoul, South Korea on 30 June 2006.
3.2 4G Candidate Systems
The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early
assumed the term 4G as a short hand way to describe those
advanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based
on or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies,
MIMO transmission and an all-IP based architecture.
a) LTE Advanced
LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for
IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP
organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in
2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the
ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to
LTE. It is not a new technology but rather an improvement on the
existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost
effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE
Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA.
LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrum
and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds.
Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system
capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE
is expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently
supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of the
IMT-Advanced standard.
Data speeds of LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced
Peak Download 1 G bit/s
Peak Upload 500 Mbit/s
b) IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced
The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e
is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced
criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile
reception.

4. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:

4.1 OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear
advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer
2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is
possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even
the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission
in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.
As shown in Figure, the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of
which the signal is narrowband (a few kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path
effects, provided a guard interval is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM
also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It
is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas
and MIMO.
OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each
OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of
subcarriers (subchannels). This not only provides additional flexibility for
resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization
of radio link usage.

4.2 Software defined radio

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to
develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although
in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access
technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure.
Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase
network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will
reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station
(BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy.
In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation
of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful
aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development
effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.



4.3 Multiple-input multiple-output

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space
multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to
process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly
designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing.
The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of
the received signals may deliver several performance improvements: range, quality of
received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when
many multiple path signals are received.
The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and
simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is
directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

4.4 IPv6 support
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting
of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G
will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data
transmission.
In IPv4 32 bits are used to locate the address. However in IPv6 128
bits are used for the same purpose.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address
exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context
of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of
wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of
sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices,
although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are
on existing IPv4 networks.

5. APPLICATIONS OF 4G

4G is being developed to accommodate applications like,
1) Wireless Broadband Access
2) Multimedia Messaging Service(MMS)
3) Video Chat
4) Mobile TV
5) HDTV
6) Digital Video Processing
6. FUTURE OF 4G

The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality
(e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the
association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization.
Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through
the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenue
model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to
be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment
types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write
equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on
fixed networks, for data and streaming applications. Mobile terminal usage (laptops,
Personal digital assistants, handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become
more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user
requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include:
fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on
investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and
simple autonomous terminals. The infrastructure will be much more distributed than
in current deployments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic: machine-
to machine.
7. CONCLUSION
Thus we see that 4G technology is still in the developmental stage with
promise of being implemented in near future. Some key technologies are critical for
progressive introduction of such networks such as OFDMA, SDR, MIMO and IPv6.


Reference

Following references were taken to complete the paper
1)www.wikipedia.org
2) "4G Mobile". Alcatel-Lucent. 2005-06-13.
http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635.
3) 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia