Feist8e SG Ch15

Chapter 15 Buss: Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Chapter 15
Buss: Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 15, you should be able to:
1. List and disuss !ar"in#s $ey o%ponents to evolutionary
theory.
&. !esribe the evolutionary theory foundational ba$ground to
Buss#s "or$.
'. !isuss the ter% (evolutionary psyhology) and the four basi
*uestions that fous on the evolutionary perspetive.
+. E,plain the relationship of evolutionary theory to personality
theory.
5. !esribe Buss#s %odel of personality and its relationship to
-Crae and Costa#s Big .ive -odel.
/. !isuss Buss#s (origins of individual differenes) and the four
soures of differene.
0. List and desribe Buss#s $ey five personality di%ensions.
1. Co%pare and ontrast so%e of the urrent pros and ons to
Buss#s theory.
2. !esribe the three general topis in Buss#s related researh.
13 !isuss and riti*ue evolutionary theory in relationship to a
onept of hu%anity.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 1
Lecture Outline
I Overvie! of Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Charles !ar"in 811529 laid the foundation for %odern theory
of evolution, even though the theory itself has been around
sine the anient 5ree$s. !ar"in#s %a:or ontribution "as not
the theory of evolution but rather an e,planation for ho"
evolution "or$s, na%ely through seletion 8natural and se,ual9
and hane. Chane ours %ostly through rando% geneti
%utation and "e "on#t have %uh to say about hane.
;nstead, "e fous on seletion of three different $inds: artifiial
seletion, natural seletion, and se,ual seletion. The
evolutionary proess 8natural and se,ual seletion and hane9
results in three distint outo%es: adaptations, by6produts and
noise.
II Biography of "avi# Buss
!avid Buss "as born April 1+, 125' in ;ndianapolis ;ndiana to
Arnold <. Buss, 4r. and Edith =olte. Arnold <. Buss 4r. earned
his Ph! in Psyhology fro% ;ndiana >niversity in the early
1253s and "as a professor of psyhology at the >niversity of
Pittsburgh, ?utgers, and finally the >niversity of Te,as, "here
he is urrently Professor E%eritus. Arnold Buss# researh
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 &
foused on aggression, psyhopathology, self6onsiousness,
and soial an,iety.
III Principles of Evolutionary Psychology
Charles !ar"in and <erbert 4pener "ere the first thin$ers to
argue for an evolutionary perspetive of psyhologial thought
and behavior. The ter% evolutionary psyhology an be
defined as the sientifi study of hu%an thought and behavior
fro% an evolutionary perspetive and fouses on four big
*uestions 8Buss, 12229:
1. @hy is the hu%an %ind designed the "ay it is and ho" did
it o%e to ta$e its urrent for%A
&. <o" is the hu%an %ind designed, that is, "hat are its parts
and urrent strutureA
'. @hat funtion do the parts of the %ind have and "hat is it
designed to doA
+. <o" do the evolved %ind and urrent environ%ent interat
to shape hu%an behaviorA
I$ Evolutionary Theory of Personality
-ost personality theories, as you have seen in 4etions ; to ;;;,
assu%e that personality is aused by environ%ental events
alone and seldo% %ention a biologial o%ponent.
Evolutionary theory, ho"ever, assu%es that the true origins of
personality traits reah far ba$ in anestral ti%es. The true
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 '
origin of personality is evolution, %eaning that it is aused by
an interation bet"een an ever hanging environ%ent and a
hanging body and brain. Evolutionary theory is one of the fe"
reent theories of personality that atte%pts one again to
e,plain the grand vie" of hu%an personalityBits ulti%ate
origins as "ell as its overall funtion and struture.
The field of evolutionary personality psyhology itself has
been divided by psyhologists arguing for t"o solutions:
personality differenes "ere either (noise) or they "ere
perhaps (by6produts) of evolved adaptive strategies. -ore
reently, ho"ever, other theorists have %ade the ase for
personality traits being so%ething %ore than noise or
byproduts, na%ely adaptations. !avid Buss "as the first and
%ost pro%inent theorist to ta$e up the ause of developing an
evolutionary theory of personality. The essene of Buss#s
theory of personality revolves around adaptive proble%s and
their solutions or %ehanis%, "ith a foundational
understanding of the nature and nurture of personality.
$ Co%%on &isun#erstan#ing in Evolutionary Theory
@hen evolutionary theory first bea%e popular in the 1213s it
aused *uite a bit of ontroversy. There "as a lot of resistane
both fro% inside and outside university settings against
applying evolutionary ideas to hu%an thought and behavior.
Evolution is all about the body hanging due to hanges in the
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 +
environ%ent. ;n this sense it is inherently a (nature and
nurture) interation perspetive. Evolution ours fro% the
interation bet"een adaptations and input fro% the
environ%ent that triggers the adaptations. -ore generally, the
disovery of epigenetis is an even %ore po"erful e,a%ple of
ho" geneti influene is not set in stone at the %o%ent of
oneption and interats "ith input fro% the environ%ent.
Epigenetics is hange in gene funtion that does not involve
hanges in !=A.
$I 'elate# 'esearch
The evolutionary %odel of personality annot be tested diretly
in so far as "e annot ondut studies over hundreds of
generations. And yet, :ust li$e in biology, there is %uh support
for the evolutionary basis of hu%an personality, "hih an be
divided into at least three general topis: te%pera%ent,
genetis, and ani%al personality. All three lines of evidene
support the vie" that personality has a biologial basis and that
these biologial syste%s have evolved.
$II Criti(ue of Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Evolutionary psyhology in general and evolutionary
personality psyhology in partiular have sti%ulated a lot of
ontroversy but also a relatively large body of empirical
research. The field has its o"n sientifi soiety 8<u%an
Behavior and Evolutionary 4oiety, <BE49, and its o"n
sientifi :ournal Evolution and Human Behavior. The
disipline also rests upon other sientifi disiplines, suh as
evolutionary biology, ethology, behavioral genetis, and
neurosiene, so there is a solid e%pirial foundation to the
field.
$III Concept of )u%anity
;t is diffiult to say on "hih side of the optimism-pessimism
debate evolutionary theory "ould fall. ;t is %ostly desriptive
and, in that sense, tends to be so%e"hat neutral about
desribing hu%an nature.
Evolutionary psyhology has a o%ple, vie" on the *uestion
of determinism versus free-will. A o%%on assu%ption of
evolutionary theory by ritis is that it is harshly deter%inisti
in that it e,plains behavior in ter%s of an evolved past and
geneti influene. ;ndeed, evolutionary psyhology is often
ritiiCed for ondoning traditional se,6roles 8e.g., "o%en are
attrated to high status %en and %en are attrated to physially
attrative "o%en9. Buss and other evolutionary theorists %a$e
lear, ho"ever, that evolutionary psyhology is a theory of ho"
these traits began, not ho" they should be. Dn the *uestion of
causality versus teleology it is lear that evolutionary theory
o%es do"n heavily on the ausality side of the e*uation.
Evolutionary theory sides %ore "ith the unconscious
influences on thought, behavior, and personality than on
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 /
onsious ones. The onept of hu%anity that "ill be %ost
surprising to %any people "ill be evolutionary psyhology#s
stane on biological versus social influence. Clearly there is a
strong e%phasis on biologial influenes, fro% brain syste%s,
neurohe%ials, and genetis. Evolutionary theory is also
balaned on the *uestion of the uniqueness of the individual
o%pared to general o%%onality a%ong all people.
Test Ite%s
*ill+in+the+Blan,s
1. !avid Buss Es interest in learning and understanding "as spar$ed
by the onept of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
&. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF laid the foundation for the %odern theory
of evolution.
'. The evolutionary proess 8natural and se,ual seletion and
hane9 results in three distint outo%es: adaptations, by6
produts and FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
+. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.are evolved strategies that solve
i%portant survival andGor reprodutive proble%s.
5. FFFFFFFFFFFFFF. are traits that happen as a result of adaptations
but are not part of the funtional design
/. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,.also $no"n as (rando% effets,) ours
"hen evolution produes rando% hanges in design that do not
affet funtion.
0. !avid Buss is a professor of psyhology at theFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
"here he is urrently Professor E%eritus.
1. The FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.perspetive of psyhologial
thought and behavior "as first introdued by Charles !ar"in
and <erbert 4pener.
2. The %erger of evolution and psyhology began "ith the thin$ing
of E.D. @ilson "hen he argued for a %erger of the biologial
and soial sienes and dubbed his %ove%ent
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF .
13. The ter% FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF."as oined in 120' by
biologist -ihael 5hiselin 8120'9, and later populariCed by the
anthropologist Hohn Tooby and psyhologist Leda Cos%ides
11. Evolutionary psyhology an be defined as the sientifi study of
hu%an thought and behavior fro% an evolutionary perspetive
and fouses on FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF .
1&. The essene of Buss#s theory of personality revolves around
FFFFFFFFFFFFFF and their solutions or %ehanis%s.
1'. The proess of evolution by natural seletion has produed
solutions to the t"o basi proble%s of life and they are alled
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF .
1+. T"o goals and %otives that at as evolved %ehanis%s are
FFFFFFFFF and FFFFFFFFFFF.
15. FFFFFFFFFFFFFF involves the disposition to e,periene positive
e%otional states and to engage in one#s environ%ent and to be
soiable and self6onfident.
1/. A seond di%ension of personality, FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF- is
%ar$ed by a person#s "illingness and apaity to ooperate and
help the group on the one hand or to be hostile and aggressive
on the other.
10. Dne#s apaity and o%%it%ent to "or$ is the ore
harateristi of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
11. The evolved strategy of FFFFFFFFFF involves one#s propensity
for innovation and ability to solve proble%s.
12. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF hypothesiCed there have been osts and
benefits of eah of the Big .ive di%ensions of personality
during anestral periods of evolution
&3. FFFFFFFFFFFFF. is hange in gene funtion that does not involve
hanges in !=A.
True+*alse
FFFFF1. !avid Buss graduated su% u% laude fro% his <igh
4hool .
FFFFF&. !avid Buss#s father "as a rab fisher%an "ho spent
%ost of his ti%e in Alas$a.
FFFFF'. 4ig%und .reud laid the foundation for the %odern
theory of evolution and personality.
FFFFF+. =atural seletion 8other"ise $no"n as (breeding)9
ours "hen hu%ans selet partiular desirable traits in a
breeding speies.
FFFFF5. 4e,ual seletion operates "hen %e%bers of the opposite
se, find ertain traits %ore appealing and attrative than others
and thereby produe offspring "ith those traits.
FFFFF/. Adaptations are evolved strategies that solve i%portant
survival andGor reprodutive proble%s.
FFFFF0. By6produts also $no"n as (rando% effets,) ours
"hen evolution produes rando% hanges in design that do not
affet funtion.
FFFF1. Carl Hung argued for a %erger of the biologial and
soial sienes and dubbed this %ove%ent (soiobiology.)
FFFF2. The ter% evolutionary psyhology an be defined as the
sientifi study of hu%an thought and behavior fro% an
evolutionary perspetive.
FFFF13. Evolutionary theory is one of the fe" reent theories of
personality that atte%pts one again to e,plain the grand vie"
of hu%an personality.
FFFF11. Eysen$ "as the first and %ost pro%inent theorist to
ta$e up the ause of developing an evolutionary theory of
personality.
FFFF1&. .ro% !ar"in#s perspetive all life for%s are onfronted
"ith t"o funda%ental proble%s of adaptation, na%ely survival
8food, danger, predation, et.9 and reprodution.
FFFFF1'. T"o goals and %otives that at as evolved %ehanis%s
are natural seletion and %ate seletion.
FFFFF1+. Buss#s %odel of personality argues against the Big .ive
trait approah of -Crae and Costa.
FFFFF15. AgreeablenessGhostility. involves the disposition to
e,periene positive e%otional states and to engage in one#s
environ%ent and to be soiable and self6onfident.
FFFFF1/. 4urgeny is %ar$ed by a person#s "illingness and
apaity to ooperate and help the group on the one hand or to
be hostile and aggressive on the other.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 1&
FFFFF10. Buss 812219 argues that of the five personality
di%ensions, openness is the %ost i%portant trait beause it
%ost diretly provides ans"ers to a host of adaptive proble%s.
FFFFF11. Evolutionary psyhology in general and evolutionary
personality psyhology in partiular has sti%ulated a lot of
interest but no definitive e%pirial researh.
FFFFF 12. Evolutionary theory of personality sores lo" on the
riterion of parsi%ony.
FFFFF &3. Evolutionary psyhology has a si%plisti vie" on the
*uestion of determinism versus free-will.
&ultiple Choice
FFFFFF1. @hih of follo"ing theorist laid the foundation for the
%odern theory of evolutionA
a. 4ig%und .reud
b. Charles !ar"in
. <ans Eysen$
d. Carl ?ogers
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 1'
FFFFFF&. @hih one of the follo"ing is not one of the types of
seletion foused on by evolutionary theoristsA
a. artifiial seletion
b. natural seletion
. se%inal seletion
d. se,ual seletion
FFFFF'. The evolutionary proess of natural and se,ual seletion
and hane results in FFFF distint outo%es.
a. t"o
b. five
. si,
d. three
FFFFF+. @ho "ere the first thin$ers to argue for an evolutionary
perspetive of psyhologial thought and behaviorA
a. .reud and Hung
b. !ar"in and 4pener
. Aristotle and Plato
d. Tooby and Cos%ides
FFFFF5. The essene of Buss#s theory of personality revolves
around adaptive proble%s and theirFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
a. funda%ental attribution errors
b. solutions or %ehanis%s
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 1+
. funtional dyna%is
d. funda%ental situational errors
FFFFF/. The ter% FFFFFFFFFFF refers to the proess of evolution
by natural seletion has produed solutions to the t"o basi
proble%s of life $eyed on by !ar"in and Buss.
a. %ehanis%s
b. artifiial seletion
. surgeny
d. natural seletion
FFFFF0. FFFFFFFFFFF %ehanis%s are internal and speifi
ognitive, %otivational, and personality syste%s that solve
speifi survival and reprodution proble%s.
a. 4urvival
b. Adaptive
. Physial
d. Psyhologial
FFFFF1. ;n Buss#s theory there are FFFF speifi %ain lasses of
%ehanis%s.
a. five
b. four
. three
d. t"o
FFFFF2. Psyhologial %ehanis%s relevant to personality an be
grouped into FFFFFFF %ain ategories.
a. three
b. t"o
. four
d. five
FFFFF13. Psyhologial %ehanis%s relevant to personality an be
grouped into all the follo"ing ategories, e,ept:
a. goalsGdrivesG%otives.
b. natureGnurture.
. e%otions.
d. traits.
FFFFF11. T"o goals and %otives that at as evolved %ehanis%s
are 6
a. survival6ability and do%inane.
b. po"er and inti%ay.
. politis and eono%is.
d. belongingness and soial6ability.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 1/
FFFFF1&. Buss 812219 starts "ith the assu%ption that %otivation,
e%otion, and personality are adaptive in that they solve
proble%s of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
a. survival and reprodution
b. introversion and e,troversion.
. psyhotiis% and neurotiis%.
d. narissis% and frotteuris%.
FFFFF1'. Buss argues that the five %ain di%ensions of personality
8Big .ive9 an be best thought of as a "ay of su%%ariCing the
FFFFFFFFFFFF.
a. hu%an dyna%i
b. strategies of personhood
. soial landsape
d. need of belongingness
FFFFF1+. Buss argues for essentially the sa%e five personality
di%ensions 8Big .ive9 but "ith slightly different ter%inology.
@hih is not one of Buss#s ategoriesA
a. surgenyGe,traversionGdo%inane
b. onsientiousness
. agreeableness
d. neurotiis%Gpsyhotiis%
FFFFF15. FFFFFFFFFF involves the disposition to e,periene
positive e%otional states and to engage in one#s environ%ent
and to be soiable and self6onfident.
a. Agreeableness
b. Consientiousness
. 4urgeny
d. Dpenness
FFFFF1/. A seond di%ension of personality, FFFFFFFFFFFFFF- is
%ar$ed by a person#s "illingness and apaity to ooperate and
help the group on the one hand or to be hostile and aggressive
on the other.
a. onsientiousness
b. opennessGintellet.
. e%otional stability
d. agreeablenessGhostility
FFFFF10. The third adaptive personality syste% revolves around
response to danger and threat and is referred to as
FFFFFFFFFFFF.
a. e%otional stabilityGneurotiis%
b. agreeablenessGhostility
. onsientiousness
d. surgeny
FFFFF11. The fourth adaptive personality syste% revolves around
one#s apaity and o%%it%ent to "or$ and is the ore
harateristi of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
a. onsientiousness
b. e%otional stability
. agreeableness
d. openness
FFFFF12. The fifth adaptive personality syste% is the evolved
strategy of FFFFFFFFFFFF involves one#s propensity for
innovation and ability to solve proble%s.
a. agreeableness
b. onsientiousness
. openness
d. e%otional stability
FFFF&3. @hih state%ent is %ost true for the evolutionary theory
of personality as it relates as a guide for pratitioners in
psyhology:
a. The theory is %ore abstrat and pure than onrete
and applied.
b. The theory is %ore onrete and applied than
abstrat and pure.
. The theory is %ore abstrat and onrete than pure
and applied.
d. The theory is %ore pure and onrete than abstrat
and applied.
.hort /ns!er
;. !efine, e,plain and disuss natural, artifiial, and se,ual seletion.
&. List and disuss Buss#s three distint outo%es of the
evolutionary proess.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 &3
'. !efine evolutionary psyhology and list the four big *uestions.
+. !isuss the nature and nurture of personality fro% the
evolutionary perspetive.
5. !efine and disuss BussIs t"o different for%s of %ehanis%s.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 &1
/ns!ers
*ill+in+the+Blan,s True+*alse &ultiple Choice
1. evolution 1. . 1. b
&. Charles !ar"in &. . &.
'. noise '. . '. d
+. Adaptations +. . +. b
5. By6produts 5. T 5. b
/. =oise /. T /. a
0. >niversity of Te,as 0. . 0. d
1. evolutionary 1. . 1. d
2. soiobiology 2. T 2. a
13. evolutionary psyhology 13. T 13. b
11. four big *uestions 11 . 11. b
1&. adaptive proble%s 1&. T 1&. a
1'. %ehanis%s 1'. . 1'.
1+. po"er , inti%ay 1+. . 1+. d
15. 4urgeny 15. . 15.
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 &&
1/. agreeablenessGhostility 1/. . 1/. d
10. onsientiousness 10. . 10. a
11. openness 11. . 11. a
12. =ettle 12. . 12.
&3. Epigenetis &3. . &3. a
.eist, Theories of Personality, 1e 4tudent 4tudy 5uide615 7 &'

Feist8e SG Ch15

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Feist8e SG Ch15

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 15 Buss: Evolutionary Theory of Personality

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen