Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
hydrostatic head
(~200psi)?
13
Horizontal well complexities Horizontal well complexities
Horizontal does not mean
straight/constant.
Inclination and azimuth vary Inclination and azimuth vary
Gravity affects velocities, fluid
collection, and flow regimes
Frac ports liners and other ID Frac ports, liners, and other ID
changes.
Introduces friction, turbulence,
flowrestrictions flow restrictions
Cased vs Open hole.
Friction, corrosion, further flow
t i ti restrictions
Sand production and
accumulation.
14
p
12. New Techniques
Flow Regimes in Gas Well with time Flow Regimes in Gas Well with time
HOLDUP (LIQUID) BUILDS WITH TIME
20
entrained in the gas as a mist. The pipe wall is coated with a thin film of
liquid but pressure gradient is determined predominately from the gas
flow.
Flow Regimes with Time and Depth Flow Regimes with Time and Depth
22
Flow Regimes with Time and Depth Flow Regimes with Time and Depth
23
Loading
Time
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
Effects of Loading on Decline Effects of Loading on Decline
Normal Decline
Rate,
MCFD
Goal of
MCFD
Goal of
Artificial Lift
Loading
31
Time
Loading
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
Well Loaded: Being cycled before lift added Well Loaded: Being cycled before lift added
Sh t i
32
Shut in
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
Cycle to Liquid Loading Cycle to Liquid Loading
Fl i Sh t i
33
Flowing Shut in
Cycle to Liquid Loading Cycle to Liquid Loading
Flowing
L di
Sh t i
34
Flowing
Loading up
Shut in
Flow Rate Declines (see Turner Curve)
Cycle to Liquid Loading Cycle to Liquid Loading
Flow Rate Declines (see Turner Curve)
Velocity in Tubing Drops
Settling Fluid Creates Back Pressure and Continues to Drop Flow Rate
High Line
PPressure
Friction
Fl i L d Off
L di
Sh t i
35
Loaded
Shut in
A well DOES NOT load up when it is shut in.
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
Tubing / Casing Pressures Tubing / Casing Pressures
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
100 PSI
130 PSI
100 PSI
100 PSI
100 PSI
220 PSI
100 PSI
80 PSI
130 PSI 100 PSI
x
220 PSI
x
T bing
37
Normal
Tubing
Leak
Loaded
Casing
Leak
Pressures with a Packer in Place Pressures with a Packer in Place
0 PSI
100 PSI
0 PSI
130 PSI
0 PSI
100 PSI 101 PSI
0 PSI
0 PSI
0 PSI
0 PSI
0 PSI
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
38
Flowing
Unloaded
1-Minute
Shut-in
Flowing
Loaded
1-Minute
Shut-in
Loading &Well IPR Loading &Well IPR Loading & Well IPR Loading & Well IPR
IPR = Inflow Performance Relationship
39
Typical IPR for Gas Well Typical IPR for Gas Well
800
s
i
a
500
600
700
s
s
u
r
e
,
p
s
After Phillips & Listiack; SWPSC
300
400
500
n
g
P
r
e
s
100
200
F
l
o
w
i
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
40
Rate, mcfd
Hi/Lo Shut-In Pressures for Gas Well Hi/Lo Shut-In Pressures for Gas Well
700
800
p
s
i
a
Higher Pressure Gas Well
400
500
600
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,
Higher Pressure Gas Well
200
300
400
o
w
i
n
g
P
Lower Pressure Gas Well
0
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
F
l
41
Normal Loaded
IPR: Reacting to Hi/Lo pressures IPR: Reacting to Hi/Lo pressures
350
400
e
,
p
s
i
a
200
250
300
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
100
150
200
F
l
o
w
i
n
g
P
0
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
F
43
Gas Well Back Pressure Equation Gas Well Back Pressure Equation
n 2 2
Mscf/D
) Pwf C(Pr Q, =
Exponent n reflects total turbulence effects- reservoir
and completion and completion
For low turbulence n ~ 1
For high turbulence n ~ .5
C and n are determined from multipoint flow tests
Flow after Flow
Isochronal
Modified Isochronal
45
Slugs of Liquid through Gas Measure Device Slugs of Liquid through Gas Measure Device
Production of
slugs of liquid g q
when previously
not present.
Charts may not be
used still look for
slugging through slugging through
DP transducer?
47
Slugs still present but reduced Slugs still present but reduced
L li ? Lower line pressure?
Reduced tubing size?
Added heat?
?
48
Drop off decline curve indicates loading Drop off decline curve indicates loading
Could be tubing leak
Could be salting or sand over perforations
Decli ne w/wo Li qui d Loadi ng
But if not other problems then indicates
liquid loading
Expected
Decli ne w/wo Li qui d Loadi ng
Actual wi th
L di
o
n
R
a
t
e
Loadi ng
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
49
Time
Increase in CP minus TP: Loading likely Increase in CP minus TP: Loading likely
Tubi ng Pressure
Increase i n Casi ng
mi nus Tubi ng Pressure
ti i di t
C i
vs. ti me i ndicates
l oadi ng
Casi ng
Pressure
g
P
s
i
C
s
g
T
b
g
Ti me
50
Tubing survey or Echometer shot: Loading Tubing survey or Echometer shot: Loading
Results of Pressure Survey
Pressure
h
D
e
p
t
h
Gas
Liquid
51
Tubing Pressure Profile: What is Happening? Tubing Pressure Profile: What is Happening?
Tubing Pressure
D
e
p
Condensation
Gradient
Gas &liquid vapor
p
t
h
Gas & liquid vapor
gradient
Liquid over the
perforations
52
Pressure
Loading Prediction: Critical Velocity or Rate Loading Prediction: Critical Velocity or Rate
Buoyant
weight of
Droplet in
flowing gas
g
droplet in gas
Drag from
flowinggas flowing gas
tending to lift
the droplet
53
Turner used Droplet model Not film model Turner used Droplet model Not film model
( )
3
d g
F
( )
6 g
g
F
G L
C
Gravity
=
2
,
) (
2
1
d G d D G
C
UP Drag
V V A C
g
F =
C
g
Where
g = gravitational constant = 32.17 ft/s
2
g
C
= 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s
2
d = droplet diameter
r
L
= liquid density
r
G
= gas density
C
D
= drag coefficient
A
d
= droplet projected cross-sectional area
V = gas velocity
54
V
G
= gas velocity
V
d
= droplet velocity
Equate Weight of Droplet to Uplift on Droplet Equate Weight of Droplet to Uplift on Droplet
D G
F F =
( )
2
3
2
1
6
C d D G G L
V A C
d g
= ( )
2 6
C d D G
C
G L
C
g g
Substituting A = d
2
/4 and solving for V gives Substituting A
d
= d /4 and solving for V
C
gives,
( )
G L
d g
V
4 ( )
D G
G L
C
C
g
V
=
3
55
Hinze AICHE Journal Sept 1955 shows that droplet diameter dependence
Literature Correlation Predicts Droplet Size Literature Correlation Predicts Droplet Size
Hinze, AICHE Journal Sept 1955, shows that droplet diameter dependence
can be expressed in terms of the dimensionless Weber number
30
2
= =
G C
WE
g
d V
N
C
g
Solving for the droplet diameter gives
g
2
30
C G
C
V
g
d
=
and substituting into Equation A-1 gives
( )
2
30
3
4
C G
C
D G
G L
C
V
g
C
g
V
=
or
4 / 1 4 / 1
40
=
G L C
gg
V
56
G D
C
C
V
Substitute values of Cd and Surface Tension Substitute values of Cd and Surface Tension
Turner assumed a drag coefficient of C
D
= .44 that is valid for fully turbulent conditions.
Substituting the turbulent drag coefficient and values for g and g
C
gives:
f V
G L
/ 514 17
4 / 1
s ft V
G
G L
C
/ 514 . 17
2
Where Where
r
L
=liquid density, lbm/ft
3
r
G
=gas density, lbm/ft
3
s=surface tension, lbf/ft
Written for surface tension in dyne/cm units
i th i lbf/ft 00006852 d / i using the conversion lbf/ft = .00006852 dyne/cm gives:
s ft V
G L
C
/ 593 1
4 / 1
=
s ft V
G
C
/ 593 . 1
2
Where
r
L
=liquid density, lbm/ft
3
r =gas density lbm/ft
3
57
r
G
=gas density, lbm/ft
3
s=surface tension, dyne/cm
Calculate Gas Density: Real Gas Law Calculate Gas Density: Real Gas Law
Evaluating Equation A-4 for typical values of
Gas gravity
G
0.6
Temperature T 120F Temperature T 120F
Gas deviation factor Z: 0.9
gives:
3
/ 0031 .
9 ) 120 460 (
6 . 715 . 2 ft lbm P
P
G
=
+
=
9 . ) 120 460 ( +
Typical values for density and surface tension are Typical values for density and surface tension are
Water density 67 lbm/ft
3
Condensate density 45 lbm/ft
3
Water surface tension 60 dyne/cm
Condensate surface tension 20 dyne/cm
58
Coleman, et al., (Exxon)
( )
( )
( )
s ft
P P
V
water C
/
0031 .
434 . 4 60
0031 .
593 . 1
2 / 1 2
,
=
=
( ) P P 0031 45 0031 45
4 / 1
4 / 1
( )
( )
( )
s ft
P
P
P
P
V
cond C
/
0031 .
0031 . 45
369 . 3 20
0031 .
0031 . 45
593 . 1
2 / 1 2
,
=
=
Turner et al (with 20% adjustment)
( )
s ft
P
V /
0031 . 67
321 5
4 / 1
=
Turner et al., (with 20% adjustment)
( )
s ft
P
V
water C
/
0031 .
321 . 5
2 / 1
,
=
( )
s ft
P
V /
0031 . 45
043 4
4 / 1
59
( )
( )
s ft
P
V
cond C
/
0031 .
043 . 4
2 / 1
,
=
Use Critical Velocity to find Critical Rate Use Critical Velocity to find Critical Rate
Turner et al., (with 20% adjustment)
( )
( )
s ft
P
P
V
water C
/
0031 .
0031 . 67
321 . 5
2 / 1
4 / 1
,
=
( )
( )
s ft
P
P
V
cond C
/
0031 .
0031 . 45
043 . 4
2 / 1
4 / 1
,
=
2 / 1
4 / 1
2
,
) 0031 (.
) 0031 . 45 (
) 460 (
0676 .
) / (
P
P
Z T
d P
D MMscf q
ti
condensate t
+
=
2 / 1
4 / 1
2
,
) 0031 (.
) 0031 . 67 (
) 460 (
0890 .
) / (
P
P
Z T
d P
D MMscf q
ti
water t
+
=
60
View Comparing Turner/ Coleman WHP Data View Comparing Turner/ Coleman WHP Data
61
A
0.5
x FTHP
Example of Using Shell Correlation Example of Using Shell Correlation
Turner Ratio (TR) is ratio between actual and Turner
Best fit TR = 3.77 (A
0.5
x FTHP)
-0.172
Inflow resistance A ~ (Pdd / Q)xPr [ bar2 / 1000 m
3
/d ]
OR:
TR = 3.77 (A
0.5
x FTHP, psi/ 14.5)
-.172
Example:
A = (0.1678)(Pwf,psi)(Pr,psi) / (Mscf/D)
Example:
Pwf=500
Pr=3000
Mscf/D = 2000
Example:
Pwf = 300 psi
Pr = 800 psi
Mscf/D = 300
Mscf/D 2000
A=12
FTP = 1500
TR 1 37
A = 134
FTP = 100 psi
TR = 3.77(134^.5 x 100/14.5)
-.172
= 1.77 ... or actual predicted crit
vel
TR = 1.37
64
vel
is 1.77 times the Turner value...
Critical Rates at Low Pressures Critical Rates at Low Pressures
CRITIAL RATE VS. FTP, DIA=1.995
1.4
1
1.2
1.4
A=1 TURNER
0 6
0.8
1
M
M
S
C
F
/
D
A=100
A=200
A=50
A l
0 2
0.4
0.6
M
COLEMAN
A values
denote
using Shell-
Nam model
0
0.2
0 200 400 600 800 1000
FTP PSI
Nam model
65
FTP, PSI
Conclusions on Critical Rate at Low Pressure Conclusions on Critical Rate at Low Pressure
Depending on the A parameter, Shell Nam predicts
different degrees of rate in addition to either Turner
or Exxon at low pressures or Exxon at low pressures
A Stripper Well Consortium Project will examine
critical velocity requirements at low pressure and
compare the data to existing methods
66
Critical Rate with assumptions included Critical Rate with assumptions included
Using Turner s simplified assumptions of 20 and 60 dynes/cm
surface tensions for condensate and water, 45 and 67 lbm/cu.ft.
densities, gas gravity of 0.6 and 120 F for temperature gives:
4 / 1
2 / 1
4 / 1
) 0031 (
) p 0031 . (
=
C v
critical gas
2 / 1
,
) p 0031 (.
critical gas
Turner: C= 5.34 water, or 4.02, condensate, p >1000 psi
Coleman: C= 4.43, water, or, 3.37, condensate, p < 1000 psi
67
, , , , , p p
Critical Velocity Cast as Critical Rate Critical Velocity Cast as Critical Rate
Av p
D MM f Q
critical gas,
06 . 3
) / (
z T
D MMscf Q
critical gas
crit g
+
=
,
,
) 460 (
) / (
ft area A
where
=
2
:
psia p
ft area A
=
= ,
F T
p p
=
o
68
=
2 / 1
,
) 0031 (. ) 460 (
) / (
P Z T
D MMscf q
condensate t
+
4 / 1
2
) 0031 67 (
0890
P
d P
2 / 1
,
) 0031 (.
) 0031 . 67 (
) 460 (
0890 .
) / (
P
P
Z T
d P
D MMscf q
ti
water t
+
=
69
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Flowing Pressure (psi)
Problem One: Critical Velocity Problem:
Concept: Critical velocity charts like the below are usually used with the surface
tubing pressure and may indicate if the well is above or below critical flow.
However it can also be used to indicate what you might consider as several However it can also be used to indicate what you might consider as several
approaches to solve the problem, if it exists.
Turner Unloading Rate for Well Producing Water
1500
2000
2500
3000
e
(
M
c
f
d
)
4-1/2 OD 3.958 ID
3-1/2 2.992
2-7/8 2.441
2-3/8 1.995
2-1/16 1.751
0
500
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Flowing Pressure (psi)
R
a
t
e
Given 3 tubing and Pwh = 300 psi and a 1 MMscf/D rate.
1 - Would 2 7/8s tubing put the well above critical flow?
2 - To what pressure would you have to lower the wellhead pressure in order to
obtain above critical flow (with a compressor and 3 inch tubing)
3 - If foam reduces the critical flow rate by a factor of 2/3rds. Leaving 1/3 of
original critical rate for 3 at 1 MMscf/D would you then be above critical
72
original critical rate for 3 at 1 MMscf/D would you then be above critical
flow?
Critical: Canadian Units Critical: Canadian Units
73
Weatherford
Problem One: Critical Velocity Problem: Canadian Version:
Concept: Critical velocity charts like the below are usually used with the surface
tubing pressure and may indicate if the well is above or below critical flow.
However it can also be used to indicate what you might consider as several However it can also be used to indicate what you might consider as several
approaches to solve the problem, if it exists.
Given 3 tubing and Pwh = 689 kPa and a 28.3 E
3
m
3
/day rate.
1 - Would 2 7/8s tubing put the well above critical flow?
2 - To what pressure would you have to lower the wellhead pressure in order to
obtain above critical flow (with a compressor and 3 inch tubing)
3 - If foam reduces the critical flow rate by a factor of 2/3rds. Leaving 1/3 of
original critical rate for 3 at 28 3 E
3
m
3
/day would you then be above
74
original critical rate for 3 at 28.3 E m /day would you then be above
critical flow?
Coleman Critical Rate: Water Coleman Critical Rate: Water
Coleman Unloading Rate for Well producing Water
2500
2000
4-1/2 OD 3.958 ID
3-1/2 2.992
2-7/8 2.441
1000
1500
R
a
t
e
(
M
c
f
d
)
2-3/8 1.995
2-1/16 1.751
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Flowing Pressure (psi)
75
each.
Problem 12: Tapered Tubing String Problem 12: Tapered Tubing String
t t bi i d th d th f h P bl T l T d T bi St i two tubing sizes and the depths of each. Problem Twelve: Tapered Tubing String:
Background: Usually the critical rate is evaluated at the top of the tubing. However
the formulas for critical rate can apply at any point in the tubing. Program
PRODOP calculates the required critical rate vs. depth and shows the user if
the actual rate is above or below the critical over the entire tubing string. g g
WHT: 100F (37.78 C)
BHT: 245 F (118.3 C)
Gas Rate: 375 Mscf/D ( 10618 M
3
/d)
Condensate rate: 7.7 bbl/MMscf (43.26 m
3
/MMm
3
) ( )
Water rate: 111 bbl/MMscf (623.6 m
3
/MMm
3
)
GG: .65
API: 43.3
WG: 1.03
Tubing Pressure: 100 psi or 689.4 kPa
2 3/8s to 9450 1.8530 ID (60.325mm tubing to 2881m ) 47.066 mm ID
Roughness: smooth pipe .0018 (.04572mm)
If the bottom of the string has current flow blow critical, then insert a new string of g , g
tubing in PRODOP so that flow will be above critical flow for the bottom of the
string as well as the top of the string. Insert the largest but still smaller string
to cover the bottom of the string (and little more depth for safety factor) such
that flow over the entire depth of the well is above critical flow.
Report the tapered string you determine and the
83
g l
we
N
v
( ) ( ) [ ]
740767 . 0 30
5934 . 1
2
=
g
g
we
c
v
86
Question? Question?
Does well liquid load when:
Flowing?
Shut-in?
87
Question? Question?
Does well liquid load in the:
Casing?
Tubing?
88
Critical Questions: Which are 100% True? Critical Questions: Which are 100% True?
Producing below the Critical Rate will cause the
well to load up and quit flowing.
Producing below the Critical Rate will cause the g
well to continue to flow but at a lower rate.
Producing below the Critical Rate will damage the
formation formation.
Producing below the Critical Rate will not affect
the production.
Producing below the Critical Rate will create a
higher pressure loss in the tubing and the well will
either produce at a lower rate or could load up and
die.
90
Does well quit flowing when below critical? Does well quit flowing when below critical?
Exxon said on average with their data, production was 40% less
Sutton, et al., Marathon, SPE 80887 modeled flow with gas
bubbling through static liquid column.
91
Nodal Analysis: A Model of the Well Nodal Analysis: A Model of the Well
92
I nf l ow t o t he node
Nodal Analysis: TM of Schlumberger Nodal Analysis: TM of Schlumberger
I nf l ow t o t he node
PR P (upst r eam c omponent s pr ess dr ops) = Pnode
Out f l ow f r om t he node
Inflow
Psep + P (dow nst r eam c omponent s pr ess dr ops) = Pnode
Inflow
Outflow
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
93
Rate
P
Reservoir: Gas Inflow Curve Reservoir: Gas Inflow Curve
Reservoir Inflow curve often represented by:
Inflow
Q = C ( Pr
2
Pwf
2
)
n
. (back pressure equation)
Inflow
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
94
Rate
P
Well Testing to Obtain Reservoir Inflow Well Testing to Obtain Reservoir Inflow
Objective is to calculate reservoir inflow at varying
flowing wellbore pressures (the IPR)
Pr = average reservoir pressure Pr = average reservoir pressure
Pwf = flowing well pressure at mid - perf depth or
top of perforations
P
R
P
WF
95
Q
Well Testing Well Testing
Desirable to have 3 or more flow rates with pressure
and rates recorded
Usually short duration hours or days Usually short duration - hours or days
Reservoir is often in transient flow during testing
Need to be able to evaluate short term tests to Need to be able to evaluate short term tests to
accurately predict long term (years) behavior
96
Pseudo Steady State Radial Flow for Gas Pseudo Steady State Radial Flow for Gas
q
sc
= 703 x 10
-6
k
g
h (P
R
2
-P
wf
2
)/
g
ZT {ln(.472r
e
/r
w)
+ (s
t
+Dq) }
(2-44) Golan p 2-9 WPM
q
sc
= gas flow rate, Mscfd,
k
g
= permeability to gas, md,
g
h = reservoir thickness, ft.
P
R
= average reservoir pressure, psia,
g
= gas viscosity at T, P=.5 (P
R
+ P
wf
), cp
Z = gas compressibility factor at T, P
T=reservoir temperature, R,
r
e
=drainage radius, ft, and,
98
r
w
=wellbore radius, ft.
(s
t
+Dq) =total skin plus pseudo skin due to turbulence
Deliverability Equations for Gas Deliverability Equations for Gas
Jones et al - DArcy pseudo-steady solution
for turbulence effects
P
2
R
- P
2
WF
= A q
SC
+ B q
2
SC
Rawlins and Schellhardt postulated that the
it ff t ld b t d i th composite effect could be represented in the
familiar gas well equation:
q = C (P
2
P
2
)
n
q
SC
= C (P
2
R
- P
2
WF
)
n
99
Conduct of Flow After Flow Tests Conduct of Flow After Flow Tests
q1
q2
q3
q4
qsc
q1
Pr
time
P
Pwf1
Pwf3
Pwf2
102
time
Flow After Flow Test Comments Flow After Flow Test Comments
Must have stabilized flow for all rates (less than .1
psi change is surface pressure in 15 min.
Pseudo - stabilization (surface pressures stabilize
before BHP fully stabilized) may occur
If a well is tubing limited (high tubing friction)
May be able to use static casing annulus pressure to
determine stabilized flow determine stabilized flow
103
= porosity
= viscosity
k = perm , md
C = is total compressibility 1/psi
Analysis of Flow after Flow Tests: Oil Analysis of Flow after Flow Tests: Oil
Rewrite backpressure equation by taking log of both
sides and rearranging
log (P
2
P
2
) = (1/n) log (q ) (1/n) log(C) log (P
R
2
P
WF
2
) = (1/n) log (q
O
) - (1/n) log(C)
Plot log (P
R
2
- P
WF
2
) vs log (q
O
) -slope Plot log (P
R
P
WF
) vs log (q
O
) slope
= 1/n - intercept = log (C)/n
105
Analysis of Flow After Flow Tests: Gas Analysis of Flow After Flow Tests: Gas
Rewrite backpressure equation by taking log of both
sides and rearranging
log ( P
2
R
- P
2
WF
)=(1/n) log (q
SC
) - (1/n)log(C)
Plot log (P
2
R
- P
2
WF
) vs log (q
SC
)
slope = 1/n
intercept = log (C) /n
106
Flow After Flow Test Plot: Gas Flow After Flow Test Plot: Gas
10,000
Reflects a zero sandface pressure
Reflects the
1,00
0
2
)
sandface
pressure
related to a
particular back
pressure
0
Absolute open flow
(
P
r
2
-
P
w
f
2
pressure
Slope =
1/ n
Sandface potential at
1
10 10
10
0
Absolute open flow
potential
Sandface potential at
the particular back
pressure
qsc
107
1
10 10
0
qsc
Flow After Flow Example Flow After Flow Example
Duration pwf, psia MMscf/D
0 201 0.0
3 196 2 73 3 196 2.73
2 195 3.97
2 193 4 44
Back Pressure Plot
0.01
2 193 4.44
4 190 5.5
1 10
w
f
^
2
)
/
1
0
^
6
0 001
(
P
r
^
2
-
P
w
108
0.001
MMscf/D
Back Pressure Plot Back Pressure Plot
You should do a least squares curve fit of the points
but you can just do a best straight line as shown
previously. Once line is drawn, you can use any two
) l ( ) l (
previously. Once line is drawn, you can use any two
points on the line to calculate n and C:
) log( ) log(
) log( ) log(
2
1
2
2
2
2
1 2
wf r wf r
P P P P
q q
n
=
f f
q
C =
n
wf R
P P
C
) (
2 2
109
Q aof=.01573(201
2
)
0.7
= 26.37 Mscf/D
Problem 18: Find C and n from test data Problem 18: Find C and n from test data
P bl Ei ht (18) Problem Eighteen (18):
Gas Back Pressure Equation:
Normally we want a four point test for determining the gas flow Normally we want a four point test for determining the gas flow
equation and the AOF. Assume we have only the below 2
points.
What is C, MMscf/D/psi
2n
? (or in m
3
/D / (kPa
2n
)
What is n
Does this well exhibit any turbulence or is it all Darcy Flow?
What is the AOF in MMscf/D? (Q when Pwf=0)
F i d th b k ti i For a reminder the back-pressure equation is:
Remember to separate variables:
Pwf, psia MMscf/D or Pwf, kPa E
3
m
3
/D
201 0 13485 6 0 201 0 13485.6 0
193 4.44 1330.5 125.6
190 5.5 1309.86 155.6
Data: two point test
112
Rate
Nodal Analysis: Stability Nodal Analysis: Stability
114
Liquid Loading in Casing Below EOT Liquid Loading in Casing Below EOT
Critical Gas Rate Pressure with Gray
C iti l G R t P ith G Critical Gas Rate Pressure with Gray
0
1
Depth (1000 ft MD)
Depth (1000 ft MD) Depth (1000 ft MD)
Critical Gas Rate - Pressure with Gray
Critical Gas Rate - Pressure with Gray Critical Gas Rate - Pressure with Gray
Pfwh 125 psig
Gas Rate 2000 mscf/d
Cond 0 bbl/MMscf
2
3
4
5
Cond .0 bbl/MMscf
Water 15.0 bbl/MMscf
2.375" at 10000 ft
Gray Correlation
Unloading
5
6
7
8
Loading
Current Rate
0 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200
9
10
11
Rate (mscf/d)
Rate (mscf/d) Rate (mscf/d)
Loading
115
Rate (mscf/d)
( ) ( )
J-Curve Tubing Performance J-Curve Tubing Performance
Liquid Loading J-Curve with Gray
Liquid Loading J-Curve with Gray Liquid Loading J-Curve with Gray
820
860
900
Flowing BHP (psig)
Flowing BHP (psig) Flowing BHP (psig)
Tbg - Critical Rate (Min BHP) = 547 mscf/d
Pfwh 125 psig
Cond .0 bbl/MMscf
Water 15.0 bbl/MMscf
2.375" at 10000 ft
Liquid loading
occurs when gas
rate is too low to
620
660
700
740
780
2.375 at 10000 ft
Stable flow
High friction
May have some liquid buildup
Unstable flow
High liquid buildup
efficiently remove
the produced
liquids
This results in
unstable flow
behavior and
460
500
540
580
620
behavior and
potential logging off
of the well
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
340
380
420
460
Gas Rate (mscf/d)
Gas Rate (mscf/d) Gas Rate (mscf/d)
Optimal Operation
116
Nodal Analysis: Tubing Size and Flow Rate Nodal Analysis: Tubing Size and Flow Rate
118
Predictions of Tubing Turnup: Biggest Error Predictions of Tubing Turnup: Biggest Error
119
Nodal Analysis Summary: Can Study Below: Nodal Analysis Summary: Can Study Below:
Effects of diameter size
Effects of surface pressure (compression)
Eff t f h t l d th t bi Effects of where to land the tubing
Effects of flow line pressure drop
Effects of adding artificial lift such as gaslift or Effects of adding artificial lift such as gaslift or
pumping methods
Effects of completion such as Shots-Per-Foot for a
perforation job
Etc.
120
Problem 11 Problem 11
121
Problem 13: Inflow with no well tests Problem 13: Inflow with no well tests
P bl Thi t D t i P f ith NO W ll T t Problem Thirteen: Determine Performance with NO Well Tests:
Use PRODOP use Modified Gray for multiphase flow gradient.
Although it is best to have flow-after-flow tests or for tighter wells, Isochronal and for still tighter (lower
permeability) , modified Isochronal tests, and yet tighter analyze reservoir performance using reservoir
models, and type curves, it is possible to estimate reservoir performance using numbers from our tubing
flow correlations to build a reservoir expression for q=C(Pr^2-Pwf^2)^n. The accuracy of this method
depends on the correlation used in the tubing but in many cases is sufficient to allow modeling of a gas depends on the correlation used in the tubing but in many cases is sufficient to allow modeling of a gas
well or liquid loaded gas well.
Tubing ID: 1.867
No casing flow.
Depth: 5000
Use Gray
Well is flowing @ 552 Mscf/D(15621 m3/D) The Pr is 785 psia (5441 kPa) given here and always required
either guess, measured, or from P vs. time decline curve.
Pwh: 200 psig
GG: .7
WG: 1.02
100%water 100% water
50 bw/MMscf
Twh: 100
BHT: 150 F
What is the value of Pwf calculated using 552 Mscf/D (the current flow point).
What is value of C in back pressure equation for N=1? p q
What is value of C in back pressure equation for N=0.5
What is AOF for N=1 in back pressure equation?
What is AOF for N=0.5 in back pressure equation?
If surface pressure reduced to 50 psia from compression, what is rate for N=1?
If surface pressure reduced to 50 psia from compression what is rate for N=0.5?
Thi h ld b k t th fl t f th d d P h i i d d t d ll t t f C
123
This should bracket the flow rate for the reduced Pwh using compression and you do not do well tests for C
and N using flow-after-flow or any tests. But you do rely on the flowing BHP at the given rate to be
calculated or measured correctly.
You can do same to evaluate different tubing sizes or different WHPs or other conditions.
Question Question
Based on the unloading curve, should you choke a
well to prevent loading?
124
Choke Gas Wells for Help With Loading? Choke Gas Wells for Help With Loading?
However more recent evidence shows a choke may
t d t bl fl b l iti l fl extend stable flow even below critical flow
126
Select Solution to Loaded Well: Problem 7 Select Solution to Loaded Well: Problem 7
St bilit C iti l Fl P bl P bl Stability or Critical Flow Problem Problem:
Concept:
Dewatering can be solved by several approaches. Here you are asked to investigate some possibilities to see if
the Nodal Predications can be made to show stable flow although it may still be below critical.
GG: 0.72
30 bbls total /MMscf
25% WC
1.05 WG
52 condensate API
Tubing: 9000 , 2 3/8s
Pwh: 1000 psi
BHT 190 F BHT: 190 F
Twh: 95F
Well Test Data:
Pr: 3600psi
Rates, Mscf/D Pwfs, psi
225 3000 225 3000
275 2790
325 2350
390 1910
Simulations Requested:
Run as is
Run with compression, with Pwf 800,600,400,200,100 and 50 psi
Run with smaller tubing 1.095 ID
Run with 12/64s choke at surface
Comment on each situation with respect to the fact it is solution or not depending on whether or not the
minimum in the tubing curve is to the left of the intersection of the tubing and reservoir curve or not??
Also note where a Turner Critical Rate would be
127
Productivity Index (PI) BPD Flow Productivity Index (PI) BPD Flow
Simplest and most
widely used
relationship
Straight Line PI
1000
1200
1400
1600
s
i
)
relationship
Straight line
PI often called J in
0
200
400
600
800
1000
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
p
s
some text books
Units stbpd/psi
N t li bl t
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Rate (STBLPD)
Test Point PI Test Point
Not applicable to gas
wells
) (Pr Pwf
Q
PI
=
129