Economy of Canada

1
Economy of Canada
Economy of Canada
Toronto, financial centre of Canada
Rank 11th (nominal) / 14th (PPP)
Currency Canadian dollar (CAD)
Fiscal year
1 April 29 March
Trade organisations
NAFTA, OECD, WTO and others
Statistics
GDP $1.825 trillion (2013 est.)
GDP growth
2.0% (2013 est.)
GDP per capita
$51,989 (2013)
(10th, nominal; 9th, PPP)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 1.7%, industry: 28.5%, services: 69.8% (2012 est.)
Inflation (CPI)
1.2% (2013 est.)
Population below poverty
line
9.4% (relative) (2008)
Gini coefficient
32.1 (2005)
Labour force
18.89 million (2012 est.)
Labour force by
occupation
agriculture: 2%, manufacturing: 13%, construction: 6%, services: 76%, other: 3% (2006 est.)
Unemployment 6.9% (March 2014)
Main industries
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products,
fish products, petroleum and natural gas
Ease-of-doing-business
rank
17th
External
Economy of Canada
2
Exports $462.528 billion (2012)
Export goods
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics,
fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
Main export partners
United States 73.2%
EU 4.6%
UK 4.3%
China 4.3%
Germany 3.4%
Israel 3.1%
Imports $474.544 billion (2012)
Import goods
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Main import partners
United States 50.6%
China 11.0%
UK 6.2%
Japan 6.2%
Mexico 5.5%
South Korea 4.5% (2012 est.)
FDI stock
$528.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Gross external debt
$1.326 trillion (31 December 2012)
Public finances
Public debt
$582.2 billion CAD (2012) / 33.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
Budget deficit
$18.9 billion CAD (Federal, 2012-13)
[1]
Revenues
$682.5 billion (2012 est.)
[2]
Expenses $749.5 billion (2012 est.)
Economicaid $4.1 billion (donor) (2010)
Credit rating
AAA (Domestic)
AAA (Foreign)
AAA (T&C Assessment)
(Standard & Poor's)
Foreign reserves
$65.82 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
[3]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Canada has the eleventh or 14th-largest economy in the world (measured in US dollars at market exchange rates), is
one of the world's wealthiest nations, and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) and Group of Seven (G7). As with other developed nations, the Canadian economy is
dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada is unusual among
developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of
Canada's most important. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the
automobile industry and aircraft industry especially important. With a long coastal line, Canada has the 8th largest
commercial fishing and seafood industry in the world.
[4]
Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainment
software industry.
[5]
Economy of Canada
3
Basic information
Canada has a private to public (Crown) property ratio of 60:40 and one of the highest levels of economic freedom in
the world. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system and pattern of
production. As of February 2013, Canada's national unemployment rate stood at 7.0%, as the economy continues its
recovery from the effects of the 2007-2010 global financial crisis. In May 2010, provincial unemployment rates
varied from a low of 5.0% in Saskatchewan to a high of 13.8% in Newfoundland and Labrador. According to the
Forbes Global 2000 list of the world's largest companies in 2008, Canada had 69 companies in the list, ranking 5th
next to France.
International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. In 2009,
agricultural, energy, forestry and mining exports accounted for about 58% of Canada's total exports. Machinery,
equipment, automotive products and other manufactures accounted for a further 38% of exports in 2009. In 2009,
exports accounted for approximately 30% of Canada's GDP. The United States is by far its largest trading partner,
accounting for about 73% of exports and 63% of imports as of 2009. Canada's combined exports and imports ranked
8th among all nations in 2006.
[6]
These primary industries are increasingly becoming less important to the overall economy. Only some 4% of
Canadians are employed in these fields, and they account for 6.2% of GDP. They are still paramount in many parts
of the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby
mine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel,
uranium, diamonds, lead, and in recent years, crude petroleum, which, with the world's second-largest oil reserves, is
taking an increasing prominent position in natural resources extraction. Several of Canada's largest companies are
based in natural resource industries, such as EnCana, Cameco, Goldcorp, and Barrick Gold. The vast majority of
these products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries that
are directly linked to primary ones. For instance one of Canada's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and
paper sector, which is directly linked to the logging industry.
The reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society. While
manufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize, natural resources vary greatly by region. This ensures
that differing economic structures developed in each region of Canada, contributing to Canada's strong regionalism.
At the same time the vast majority of these resources are exported, integrating Canada closely into the international
economy. Howlett and Ramesh argue that the inherent instability of such industries also contributes to greater
government intervention in the economy, to reduce the social impact of market changes.
[7]
Such industries also raise important questions of sustainability. Despite many decades as a leading producer, there is
little risk of depletion. Large discoveries continue to be made, such as the massive nickel find at Voisey's Bay.
Moreover the far north remains largely undeveloped as producers await higher prices or new technologies as many
operations in this region are not yet cost effective. In recent decades Canadians have become less willing to accept
the environmental destruction associated with exploiting natural resources. High wages and Aboriginal land claims
have also curbed expansion. Instead many Canadian companies have focused their exploration, exploitation and
expansion activities overseas where prices are lower and governments more amendable. Canadian companies are
increasingly playing important roles in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
The depletion of renewable resources has raised concerns in recent years. After decades of escalating overutilization
the cod fishery all but collapsed in the 1990s, and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered greatly. The logging
industry, after many years of activism, has in recent years moved to a more sustainable model, or to other countries.
Economy of Canada
4
Province Unemployment rate
(seasonally adjusted as of October 2013)
Newfoundland and Labrador 10.4
Prince Edward Island
11.0
Nova Scotia 8.6
New Brunswick
10.7
Quebec
7.6
Ontario 7.3
Manitoba 5.5
Saskatchewan 4.3
Alberta 4.3
British Columbia 6.7
Canada (national) 6.9
Measuring Productivity
Productivity measures are key indicators of economic performance and a key source of economic growth and
competitiveness. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
[8]
The OECD
Compendium of Productivity Indicators, published annually, presents a broad overview of productivity levels and
growth in member nations, highlighting key measurement issues. It analyses the role of "productivity as the main
driver of economic growth and convergence" and the "contributions of labour, capital and MFP in driving economic
growth."
[]
According to the definition above MFP is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made
by factors such as technical and organisational innovation (OECD 2008,11). Measures of productivity include Gross
Domestic Product (GDP)(OECD 2008,11) and Multifactor Productivity (MFP).
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The OECD provides data for example comparing labour productivity levels in the total economy of each member
nation. In their 2011 report Canada's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $CDN 1,720,748 million.
Multifactor productivity (MFP)
Another productivity measure, used by the OECD, is the long-term trend in multifactor productivity (MFP) also
known as total factor productivity (TFP). This indicator assesses an economys "underlying productive capacity
(potential output), itself an important measure of the growth possibilities of economies and of inflationary
pressures." MFP measures the residual growth that cannot be explained by the rate of change in the services of
labour, capital and intermediate outputs, and is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made by
factors such as technical and organisational innovation. (OECD 2008,11)
According to the OECD's annual economic survey of Canada in June 2012, Canada has experienced weak growth of
multi-factor productivity (MFP) and has been declining further since 2002. One of the ways MFP growth is raised is
by boosting innovation and Canada's innovation indicators such as business R&D and patenting rates were poor.
Raising MFP growth, is "needed to sustain rising living standards, especially as the population ages."
Economy of Canada
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Central Government Debt
The OECD reports the Central Government Debt as percentage of the GDP. In 2000 Canada's was 40.9 percent, in
2007 it was 25.2 percent, in 2008 it was 28.6 percent and by 2010 it was 36.1 percent. The OECD reports net
financial liabilities measure used by the OECD, reports the net number at 25.2%, as of 2008, making Canadas total
government debt burden as the lowest in the G8. The gross number was 68%.
The CIA World Factbook, updated weekly, measures financial liabilities by using gross general government debt, as
opposed to net federal debt used by the OECD and the Canadian federal government. Gross general government debt
includes both "intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level." For example, the CIA
measured Canada's public debt as 84.1% of GDP in 2012 and 87.4% of GDP in 2011 making it 22nd in the world.
Household Debt
Household debt, the amount of money that all adults in the household owe financial institutions, includes consumer
debt and mortgage loans. Paul Krugman argued that by 2007 household debt in the United States, prior to the
financial crisis, had reached 130 percent of household income. Krugman distinguished between the total domestic
non-financial debt (public plus private) relative to GDP which is "money we owe to ourselves" and net foreign debt.
Statistics Canada reported in March 2013 that "credit-market debt such as mortgages rose to 165% of disposable
income, compared with 164.7% in the prior three-month period." According to the IMF, "Housing-related debt
(mortgages) comprises about 70 percent of gross household debt in advanced economies. The remainder consists
mainly of credit card debt and auto loans."
Key industries
The Canadian economy in 2012, composed of the industries below, had a relative weighting by value of GDP:
12.34 Real estate and rental and leasing
10.86 Manufacturing
07.96 Mining quarrying and oil or gas extraction
07.03 Health care and social assistance
06.90 Public administration
06.55 Finance and insurance
05.41 Wholesale trade
05.41 Retail trade
05.38 Educational services
05.21 Professional scientific and technical services
04.20 Transportation and warehousing
03.31 Information and cultural industries
02.58 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services
02.46 Utilities
02.10 Accommodation and food services
02.04 Other services (except public administration)
01.59 Agriculture forestry fishing and hunting
00.76 Management of companies and enterprises
00.75 Arts entertainment and recreation
Economy of Canada
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Service sector
The Toronto-Dominion Centre in
Toronto
The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing about three
quarters of Canadians and accounting for 78% of GDP. The largest employer is
the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians.
[9]
The retail industry is
mainly concentrated in a small number of chain stores clustered together in
shopping malls. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of
big-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States) and Future Shop (a
subsidiary of the US based Best Buy) and Zellers (since most of their leases have
been purchased by Target). This has led to fewer workers in this sector and a
migration of retail jobs to the suburbs.
The second largest portion of the service sector is the business services,
employing only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes the
financial services, real estate, and communications industries. This portion of the
economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in
the major urban centres, especially Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (see
Banking in Canada).
The education and health sectors are two of Canada's largest, but both are largely under the purview of the
government. The health care industry has been quickly growing, and is the third largest in Canada. Its rapid growth
has led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it.
Canada has an important high tech industry, and a burgeoning film, television, and entertainment industry creating
content for local and international consumption (see Media in Canada). Tourism is of ever increasing importance,
with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States. Though the recent strength of the
Canadian Dollar has hurt this sector, other nations such as China have increased tourism to Canada. Casino gaming
is currently the fastest-growing component of the Canadian tourism industry, contributing $5 billion in profits for
Canadian governments and employing 41,000 Canadians as of 2001.
Manufacturing
Bombardier Aerospace is the 3rd largest
manufacturer of commercial aircraft in the world.
Pictured here is a CRJ-900 airplane of
Scandinavian Airlines (OY-KFA) built in Canada
The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was a
transition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturing
based one, and then to a service based economy. Canada did not escape
this pattern - at its (abnormally high World War II) peak in 1944,
manufacturing accounted for 29% of GDP, declining to 15.6% in 2005.
Canada has not suffered as greatly as most other rich, industrialized
nations from the pains of the relative decline in the importance of
manufacturing since the 1960s. A 2009 study by Statistics Canada also
found that, while manufacturing
Economy of Canada
7
Canada Export Treemap by Product (2012) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
[10]
declined as a relative percentage of
GDP from 24.3% in the 1960s to
15.6% in 2005, manufacturing
volumes between 1961 and 2005 kept
pace with the overall growth in the
volume index of GDP. Manufacturing
in Canada was especially hard hit by
the 2007-2010 global financial crisis.
As of 2010, manufacturing accounts
for 13% of Canada's GDP, a relative
decline of more than 2% of GDP since
2005.
Central Canada is home to branch
plants to all the major American and
Japanese automobile makers and many
parts factories owned by Canadian
firms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation. Central Canada today produces more vehicles each
year than the neighbouring U.S. state of Michigan, the heart of the American automobile industry. Manufacturers
have been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the United
States.Wikipedia:Citation needed Canada's publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction, as
companies are exempt from the high health insurance costs US firms pay, though they are offset by corporate health
care taxes.
Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there are
some important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier Inc.. This has raised several concerns for Canadians.
Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the United
States.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Energy
See also: Petroleum production in Canada
Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia,
Ontario
Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of
energy - in 2009 net exports of energy products amounted to 2.9% of
GDP. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred in
Alberta and the Northern Territories, but also present in neighbouring
British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca Oil Sands
give Canada the world's third largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia
and Venezuela according to USGS. In British Columbia and Quebec,
as well as Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Labrador region,
hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentally
friendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada is
also one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy.
[11]
Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several
important industries, such as the large aluminium industries in British Columbia and Quebec.
Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in Western
Canada and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario. Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled
Canada's rising dollar. This has raised the price of Ontario's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive,
a problem similar to the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands. Also, Ontario has relatively fewer
Economy of Canada
8
native sources of power. However, it is cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to eastern
Canada. The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas, and Ontario makes
significant use of nuclear power.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The National Energy Policy of the early 1980s attempted to force Alberta to sell low priced oil to eastern Canada.
This policy proved deeply divisive, and quickly lost its importance as oil prices collapsed in the mid-1980s. One of
the most controversial sections of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise that
Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians.
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Canada
An inland grain terminal in Alberta
Canada is also one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural
products, particularly of wheat and other grains. Canada is a major
exporter of agricultural products, to the United States and Asia. As
with all other developed nations the proportion of the population and
GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century.
As with other developed nations, the Canadian agriculture industry
receives significant government subsidies and supports. However,
Canada has been a strong supporter of reducing market influencing
subsidies through the World Trade Organization. In 2000, Canada
spent approximately CDN$4.6 billion on supports for the industry. Of
this, $2.32 billion was classified under the WTO designation of "green
box" support, meaning it did not directly influence the market, such as money for research or disaster relief. All but
$848.2 million were subsidies worth less than 5% of the value of the crops they were provided for.
Political issues
Part of a series on the
Economy of Canada
Economic history of Canada
Banking history
Petroleum history
Energy policy of Canada
Canadian dollar
Sectors
Economy of Canada
9
Primary sector
Agriculture
Energy
Petroleum
Electricity
Fishing
Forestry
Secondary sector
Automotives
Aerospace
Tertiary sector
Social programs
Transportation
Tourism
Finance
Central Bank
Banking in Canada
Stock exchanges
Companies
Companies listed on the TSX
Economy by province
Alberta
Ontario
Quebec
Saskatchewan
more...
Economy by city
Montreal
Toronto
Vancouver
more...
v
t
e
[12]
Economy of Canada
10
Relations with the U.S.
Main article: CanadaUnited States trade relations
Canada and the United States share a common trading relationship. Canada's job market continues to perform well
along with the US, reaching a 30 year low in the unemployment rate in December 2006, following 14 consecutive
years of employment growth.
Flags of Canada and the United States
The United States is by far Canada's largest trading partner, with more
than $1.7
[13]
billion CAD in trade per day in 2005. In 2009 9001% of
Canada's exports went to the United States, and 420% of Canada's
imports were from the United States. Trade with Canada makes up
23% of the United States' exports and 17% of its imports. By
comparison, in 2005 this was more than U.S. trade with all countries in
the European Union combined, and well over twice U.S. trade with all
the countries of Latin America combined. Just the two-way trade that
crosses the Ambassador Bridge between Michigan and Ontario equals
all U.S. exports to Japan. Canada's importance to the United States is
not just a border-state phenomenon: Canada is the leading export
market for 35 of 50 U.S. states, and is the United States' largest foreign
supplier of energy.
Bilateral trade increased by 52% between 1989, when the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) went into
effect, and 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) superseded it.Wikipedia:Citation
needed Trade has since increased by 40%. NAFTA continues the FTA's moves toward reducing trade barriers and
establishing agreed-upon trade rules. It also resolves some long-standing bilateral irritants and liberalizes rules in
several areas, including agriculture, services, energy, financial services, investment, and government procurement.
NAFTA forms the largest trading area in the world, embracing the 405 million people of the three North American
countries.
The largest component of U.S.-Canada trade is in the commodity sector.
The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all Canadian food exports.
[14]
Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, with nearly 20% of American food exports going
to its northern neighbour.Wikipedia:Citation needed Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulp
and paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S.
At $73.6
[15]
billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy trading relationship, with the
overwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy trade
with Canada are petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil supplier and the
fifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of total
U.S. consumption of natural gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked, and both
countries share hydropower facilities on the western borders.
While most of U.S.-Canada trade flows smoothly, there are occasionally bilateral trade disputes, particularly in the
agricultural and cultural fields.Wikipedia:Citation needed Usually these issues are resolved through bilateral
consultative forums or referral to World Trade Organization (WTO) or NAFTA dispute
resolution.Wikipedia:Citation needed In May 1999, the U.S. and Canadian governments negotiated an agreement on
magazines that provides increased access for the U.S. publishing industry to the Canadian market. The United States
and Canada also have resolved several major issues involving fisheries. By common agreement, the two countries
submitted a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the International Court of Justice in 1981; both accepted the court's
12 October 1984 ruling which demarcated the territorial sea boundary. A current issue between the United States and
Canada is the ongoing softwood lumber dispute, as the U.S. alleges that Canada unfairly subsidizes its forestry
Economy of Canada
11
industry.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In 1990, the United States and Canada signed a bilateral Fisheries Enforcement Agreement, which has served to
deter illegal fishing activity and reduce the risk of injury during fisheries enforcement incidents. The U.S. and
Canada signed a Pacific Salmon Agreement in June 1999 that settled differences over implementation of the 1985
Pacific Salmon Treaty for the next decade.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Canada and the United States signed an aviation agreement during Bill Clinton's visit to Canada in February 1995,
and air traffic between the two countries has increased dramatically as a result. The two countries also share in
operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
The U.S. is Canada's largest foreign investor and the most popular destination for Canadian foreign investments; at
the end of 2007, the stock of U.S. direct investment in Canada was estimated at $293 billion, while Canadian direct
investment (stock) in the United States was valued at $213 billion. U.S. FDI accounts for 59.5% of total foreign
direct investment in Canada while Canadian FDI in the U.S. accounts for 10% (5th largest foreign investor). US
investments are primarily directed at Canada's mining and smelting industries, petroleum, chemicals, the
manufacture of machinery and transportation equipment, and finance, while Canadian investment in the United
States is concentrated in manufacturing, wholesale trade, real estate, petroleum, finance, and insurance and other
services.
Free Trade Agreements
(source:)
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (Signed 12-Oct-1987, entered into force 01-Jan-1989, later superseded by
NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1994, includes Canada, U.S. and Mexico)
Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1997, modernization ongoing)
Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 05-Jul-1997)
Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Nov-2002, modernization ongoing)
Canada-European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and
Liechtenstein; entered into force 01-Jul-2009)
Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Aug-2009)
Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (Signed 21-Nov-2008, entered into force 15-Aug-2011; Canada's
ratification of this FTA had been dependent upon Colombia's ratification of the "Agreement Concerning Annual
Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and the Republic of Colombia" signed on
27-May-2010)
Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 28-June-2009, entered into force 01-Oct-2012)
Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 14-May-2010, entered into force 01-April-2013)
Economy of Canada
12
Nations that have Free Trade Agreements with Canada are in dark blue, nations in
negotiations are in cyan. Canada is green. (As of July 2009)
Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAs
with the following countries and trade
blocs:
Ukraine
Morocco
India
South Korea
Dominican Republic
Singapore
Andean Community (FTA's are
already in force with Peru and
Colombia)
CARICOM (Caribbean Community)
European Union
Japan
China
Canada has been involved in negotiations to create the following regional trade blocks:
Canada-Central American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
Notes
[1] Fin.gc.ca (http:/ / www.fin. gc. ca/ afr-rfa/ 2011/ report-rapport-eng. asp) Annual Financial Report of the Government of Canada Fiscal Year
20102011
[2] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ca. html
[3] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ca. html
[4] http:/ / www. apcfnc. ca/ en/ fisheries/ resources/
Aboriginal%20Fisheries%20in%20Canada%20-%20Overview%20-Canadian%20Market%20Trends%20-%20David%20Millette. pdf
[5] http:/ / www. theesa. ca/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2011/ 08/ SECOR_ESAC_report_eng_2011. pdf
[6] Canada's Private to Public (Crown) Property Ratio is 60:40.2006 exports/imports
[7] Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh. Political Economy of Canada: An Introduction. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992.
[8] [8] The OECD produces an annual report on member nations who share the goal of "contributing to the development of the world economy" by
attaining the "highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living while maintaining financial stability."
[9] Wallace, Iain, A Geography of the Canadian Economy. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[10] http:/ / atlas. cid.harvard. edu/ explore/ tree_map/ export/ can/ all/ show/ 2012/
[11] Environment Canada - Energy Consumption (http:/ / www. ec. gc. ca/ soer-ree/ English/ Indicators/ Issues/ Energy/ Bulletin/ ec_iss_e. cfm)
[12] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Economy_of_Canada& action=edit
[13] http:/ / www40. statcan. ca/ l01/ cst01/ gblec02a.htm
[14] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada / Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada (http:/ / ats. agr. ca/ stats/ 4141_e. pdf)
[15] http:/ / www.nrcan. gc. ca/ statistics/ energy/ default.html
Economy of Canada
13
References
Bibliography
Howlett, Michael and M. Ramesh. Political Economy of Canada: An Introduction. Toronto: McClelland and
Stewart, 1992.
Wallace, Iain, A Geography of the Canadian Economy. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Further reading
Main article: Bibliography of Canadian economic history
"OECD Economic Surveys: Canada 2010" (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=tvLuZ2iQAqkC&
printsec=frontcover& dq=OECD+ economic+ survey. + Canada"+ 2010#v=onepage& q& f=true), Organizacin
para la Cooperacin y Desarrollo Econmicos (Paris : OECD economic surveys), 2010,
ISBN978-92-64-08325-7
Baldwin, John Russel (2003), Innovation and knowledge creation in an open economy (http:/ / books. google. ca/
books?id=4V9Xx-6B2ZIC& lpg=PA1& dq=nel. Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy:
Canadian Industry and International Implications& lr& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), Cambridge University
Press, ISBN0-521-81086-8
Easterbrook, William Thoma; Aitken, Hugh G. J (1988). Canadian economic history (http:/ / books. google. ca/
books?id=QjmE2bSRzEUC& lpg=PP1& dq=Economic History of Canada& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true).
University of Toronto Press. ISBN0-8020-6696-8.
Hessing, Melody; Michael Howlett, Tracy Summerville (2005), Canadian natural resource and environmental
policy (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=_qHF160KzwgC& lpg=PP1& dq=Canadian Economy&
pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true), UBC Press
Kealey, Gregory S (1995), Workers and Canadian history (http:/ / books. google. ca/
books?id=RGnUhCZAW9MC& lpg=PA159& dq=The History of Canadian Business& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q&
f=true), McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN0-7735-1352-3
Levi, Michael A (2009), The Canadian oil sands : energy security vs. climate change (http:/ / books. google. ca/
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Economy of Canada
14
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Canada.
Economic indicators (http:/ / www. statcan. gc. ca/ dai-quo/ economic_indicators-indicateurs_economiques-eng.
htm) - Statistics Canada
List of Economic Surveys of Canada 1961-present (http:/ / www. oecd-ilibrary. org/ economics/
oecd-economic-surveys-canada_19990081) - (OECD)
Canada Economy 2011 (http:/ / www. theodora. com/ wfbcurrent/ canada/ canada_economy. html) CIA World
Factbook
Comprehensive current and historical economic data (http:/ / www. quandl. com/ canada)
World Bank Canada 2012 Trade Summary Statistics (http:/ / wits. worldbank. org/ CountryProfile/ Country/
CAN/ Year/ 2012/ Summary)
Economy of Canada: data, national statistics, data visualizations - World Data Atlas (http:/ / knoema. com/ atlas/
Canada/ topics/ Economy/ )
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
Article Sources and Contributors
15
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