R - Notes On Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Metal and Non Metals

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magnetic effect of current NOTES
The region surrounding the magnet, in which the force of
the magnet can be detected, is said to have a magnetic
field.
Why does a compass needle get deflected?
ompass needle get deflected when brought near magnet
due to the force of the magnet.
The lines along which the iron fillings align themselves
represent magnetic lines of force.
!agnetic field is a "uantity that has both magnitude and
direction. The direction of the magnetic field is ta#en to be
the direction in which a north pole of the compass needle
moves inside it.
The field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at
the south pole out side magnet.$nside the magnet, the
direction of field lines is from its south pole to its north
pole. Thus the magnetic field lines are closed curves. This
is why no two field%lines are found to cross each other.
!agnetic field due to current carrying conductor
The direction of magnetic field produced by the electric
current depends upon the direction of flow of current.$f we
reverse the direction of current then the direction of
magnetic field produced by the electric current get
changed.
The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a given
point increases as the current through the wire
increases.
The concentric circles representing the magnetic field
around a current%carrying straight wire become
larger and larger as we move away from it.
!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop&
We #now that the magnetic field produced by a current%
carrying straight wire depends inversely on the distance.
We #now that the magnetic field produced by a current%
carrying conductor at a given point, depends directly on
the current passing through it.
Therefore, if there is a circular coil having n turns, the
field produced is n times as large as produced by a single
turn. This is because the current in each circular turn has
the same direction, and the field due to each turn then 'ust
adds up.
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!agnet / substance which has the property of attracting
other substances li#e iron filings and points in the north
south direction when suspended freely is called a magnet.
!agnetic field The space around a magnet in which the
force of attraction and repulsion due to it can be detected
is called the magnetic field.
!agnetic field lines The curved paths along which the
north pole of the compass needle moves in a magnetic
field are called magnetic field lines. !agnetic field lines
are used to represent a magnetic field.
0roperties of magnetic field lines
The magnetic field lines never intersect each other because
if they do so it means that at that point the compass needle
would point towards two directions which is not possible.
They emerge at North 0ole and merge at South 0ole.
They are crowded near the poles and are far apart near the
middle.
These are directed from North 0ole to South 0ole outside
the magnet and from south to North 0ole inside the
magnet.
ompass needle / compass needle is a small bar magnet
whose ends always point towards north south direction.
The end pointing towards north is called North 0ole and
the end pointing towards south is called South 0ole.
!agnetic field due to a current carrying straight wire The
straight current carrying conductor produces a magnetic
field around it in the form of concentric circular field lines
with the conductor at the centre.
G_10_General Science
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VERMA CLASSES, A-2/108; Mayur Apartments Sector-9; Rohn; !e" #e$h-8%;
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1actors affecting strength of magnetic field around a
current carrying straight conductor. Strength of magnetic
field is directly proportional to the current passing through
the conductor and inversely proportional to the distance
from the conductor. 2 ) a $ and ) a 34r 5
*ight hand thumb rule or !a6well7s cloc#wise rule $f
we hold a straight wire in our right hand, and if the thumb
represents the direction of current then the fingers
represent the direction of magnetic field lines.
!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop or coil
When the current is passed through circular loop or
coil, the lines of force are circular near the wire but
straight and parallel near the centre of loop or coil. 1actors
affecting magnetic field due to current carrying circular
loop or coil.
!agnetic field due to current carrying circular loop at its
centre is8
-irectly proportional to the current passing through it.
$nversely proportional to the radius of loop.
!agnetic field due to current in a solenoid The
!agnetic field due to current carrying solenoid is similar
to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The ends
of the solenoid act as North 0ole and South 0ole. The field
lines inside the solenoid are in the form of straight parallel
lines.
1actors affecting !agnetic field due to current in a
solenoid
3. !agnetic field is directly proportional to the number of
turns in the coil.
9. $t is directly proportional to the current passing through
it.
:. $t is inversely proportional to the length of air gaps
between the poles.
;. $t depends on the nature of the core material used in the
solenoid. Electromagnet.
/n electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated
copper wire wrapped around a soft iron core. $t is a
temporary magnet as it wor#s as long as current is passed
through it. 1actors affecting the strength of magnetic field
of an electromagnet
The strength of magnetic field of an electromagnet is 8
3. -irectly proportional to the number of turns.
9. -irectly proportional to the current flowing through it.
:. $nversely proportional to the length of air gaps between
the poles.
3. They are used in electrical devices such as electric bell,
electric fan, motor, and generator.
9. They are used for lifting and transporting large mass of
iron.
:. They are used in medical practices for removing pieces
of iron from wound and used in !*$.
0ermanent magnets
/ permanent magnet is made from steel alloys li#e carbon
steel, chromium steel, cobalt steel, etc. They are wea#er
than electromagnets and their strength and polarity cannot
be changed. 1orce on a current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field.
/ current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
e6peri% ences a force due to the interaction between %%%
a. !agnetic field due to current carrying conductor and
b. E6ternal magnetic field in which conductor is placed.
1orce on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
/ current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
e6peri% ences a force due to the interaction between
a. !agnetic field due to current carrying conductor and
b. E6ternal magnetic field in which conductor is placed.
1lemming7s +eft <and *ule
$f we stretch our thumb, fore finger and the middle finger
of our left hand mutually perpendicular and if the fore
finger represents the direction of magnetic field and the
middle finger represents the direction of current then the
thumb represents the direction of motion in conductor.
Electric motor
/ motor is the device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. $t has a shaft which rotates
continuously when current is passed through it. $t is used
in electric fans, mi6er grinder, etc.
0rinciple of electric motor
When a rectangular coil of copper wire is placed in a
magnetic field and current is passed through it, a force acts
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on the coil which rotates it continuously. Electromagnetic
induction. The production of electric current by moving a
straight conductor in a magnetic field is called
electromagnetic induction. $t is the production of
electricity from magnetism.
1lemming7s *ight <and *ule.
$f we stretch our thumb, fore finger and the middle finger
of our right hand mutually perpendicular and if the fore
finger represents the direction of magnetic field and the
thumb represents the direction of motion in conductor then
the middle finger represents the direction of induced
current in the conductor.
Electric generator
/ generator is a machine which is used to generate electric
current by converting mechanical energy into electrical
energy. There are two types of generators 8 alternating
current 2/5 generator and direct current 2-5 generator.
0rinciple of electric generator When a coil of copper wire
is moved in a strong magnetic field, a current is induced in
the coil.
Earthing
The appliances that have metallic body 2li#e electric iron,
toaster, refrigerator, etc.5 are connected with green wire
which provides a low resistance conducting path for the
current and #eeps the body of appliance at the potential of
the earth. This is called earthing.
Earthing is done to save ourselves from electric shocks.
Electric fuse
The device having a short length of thin wire which is
made of alloy lead and tin is called fuse wire or electric
fuse. $t has a very low melting point. $t melts and brea#s
the circuit if the current e6ceeds the safe value.
Fuse wire is connected in series in the circuit.
Overloading
When too many electrical appliances of high power rating
2electric oven, air conditioner, etc.5 are switched on at the
same time, a large current from the circuit is drawn. This
is called overloading of the circuit. $t may also occur when
the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct contact.
Steps to avoid overloading
Short circuiting When the live wire and neutral wire come
into direct contact, a large amount of current flows
through the circuit due to very small resistance, this is
called short circuiting. The heat produced during short
circuiting is so high that it may cause fire.
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3. What effects do you e6pect on passing current through a
conductor?
9. <ow it can be shown that a current carrying conductor
produces a magnetic field?
:. Why compass always align itself in appro6imately
north8south direction?
;. Why some substances e6hibit magnetism naturally,
while others don7t?
?. What do you mean by @magnetic field lines7?
A. +ist the characteristics of magnetic field lines?
B. <ow magnetic field lines are drawn?
C. <ow one can represent a region of uniform magnetic
field using magnetic field lines?
D. Why two magnetic field lines never cross each other?
3E. What is the direction of magnetic field line?
33. What is necessary to have a magnetic field?
39. What do you mean by magnetic field?
3:. $f e"ual number of electrons and proton travels in
same direction, will there be any magnetic field
produced?
3;. $s it possible that magnetic field line emerging out of
north pole of one bar magnet can enter the south pole of
another bar magnet?
3?. an magnetic field lines of two different bar magnets
cross each other on bringing the bar magnets closer?
3A. onsider that there is a long "ueue of electrons at rest.
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Will you e6perience any magnetic field moving along this
"ueue of electrons?
3B. an we separate north pole and south pole of a
magnet?
3C. What will happen if we brea# a bar magnet into two
e"ual halves?
3D. !agnetic fields in two different regions
described by magnetic field lines as shown below.
What conclusion one can draw about the magnetic fields
in region 3 and 9?
9E. -etect the north pole of the bar magnet, show below?
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3. Show the magnetic field pattern produced due to a
straight current carrying conductor.
9. Which rule can help us to find the direction of magnetic
field lines around a straight current carrying conductor?
:. What factors influence the magnetic field around a
current carrying conductor?
;. What is a solenoid? <ow will you increase the magnetic
field strength due to solenoid?
?. Show the magnetic field pattern produced due to current
carrying circular loop and solenoid.
A. What is an electromagnet?
B. What is the difference between the magnetic field
pattern of a solenoid and a bar magnet?
C. What you can say about magnetic field inside a
solenoid?
D. When we can use right hand thumb rule?
3E. !agnetic field at the center of a current carrying loop
2in the plane of paper5 is directed in the outward direction.
What will be the direction of the current flow?
33. What are electromagnets? -iscuss their advantages
over natural magnets.
39. / current is flowing vertically upward in a wire. What
will be direction of field lines if
2a5 wire is in front of you? 2b5 wire is at your bac#side?
3:. $n the figure given below, find the direction of
the current in the wire.
3;. an we change the pattern of magnetic field around a
current carrying conductor? $f yes then how?
3?. What will happen to magnetic field strength of a
current carrying solenoid if we increase the number of
loops?
3A. an magnetic field line be parallel to the direction of
current flow?
3B. Where is the region of uniform magnetic field due to a
current carrying solenoid?
3C. an there be a magnetic field without flow of charge
2current5?
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3. On what factors, does the force e6perienced by a current
carrying conductor placed inside a magnetic field,
depends?
9. <ow one can show e6perimentally that force on a
current carrying conductor depends upon the
2a5 direction of the magnetic field? 2b5 direction of the
flow of current?
:. Why is current carrying conductor e6periences a force
on placing it, inside a magnetic field?
;. When the force e6perienced by a straight current
carrying conductor will be ma6imum?
?. <ow one can determine the direction of force on a
straight current carrying conductor placed inside a
magnetic field?
A. an the magnetic force, on a charge moving in
magnetic field, accelerate the charge linearly?
B. $n which direction, does the electron beam moving
along the earth7s e"uator 2from west to east5 will
e6perience the force due to the earth7s magnetic field?
C. State the principle on which an electric motor wor#s.
D. Name the device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy?
D. E6plain the wor#ing of an electric motor with the help
of a labeled diagram.
3E. What is the function of split rings in an electric motor?
33. <ow rotation of electric motor armature will be
affected on 2i5 interchanging the magnetic poles 2ii5
reversing battery polarity 2iii5 both 2i5 and 2ii5
simultaneously?
39. an direction of flow of current, direction of magnetic
field and magnetic force on that current carrying
conductor lie in same plane?
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3:. / bar magnet is placed inside a uniform
magnetic field as shown below.
What type of motion do you e6pect from the bar magnet?
3?. What will happen if we change the split ring by two
different complete rings in an electric motor?
3A. What will happen if we use circular coil instead of
rectangular coil in armature of an electric generator?
3B. an we differentiate magnetic field lines formed due
to a bar magnet and a current carrying solenoid using a
compass?
3C. $f a current carrying conductor e6periences a force
2action5 on placing it in a magnetic field then
which component e6periences its reaction as per the
Newton7s third law?
3D. $f we halve the number of turns in a current carrying
solenoid without changing anything else, what will be the
difference in force e6perienced on placing it in a magnetic
field from the previous case?
9E. What will happen to the rotation of armature if we&8
2a5 increase the number of rectangular turns? 2b5 increase
the magnetic pole strength?
2c5 decrease the current through armature coil?
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3. E6plain the wor#ing of a galvanometer?
9. What is electromagnetic induction? -esign an
e6periment to describe this phenomenon.
:. )y how many different means one can induce current in
a conductor?
;. What do you mean by /.. 2/lternating urrent5?
?. State the principle on which electric generator wor#s.
A. E6plain the wor#ing of an electric generator using a
labeled diagram.
B. $f a bar magnet is moving with a constant speed with
respect to a solenoid connected to a galvanometer. What
do you e6pect to observe?
C. What is the difference between an /.. and a -..
electric generator?
D. <ow and by whom electromagnetic induction was
discovered?
3E. State 1leming7s right hand rule. Name a device which
wor#s on this principle.
33. Why electromagnetic induction is termed so?
39. What is necessary to induce a current in a conductor?
3:. What will happen to the output current of a -..
generator if we&8
2a5 increase the number of turns in armature coil?
2b5 increase the magnetic pole strength?
2c5 decrease the speed of rotation of armature coil?
2d5 replace the split rings with two different complete rings
attached to either end of armature coil?
3;. -raw a labeled diagram showing rotational motion of
a rectangular coil inside a magnetic field and
direction of induced current.
3?. <ow one can show e6perimentally that electricity and
magnetism are lin#ed?
3A. / solenoid is placed in the neighborhood of a strong
electromagnet. Will there be any induced current?
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3. What type of load combination 2parallel or series5 is
usually followed in domestic electrical circuits and why?
9. Why earthing is done in an electrical circuit?
:. )riefly discuss the power distribution to a household
circuitry.
;. What is the function of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
What special characteristics should it possesses?
?. +ist the advantages of using fuse in an electrical circuit.
A. What colour scheme is generally used for the power
wires?
B. What are the general specifications of electrical power
we receive from the electricity board?
C. What is the difference between direct current and
alternating current?
D. What do you mean by overloading of an electric circuit?
3E. What precautions one should ta#e to avoid
overloading?
33. <ow fuse prevents damage during overloading or a
short circuit?
39. What happens during a short circuit?
3:. an overloading in parallel combination can be ta#en
e"uivalent to a short circuit?
+/SS G 0hysics solved "uestions %!agnetic effects of
electric current
2(.5 What is magnetic field?
2/ns5 The region around the magnet, where force of
attraction or repulsion can be felt by magnetic materials, is
called as magnetic field.
2(.5 What will be the fre"uency of an alternating current,
if its direction changes after every E.E? s?
2/ns5 The time period 2T5 of one cycle would be H 9 6
2E.E? s5 H E.3 s.
fre"uency, f H 34T. <ence, f H 23 4 E.35 H 3E <I.
2(.5 What is the principle on which wor#ing of electric
generator is based? What are its important parts?
2/ns5 The wor#ing of electric generator is based on the
principle of electromagnetic induction.
$mportant parts of electric generator are armature, slip
rings, brushes and field magnets.
2(.5 Why two magnetic lines of force don7t intersect each
other?
2/ns5 $f so then at the point of intersection there will be
two different directions of magnetic field which is not
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possible.
2(.5 =ive two methods by which we can increase the
strength of magnetic field produced by a circular coil
carrying current?
2/ns5 The two methods by which we can increase the
strength of magnetic field are given below&%
3. )y increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil.
9. )y increasing the current flowing through the coil.
2(.5 What are the patterns of magnetic field lines inside
and outside of a solenoid? What do they indicate?
2/ns5 2i5The field lines inside the solenoid are parallel
straight lines. This indicates that the magnetic field is
uniform and is therefore, same at all points inside it.
2ii5The field lines outside the solenoid are curved lines.
This indicates that the magnetic field is non%uniform.
2(.5 What are the factors which govern the force
e6perienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field depends?
2/ns5 The factors which govern the force e6periced by
conductor which is placed in a uniform magnetic field
are&%
3. strength of the magnetic field in which conductor is
placed.
9. strength of current flowing through the conductor.
:. length of conductor.
2(.5 -istinguish between an electric motor and generator?
2/ns5 The ma'or differences between an electric motor
and generator are stated below&
Electric !otor
=enerator
3. $t converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
9. $t needs electrical energy for its wor#ing.
:. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c
=enerator
3. $t converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
9. $t needs mechanical energy for its wor#ing.
:. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c
:. -iesel generator, hydro%electric generator are the
e6amples of it.
2(.5 Why mostly all electrical home appliances li#e
refrigerator, toaster etc. are provided with a wire having
green insulation?
2/ns5 Earth wire is the insulated green coloured copper
wire which is connected to a metal plate deep inside the
earth near the house. $t is used as a safety measure.
$t is #ept at Iero potential by connecting it to the ground,
thus, providing a low%resistance conducting path for the
current.
When by electric fault, if current flows through the
metallic body of electric appliance and we touch it, then
current finds the lower resistance path of earth wire than
our body. So, current flows through earth wire only and
we remain safe.
2(.5 -escribe domestic household circuit.
2/ns5 1rom an electric pole or underground cables, we
receive electric supply in our homes. -omestic electric
circuit consists of three main wires.The wire with red
insulation is called live wire.
The wire with blac# insulation is called neutral wire.
0otential difference between the neutral and the live wire
is 99E ,.
The wire with green insulation is called earth wire. $t is
connected to a metallic body deep inside the earth.
/ccording to new $nternational onvention, insulation of
live wire should be of brown colour whereas neutral and
earth wires should be of light blue and green 2or yellow5
insulation cover. $n our homes, we receive / electric
power of 99E , with a fre"uency of ?E <I. +ive wire and
neutral wire maintains the p.d. of 99E ,. These wires pass
through the fuse board. 1use is specially connected with
the live wire. urrent rating of this fuse depends on house
load. 1rom the fuse board, these wires pass through the
electric metre. 1rom the metre, the earth wire is locally
inserted inside the ground of the house. /fter the electric
metre, these wires pass through the main switches and
fuses in different rooms. -epending on the power of
electrical appliances, two types of fuse 2?/ or 3? /5 are
used. 1rom the switch and fuse board, the power lines are
distributed to different electrical appliances.
2(.5 -escribe about short circuiting and overloading in
detail.
2/ns5 Short ircuiting& Short%circuiting occurs in a circuit
when the live wire comes in direct contact with the neutral
wire. This causes much damage to the electric appliances
connected with them.
*eason of short%circuiting& When the live wire touches the
neutral wire, the contact portion of the two wires behave
li#e load and due to very low resistance of copper wire, it
draws very large amount of current. $n the presence of this
high current, the copper wire catches fire, due to 'oules
heating effect.
Overloading& Overloading occurs in a circuit when the
current in the circuit increases abruptly. $t causes
overheating of the wire and might lead to the fire. $t can
also occur due to accidental increase in the supply voltage
or on connecting too many appliances to a single soc#et.
2(.5 What is an electromagnet? On what factors its
magnetic field depends? !ention the differences between
an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.
2/ns5 Electromagnet is a magnet formed by the
magnetization of a piece of a magnetic material (such as
soft iron) by inserting it into a solenoid. The magnetic
field (strength) of an electromagnet depends upon:
2i5 /mount of current passing through the coil 2ii5 Number
of turns of the coil
2iii5 Nature of core material present inside coil
-ifferences between electromagnet and permanent magnet
are&
Electromagnet
0ermanent !agnet
3.$t is temporary magnet and can be demagnetiIed. 3.$t
is a permanent magnet and cannot be demagnetiIed
easily.
9.!agnetic strength can be changed. 9. $ts
strength is fi6ed.
:.$ts polarity can also be changed. :.$ts
polarity is fi6ed.
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;.$t is prepared from soft iron. ;.$t is
prepared from hard steel.
2(.5 What do you understand by magnetic effect of
electric current?
2/ns5 The phenomenon due to which, a wire behaves li#e
a magnet when electric current is passed through it, is
called as the magnetic effect of electric current.
2(.5 E6plain !a6wellJs right hand thumb rule?
2/ns5 /ccording to !a6wellJs right hand thumb rule,
K$f we hold the current%carrying conductor in our right
hand in such a way that the thumb is stretched along the
direction of the current, then the curled fingers give the
direction of the magnetic field produced by the currentL,
2(.5 What are the properties of magnetic field due to a
current through a straight wire?2/ns5 The properties of
magnetic field due to a current through a straight wire are&
3. The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a
given point increases as the current through the wire
increases.
9. The magnetic field produced by a given current in the
conductor decreases as the distance from it increases.
:. The concentric circles representing the magnetic field
around a current%carrying straight wire become larger and
larger as we move away from it.
;. $f the direction of the current is reversed in the wire, the
lines will still be circular, but the directions of the lines
will be reversed, which can be verified using the compass
needle.
2(.5 Which rule is used find the direction of the force on a
conductor in a magnetic field. E6plain?/ns5 To find the
direction of the force on a conductor in a magnetic field, a
simple rule #nown as 1lemingJs left%hand rule is used.
/ccording to 1lemingJs left%hand rule, if you stretch the
thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand such
that they are mutually at right angles, $f the 1irst finger
points in the direction of the field. The second finger
represents the direction of the current 2in the classical
direction, from positive to negative5, then the thumb will
point in the direction of the force acting on the conductor
or in the direction of the resultant motion. Thish rule is
used to #now the direction of the induced current
(. =ive characteristics of magnetic field lines.
/ns& 2i5 They represent the magnetic field.
2ii5 They are directed from north to South 0ole outside a
magnet and from south to North 0ole inside a magnet.
2iii5 The field lines are closed curves.
2iv5 The strength of magnetic field in a region is
determined by closeness of the field lines in that region.
2v5 The closer the field lines are, greater will be the field
strength and vice8versa.
2vi5 No two field lines ever cross each other as it would
mean two different directions of field at point of
intersection, which is not possible.
2viii5 The parallel lines represent the uniform magnetic
field whereas converging lines or diverging lines
represents the non uniform magnetic field.
(.5 What do you mean by electromagnetic induction?
2/ns5 MThe process, due to which a changing magnetic
field in a conductor induces a current in another
conductor, is called electromagnetic inductionM.
(. / current through a horiIontal power line flows in
north to south direction.What is the direction of magnetic
field 2i5at a point directly below it and 2ii5at a point
directly above it?
/ns. 2i5 West to East 2ii5 East to West
(. / straight wire carrying electric current is moving out
of plane of paper and is perpendicular to it. What is the
direction and type of induced magnetic field?
/ns . $nduced magnetic field will be in the form of
concentric circles in the plane of paper.
(. <ow can it be shown that magnetic field e6ist around a
wire carrying current?
/ns&)y using magnetic compass which, shows deflection.
(. <ow can a solenoid be used to magnetise a steel bar.
/ns &)y inserting the steel bar inside the solenoid and
switching on electric current.
(. an a ? / fuse be used in wire carrying 3? / current?
Why?
/ns&No, because both of them would then be ineffective in
controlling the amount of current flowing.
(. =ive the factors that affect strength of magnetic field at
a point due to a straight conductor carrying current.
/ns & !agnitude of electric current, perpendicular distance
between that point and conductor.
(. Where do we connect a fuse& with live wire or with
neutral wire?
/ns& $t is always connected with live wire.
(. =ive two uses of electromagnets.
/ns& 2i5 $t is used in cranes for lifting heavy loads.
2ii5 used in electric bells.
(. Name any two devices which use permanent magnets.
/ns& +oudspea#ers, =alvanometer, voltmeter.
(. / current%carrying straight conductor is placed in the
east%west direction. What will be the direction of the force
e6perienced by this conductor due to earth7s magnetic
field? <ow will this force get affected on? 2a5 reversing
the direction of floe of current 2b5 doubling the magnitude
of current./ns .33 The direction of earth7s magnetic field
is from =%south to =%north. +et current
is from west to east. Therefore force is vertically upwards.
2a5 )y reversing the direction of current, the direction of
will be reversed i.e.
vertically downwards.
2b5 The magnitude of the force is doubled.
(. /n electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to it
as shown in fig. The direction of the force acting on the
electron will be&
2a5 to the right 2b5 to the left 2c5 out of the page 2d5 into the
page/ns .39 When a conductor carrying current is placed
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field, the acting
on it is given by 1leming7s left hand rule. Since the
direction of current is the same as that of the motion of a
positive charge, the d irection of force acting on it when
moving perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field is
the same as that acting on a current%carrying conductor
placed
Page 7
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
Obviously, the force acting on an electron is opposite to
that. Therefore in this case it is into the page.
(. / coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a
galvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet is 2i5
0ushed into the coil? 2ii5 Withdrawn from inside the coil?
2iii5 <eld stationary inside the coil?
/ns 2i5 -ue to change in magnetic flu6 lin#ed with coil,
the galvanometer shows deflection 2say towards right5.
2ii5 -ue to change in magnetic flu6 lin#ed with coil, the
galvanometer shows deflection 2say towards left opposite
to that in case one5.
2 ii i5 /s it is stationary no change in magnetic flu6 lin#ed
with coil, so galvanometer shows no deflection.
(./ magnetic compass needle is placed in the plane of
paper near point / as shown in 1igure 3:.A. $n which
plane should a straight current carrying conductor be
placed so that it passes through / and there is no change in
the deflection of the compass? .nder what condition is the
deflection ma6imum and why?/ns& $n the plane of the
paper itself. The a6is of the compass is vertical and the
field due to the conductor is also vertical. $t could result in
a dip of compass needle which is not possible in this case
2dips result only if a6is of compass is horiIontal5. The
deflection is ma6imum when the conductor through / is
perpendicular to the plane of paper and the field due to it
is ma6imum in the plane of the paper
(. .nder what conditions permanent electromagnet is
obtained if a current carrying solenoid is used?
/ns& 2i5 The current through the solenoid should be direct
current.
2ii5 The rod inside is made of a magnetic material
such as steel
(. $t is established that an electric current through a
metallic conductor produces a magnetic field around it. $s
there a similar magnetic field produced around a thin
beam of moving 2i5 alpha particles, 2ii5 neutrons? Nustify
your answer./ns& 2i5 >es, /lpha particles being positively
charged constitutes a current in the direction of motion.
2ii5 No. The neutrons being electrically neutral
constitute no current.
(. !eena draws magnetic field lines of field close to the
a6is of a current carrying circular loop. /s she moves
away from the centre of the circular loop she observes that
the lines #eep on diverging. <ow will you e6plain her
observation.
/ns& Strength of the magnetic field falls as distance
increases. This is indicated by the decrease in degree of
closeness of the lines of field.
(. What does the divergence of magnetic field lines near
the ends of a current carrying straight solenoid indicate?
/ns& The divergence, that is, the falling degree of
closeness of magnetic field lines indicates the fall in
strength of magnetic field near and beyond the ends of the
solenoid.
(. What is the role of the two conducting stationary
brushes in a simple electric motor?
/ns& The brushes are connected to the battery and touch
the outer side of two halves of the split ring whose inner
sides are insulated and attached to the a6le.
(. What is the difference between a direct current and an
alternating current? <ow many times does / used in
$ndia change direction in one second?
/ns& -irect current always flows in one direction but the
alternating current reverses its direction periodically. The
fre"uency of / in $ndia is ?E <I and in each cycle it
alters direction twice. Therefore / changes direction 9 O
?E H 3EE times in one second.
(.What is the role of fuse, used in series with any
electrical appliance? Why should a fuse with defined
rating not be replaced by one with a larger rating?
/ns& 1use is used for protecting appliances due to short%
circuiting or overloading. The fuse is rated for a certain
ma6imum current and blows off when a current more than
the rated value flows through it. $f a fuse is replaced by
one with larger ratings, the appliances may get damaged
while the protecting fuse does not burn off. This practice
of using fuse of improper rating should always be avoided
2(.5 What is the principle behind the wor#ing of electric
generator? E6plain its wor#ing with the help of well
labeled diagram.
2/ns5 0rinciple of wor#ing 2Electric generator5& The
electric generator wor#s on the principle that when a
conductor is moved in a magnetic field then current is
induced in the conductor. The direction of the induced
current is given by 1leming7s left hand rule.
onstruction and Wor#ing& The construction of a simple
electric generator is shown in the figure below&
$t has a rectangular coil which is placed between two
strong horse%shoe magnets. On the periphery of coil large
turns of insulated copper wire is wound.
<ere the ends / and - of the coil are connected to slip
rings *3 and *9. They rotate along with the coil, while
two carbon brushes )3 and )9 #eep contact with them.
Suppose coil starts rotating in the cloc#wise direction than
current is induced in the coil, which flows from points
/)-. The direction of current is given according to the
1lemings left hand rule.
/fter half rotation of the coil, arm - starts moving up
while /) starts moving down. Now the flow current
induced is reversed, that is current flows through -)/.
<ence we may say that after every half cycle direction of
flow of current is reversed. )ecause of this reason the
current produced by the generator is also called as
Page 8
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
alternating current.
2(.5 E6plain the construction and wor#ing of electric
motor?
2/ns5 onstruction& /n ordinary electric motor consists of
an armature /)- 2a coil of large number of turns5
wound on an iron core.The armature is placed in a strong
magnetic field.The ends of the armature are connected to
two halves 20 and (5 of a split ring.$n electric motors, the
split ring acts as a commutator 2a device that reverses the
direction of flow of current through a circuit is called
commutator5. 0 and ( are in contact with carbon brushes
G and >, respectively.The carbon brushes are then
connected to a battery and a #ey.
Wor#ing& /s soon as the #ey is closed, the current in arm
/) of the coil flows from / to ) and the current in arm
- flows from to -./ccording to 1leming7s +eft%<and
*ule, the arm /) will move downwards while the arm -
will move upwards, resulting in the anticloc#wise
movement of the armature along with the split ring. /s
soon as the armature /)- reaches its vertical position
while rotating, the current through the coil is cut off as the
brushes 2G and >5 touch the gap between 0 and (. The
coil does not stop rotating as it has gained momentum and
it goes beyond the vertical position. When coil goes
beyond vertical position, the direction of current along the
arms /) and - is reversed .Therefore, the direction of
force acting on /) and - gets reversed. Now, /) moves
up and - goes down. /gain, due to momentum, the
armature continues its anticloc#wise rotation. 1inally, the
coil reaches its initial position. The cycle continues as long
as there is flow of electric current through the armature.
/n a6le can be attached to the rotating split ring which can
be used to do wor#.
(. Why does a magnetic compass needle pointing North
and South in the absence of a nearby magnet get deflected
when a bar magnet or a current carrying loop is brought
near it. -escribe some salient features of magnetic lines of
field concept.
/ns& urrent carrying loops behave li#e bar magnets and
both have their associated lines of field. This modifies the
already e6isting earth7s magnetic field and a deflection
results. !agnetic field has both direction and magnitude.
diagrammatically by the degree of closeness of the field
lines. 1ield lines cannot cross each other as two values of
net field at a single point cannot e6ist. Only one value, a
uni"ue net value, can e6ist. $f in a given region, lines of
field are shown to be parallel and e"uispaced, the field is
understood to be uniform.
+/SS G $mportant (uestions )an# !agnetic effects of
electric current
One mar# (uestions&
0art 3
3. <ow can you show that the magnetic field produced by
a given electric current in the wire decreases as the
distance from the wire decreases?
9. What is the advantage of the third wire of earth
connection in domestic appliances?
:. What constitutes the field of a magnet?
;. What is short%circuiting in an electric supply?
?. What will be the fre"uency of an alternating current if
its direction changes after every E.E3s?
A. /n alternating electric current has a fre"uency of ?E
<I. <ow many times does it change its direction in 3s?
B. <ow is the strength of the magnetic field at a point near
a wire related to the strength of the electric current flowing
in the wire?
C. <ow can it be shown that a magnetic field e6ists around
a wire through which a direct current is passing?
D. On what effect of an electric current does an
electromagnet wor#?
3E. What is the direction of magnetic field at the centre of
a circular coil carrying current in anticloc#wise direction?
0art %9
2(.35 0assage of current through a straight conductor
display some fi6ed pattern. 0ic# out the odd one 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 !agnitude of the magnetic field produced at a given
point increases as the current through wire increases
2b5 The magnetic field produced by a given current in the
conductor increases as the distance from it decreases
2c5 -irection of the field lines is in accordance with the
right hand thumb rule
2d5 1ield lines are unaffected by the "uantity of current
flowing.
2(.95 The phenomenon of electro%magnetic induction is
2 3 mar# 5
2a5 The process of generating magnetic field due to a
current passing through a coil.
2b5 0roducing induced current in a coil due to relative
motion between the magnet and the coil.
2c5 The process of rotating a coil.
2d5 The process of charging a body.
2(.:5 / magnetic field cannot e6ert any force on a2 3 mar#
5
2a5 !oving magnet 2b5 Stationary magnet 2c5
Stationary charge2d5 !oving charge
2(.;5 -egree of closeness of the magnetic field lines
signifies&2 3 mar# 5
2a5 Number of magnetic fields 2b5
-istance between different magnetic fields
2c5 *elative strength of the magnetic field 2d5
-irection of the magnetic field
Page 9
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
2(.?5 What is a magnet? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.A5 What is the S$ unit of induced current? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.B5 What is the fre"uency of d.c current? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.C5 What is the fre"uency of a.c current that you use in
your house? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.D5 What is magnetic field? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.3E5 There is a battery operated toy, what #ind of motor
is being used in it? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.335 =ive two e6ample of devices in which d.c motor is
used. 2 3 mar# 5
2(.395 =ive two e6amples in which a.c motor is used. 2 3
mar# 5
2(.3:5 What is generator? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.3;5 What is motor? 2 3 mar# 5
2(.3?5 When the current in a wire moves from south to
north, the direction of the deflection in the magnetic
needle parallel to the wire will be&2 3 mar# 5
2a5 East to west 2b5 West to east 2c5 East to
north 2d5 West to south
2(.3A5 !agnetic field is a "uantity that has both direction
and magnitude. 0ic# out the incorrect statement2 3 mar# 5
2a5 The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole and
merge at the south pole.
2b5 $nside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from
its south pole to its north pole.
2c5 $nside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from its
north pole to its south pole.
2d5 No two field lines intersect each other and the field is
strongest where the field lines are crowded.
2(.3B5 The region surrounding a magnet, in which the
force of the magnet can be detected is said to have2 3 mar#
5
2a5 !agnetic field 2b5 Electric field 2c5
!agnetic poles 2d5 Electric poles
2(.3C5 Which of the following is not the special features
of magnets? 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 They align in the North 8South direction when
suspended freely.
2b5 They have two distinct North and South poles.
2c5 +i#e poles attract each other and unli#e poles repel
each other.
2d5 The magnetic field lines produced due to a magnet are
closed curves.
2(.3D5 -irection of the force e6perienced by a current%
carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field is
dependent on 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 -irection of the current alone
2b5 -irection of the magnetic field alone
2c5 -irection of current as well as the direction of
magnetic field
2d5 -irection of electric field
2(.9E5 The magnitude of the force e6perienced by a
current%carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic
field will be2 3 mar# 5
2a5 !a6imum if the directions of current and magnetic
field are perpendicular to each other
2b5 !inimum if the directions of current and magnetic
field are perpendicular to each other
2c5 !a6imum if the directions of current and magnetic
field are opposite to each other 2d5 !a6imum if the
directions of current and magnetic field are same
2(.935 Which of the following is not true for an electric
generator2 3 mar# 5
2a5 onverts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2b5 Wor#s on the basis of electromagnetic induction.
2c5 an be used to generate / or -.
2d5 onverts electrical energy to mechanical energy
2(.995 /n alpha particle is pro'ected towards west and
gets deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The
direction of the magnetic field is 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 Towards south 2b5 Towards east 2c5
-ownwards 2d5 .pwards
2(.9:5 /n electric current through a metallic conductor
produces a4an FFFFFFFFF around it. 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 Electric field 2b5 !agnetic field 2c5
Electromagnetic effect. 2d5 =ravitational field
2(.9;5 / straight conducting wire is placed parallel to and
over a compass needle. The deflection in the needle 2 3
mar# 5
2a5 )ecomes opposite when the direction of the current is
reversed
2b5 *emains in the same direction even on reversing the
direction of current
2c5 Peeps fluctuating on passage of current in any
direction
2d5 $s negligible on reversing the direction of current
2(.9?5 /t every point of a current carrying circular loop,
the concentric circles representing the magnetic fields
around it would become2 3 mar# 5
2a5 +arger and larger as we move away from the wire.
2b5 So large at the centre of circular loop that they loo#
li#e straight lines.
2c5 Smaller and smaller as we go away from the wire.
2d5 There is no fi6ed pattern for circles
2(.9A5 Which of the following statements is not true?2 3
mar# 5
2a5 The pattern of the magnetic field around a conductor
due to an electric current flowing through it depends on
the shape of the conductor.
2b5 The magnetic field of a solenoid carrying a current is
similar to that of a bar magnet.
2c5 !agnitude of magnetic field is directly proportional to
the "uantity of current flowing through the current.
2d5 !agnetic field produced by the passage of current
through a straight wire is permanent.
2(.9B5 !agnetic field produced inside a solenoid are so
strong that 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 They can be used to magnetiIe a magnetic material,
when placed inside the coil.
2b5 They can be used to magnetiIe a magnetic material,
when placed near the coil.
2c5 They are still not able to magnetiIe a magnetic
material. 2d5 They become permanent.
2(.9C5 $ncrease in number of turns of a coil in the solenoid
will2 3 mar# 5
2a5 <ave no effect on the strength of magnetic field 2b5
Will add to the strength of the magnetic field
2c5 Will decrease the strength of the magnetic field 2d5
Will change the direction of the magnetic field
2(.9D5 /n electromagnet consists of a core of
Page 10
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
FFFFFFFFFFF wrapped around with a coil of FFFFFFFF
copper wire.2 3 mar# 5
2a5 Soft iron, insulated 2b5 /luminum, $nsulated 2c5
Soft iron, uncovered 2d5 !agnet, uncovered
2(.:E5 / current%carrying conductor when placed in a
magnetic field e6periences 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 /n acceleration 2b5 / force 2c5 -emagnetiIation
2d5 $t always remains in e"uilibrium
2(.:35 /n electric motor is a device2 3 mar# 5
2a5 That converts electrical energy into #inetic energy
2b5 That converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
2c5 There is no energy conversion of one form to another.
2d5 That converts sound energy to light energy.
2(.:95 Which of the following statements cannot be
related to the construction of an electric motor? 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 / rectangular coil of insulated copper wire is placed
between the two poles of a magnetic field such that two of
its parallel sides are perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field.
2b5 The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves of
a split ring.
2c5 The inner insulated sides are attached to a6le whereas
the e6ternal conducting edges touch two conducting
stationary brushes.
2d5 The coil and the a6le continuously rotate in one
direction.
2(.::5 The direction of the induced current is given by2 3
mar# 5
2a5 *ight <and Thumb *ule
2b5 1leming7s +eft <and *ule
2c5 1leming7s *ight hand *ule
2d5 1aradayJs law
2(.:;5 /ccording to 1leming7s *ight <and *ule, if we
stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right
hand 8 forefinger indicates direction of magnetic field,
thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, and
then the middle finger will show the direction of 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 $nduced current 2b5 !agnetic 1orce 2c5
/lternating urrent 2d5 Electric force
2(.:?5 The induced current is highest when 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 -irection of motion of coil is at DEE to the magnetic
field.
2b5 -irection of motion of coil is at :EE to the magnetic
field.
2c5 -irection of motion of coil is at AEE to the magnetic
field.
2d5 -irection of motion of coil is at 3CEE to the magnetic
field.
2(.:A5 0arameters of electricity supply in $ndia are 2 3
mar# 5
2a5 0otential -ifference of 99E ,, 1re"uency of ?E hertI
and urrent *ating of ?/43?/
2b5 0otential -ifference of 3?E ,, 1re"uency of ;E hertI
and urrent *ating of 3E /
2c5 0otential -ifference of 99E ,, 1re"uency of AE hertI
and urrent *ating of 3?/
2d5 0otential -ifference of 99E ,, 1re"uency of ;E hertI
and urrent *ating of ? /
2(.:B5 0ic# the incorrect statement regarding fuse. 1use is
used for protecting the circuits due to 2 3 mar# 5
2a5 Short%circuiting 2b5 Overloading of circuits 2c5
1aulty connections 2d5 Theft
2(.:C5 Which of the following will not cause overloading?
2 3 mar# 5
2a5 /ccidental hi#e in the supply voltage b5 onnecting
many appliances to a single soc#et
2c5 !elting of fuse 2d5 Short circuiting
Two mar#s (uestions& 3. With the help of a neat%diagram,
describe how you can generate induced current in a circuit.
9. What is meant by the term K!agnetic field +inesL? +ist
two properties of magnetic field lines.
:. Write the rule which determines the direction of
magnetic field developed around a straight
conductor when current is passed through the conductor.
;. State the rule to determine the direction of magnetic
field produced around a current carrying
conductor.
?. On which factors does the force e6perienced by a
current carrying conductor placed in a uniform
magnetic field depend?
A. State 1leming7s right%hand *ule.
B. Why is series arrangement not used for domestic
circuits?
C. -ifferentiate between electric force and magnetic
forces.
D. <ow does / differ from -? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of / over -?
3E. -raw the magnetic field due to a current carrying
circular coil. State the cloc# rule to find the
polarities of the faces of the coil.
33. What will be the fre"uency of an alternating current, if
its direction changes after every E.E? sec?
39.What is the principle on which wor#ing of electric
generator is based? What are its important part?.
3:.Why two magnetic lines of forces don7t intersect each
other?
3;. =ive two methods with which we can increase the
strength of magnetic field produced by a circular coil
carrying current?
Three !ar# (uestions
3. -raw the pattern of field lined due to a solenoid
carrying electric current. !ar# the north and the south
poles in the diagram.
9. -raw the pattern of lines of force due to a magnetic
field through and around a current carrying loop of wire.
<ow would the strength of the magnetic field produced at
the centre of the circular loop be affected if
2i5 the strength of the current passing through this loop is
doubled?
2ii5 the radius of the loop is reduced to half of the original
radius?
:. -raw the pattern lines of force due to a magnetic field
associated with a current carrying conductor. State how
the magnetic field produced changes
2i5 with an increase in current in the conductor and
2ii5 the distance from the conductor.
;. -raw the pattern of field lines due to a bar magnet.
!ention any two properties of the magnetic field lines.
Page 11
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
?. <ow does the strength of the magnetic field at the
centre of a circular coil of wire depend on&
2i5 the radius of the coil?
2ii5 the number of turns of the wire?
2iii5 the strength of the current flowing in the coil?
A. The flow of a current in a circular loop of a wire creates
a magnetic field at its centre. <ow can
e6istence of the field be detected? State the rule which
helps to predict the direction of this magnetic
field.
B. What are the factors on which the strength of magnetic
field produced by current%carrying solenoid
depends?
C. / coil of copper wire is connected to a galvanometer.
What would happen if a bar magnet is&
2i5 pushed into the coil with north pole entering first
2ii5 pulled out of the coil
2iii5 held stationary inside the coil?
D. E6plain what is short%circuiting and overloading in an
electric supply.
3E. What are magnetic field lines? <ow is the direction of
a magnetic field at a point determined?
33.What are the factors which govern the force
e6perienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field depends? 2 : !ar#s 5
39. -istinguish between an electric motor and generator?
3:.What is direct current 2d.c5 and alternating current
2a.c5.
3;./ current of 9 / flows through a circular coil of radius
of ; cm, and has 3E turns. The coil is
aligned horiIontally and current flows though the coil in
cloc#wise direction. 1ind the magnitude and
direction of magnetic field at the centre of the coil due to
the current.
1ive !ar# (uestions&
3. 2a5 Suggest an activity to show the pattern of magnetic
field lines, when you are provided with a bar magnet, a
cardboard piece and iron filings
2b5-raw a rough s#etch of the field lines which you will
observe.
9. 2a5 What is an electromagnet? What does it consists of?
2b5 Name one material in each case used to ma#e a
2i5 permanent magnet 2ii5 temporary magnet.
2c5 -escribe an activity to show how can you ma#e an
electromagnet in your school lab?
:. State 1leming7s left%hand rule. With a labeled diagram,
describe the wor#ing of an electric motor. What is the
function of split%ring ommutator in a motor?
;. State 1leming7s right%hand rule. With a labeled diagram,
describe the wor#ing of an / electric generator.
?. -raw the lines of force of the magnetic field through
and around 2a5single loop of wire carrying current, 2b5 a
solenoid carrying electric current.
A. Why is pure iron not used for ma#ing permanent
magnets? Name one material used for ma#ing permanent
magnets. -escribe how permanent magnets are made
electrically. State two e6amples of electrical appliances
made by using permanent magnets.
B. 2a5-raw a schematic labeled diagram of a domestic
wiring circuit which includes 2i5a main fuse 2ii5 a power
meter 2iii5one light point 2iv5 a power plug.2b5 Why is it
necessary to connect an earth wire to electric appliances
having metallic covers?
C. 2a5What are magnetic field lines? <ow is the direction
of a magnetic field at a point determined? 2b5 -raw two
field lines around a bar magnet along its length on its two
sides and mar# the field directions on them by arrow
mar#s. 2c5 +ist any three properties of magnetic field lines.
D. What is an electric motor? With the help of a diagram,
describe the wor#ing of an electric motor.
3E. What are magnetic field lines? Write their
characteristics. -raw the magnetic field lines due to a
current flowing in a circular coil.
33. E6plain the principle, construction and wor#ing of an
electric motor.
39. E6plain with labeled diagram, the principle,
construction and wor#ing of an electric generator.
3:. 2a 5. What is an electromagnet ? 2b5. +ist any of its
two uses.
2c 5. -raw a labeled diagram to show how an
electromagnet is made.
2d 5. What is the purpose of the soft iron core used in
ma#ing an electromagnet ?
3;./ solenoid is 3 m long and 9 cm in diameter has ?E
turns4cm. / current of ? / is flowing through it. alculate
the magnetic induction& a5 $nside the solenoid. b5 /t
one end on the a6is of solenoid.
3?. E6plain the construction and wor#ing of electric
motor?
3A. What is the principle behind the wor#ing of electric
generator? E6plain its wor#ing with the help of well
labeled diagram.
3B. The mains power supply of a house is through a ?%/
fuse. <ow many 3EE%W bulbs can be used in this house at
the correct voltage?
3C. / wire 3E cm long and carrying a current of 3.? / is
held in a uniform magnetic field in which )H3E%: T.
alculate the force on the wire if it is held perpendicular
to the lines of the magnetic field.
3D / current of 3E / flows in a circular coil of 3EEE turns
and radius E.3 m. 1ind the magnitude of the magnetic field
at the centre of the coil.
9E. /t what distance from a straight conductor carrying a
current of 9.C /, will the magnetic induction be 9.CO3E%?
T?
93. 1ind the strength of the current which will produce a
magnetic field of 3E%; T at the centre of a coil of mean
radius E.3E m. The coil comprises 9E turns.
99. / E.; m wire, stretched horiIontally, carries an electric
current of 3? / from East to West, in a magnetic field
whose magnetic field intensity is E.3 N4/m, directed
vertically downwards. What is 2a5 the magnitude of the
magnetic deflecting force on the wire, and 2b5 its
direction?
!agnetic effect of current cbse test paper%3
(uestions from )oard E6am 0apers and )SE Sample
0apers
hapter 3:% !agnetic Effects of Electric urrent
Page 12
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
3. What is a magnetic field? What are field lines around a
magnet?
9. +ist the characteristic properties of magnetic field lines.
:. S#etch the pattern of magnetic field lines around a bar
magnet.
;. S#etch the pattern of magnetic field lines around a
current%carrying straight conductor and state the factors on
which the strength of magnetic field depends.
?. State right hand thumb rule to find the direction of
magnetic field around a current 8carrying straight
conductor. <ow will this magnetic field be affected on 2a5
$ncreasing the current through the conductor.
2b5 hanging the direction of flow of current in the
conductor.
A. / student performs an e6periment to study the magnetic
effect of current around a current%carrying straight
conductor. <e reports that 2a5 The direction of deflection
of the north pole of the compass needle #ept at a given
point near the conductor remains unaffected even when
the terminals of the battery sending current in the wire are
interchanged. 2b5 1or a give battery, the degree of
deflection of N pole decreases when the compass is #ept at
a farther away from the conductor. Which of the above
observations of the student is incorrect and why?
B. -escribe with a neat diagram an activity to show that a
straight conductor carrying direct current produces a
magnetic field around it. State the rule which determines
the direction of magnetic field thus produced.
C. -raw the lines of force 2indicating the direction5 of
magnetic field through and around 2a5 a single loop of
wire carrying direct current. 2b5 a solenoid carrying direct
current.
D. What are the factors on which the magnetic field due to
a current%carrying circular coil depends? /lso e6plain the
pattern of field lines produced in and around a circular
coil.
3E. -raw the pattern of magnetic field lines of a current%
carrying solenoid. What does the pattern of field lines
inside a solenoid indicate? Write one application of
magnetic field of current%carrying solenoid.
33. What is an electro%magnet? -raw a diagram showing
an electro%magnet.
39. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. -raw
a diagram to represent it.
3:. 2a5 -escribe with diagram an e6periment to show that
a force is e6erted on a current%carrying conductor when
placed perpendicular in a magnetic field. 2b5 State the rule
to find the direction of the force e6erted on a current%
carrying conductor in a magnetic field. 2c5 / current%
carrying straight conductor is placed in the East%West
direction. What will the direction e6perienced by the
conductor due to earth7s magnetic field?
3;. Why does a current%carrying conductor #ept in a
magnetic field e6perience force? On what factors does the
direction of this force depend? Name and state the rule
used for determination of direction of this force.
3?. With a labeled diagram, describe the construction and
wor#ing of an electric motor. What is the function of split
ring commutator in a motor?
3A. What is the use of a commutator? Name the
component in an electric motor which acts as a
commutator.
3B. What is an armature? !ention the alternative methods
adopted in commercial motors to enhance their power.
3C. E6plain the principle of an electric motor. Name some
appliances in which the electric motor is used.
3D. / positively charged particle pro'ected towards West is
deflected towards North by a magnetic field. What is the
direction of the magnetic field?
9E. E6plain the meaning of the word Kelectro%magneticL
and KinductionL in the term electro%magnetic induction.
On what factors does the value of induced current
produced in a circuit depend? Name and state the rule used
for determination of direction of induced current. State
one practical application of this phenomenon in everyday
life.
93. Why is electro%magnetic induction so called? / coil
connected to a sensitive galvanometer is held stationary. /
bar magnet with its North 0ole facing coil is moving
towards the coil at a certain speed. The galvano meter
needle shows deflection of 3E divisions to towards right of
the centre of the scale. <ow will the reading on the
galvanometer scale be affected if the south pole of the bar
magnet facing the coil is moved away at the same speed?
99. -escribe an activity to demonstrate the phenomenon
of electro%magnetic induction.
9:. State 1leming7s right hand rule. <ow is this rule
useful?
9;. E6plain different ways to induce current in a coil.
9?. 2a5 With the help of a neat labeled diagram, e6plain the
construction and wor#ing of an electric generator. What is
the function of bushes? 2b5 <ow does a -. generator
differ from that of /. generator?
Page 13
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
9A. <ow does /. differ from -.? Which sources
produce alternating current? What is the fre"uency of
alternating current in $ndia
9B. -raw a schematic labeled diagram of a domestic
electric circuit which includes a mains fuse, a power
meter, a light point, a fan and a power plug.
9C. What do you mean by 2a5 short circuit and 2b5
overloading? What are the safety precautions ta#en to
avoid these problems in domestic electric circuits?
9D. 2a5 /n electrician put a fuse rating of ?/ in that part of
domestic electric circuit in which an electric heater of
rating 3.?#W, 99E, is operating. What is li#ely to happen
in this and why? What change, if any, needs to be made?
2b5 >ou are given the following current time graphs from
two different sources. 2i5 Name the type of current in two
cases. 2ii5 $dentify any one source for each type of these
currents. 2iii5 What is the fre"uency of current in case $$ in
$ndia? 2iv5.se above graphs to write two differences
between the current in two cases.
:E. /n electrician assembling a household circuit uses a
long thic# copper wire with green insulation and a short
wire made up of copper%tin alloy. What are the two wires
called? !ention the importance of each wire in an electric
circuit. <ow are the two wires connected in the circuit?
Page 14
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
!etals and Non%metals
Elements are divided mainly into two groups on the basis
of physical and chemical properties 8 !etal and Non%
metal.
0hysical 0roperties of !etals&%
<ardness&% !ost of the metals are hard, e6cept al#ali
metals, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, etc. Sodium,
potassium, lithium etc. are very soft metals, these can be
cut using #nife.
Strength&% !ost of the metals are strong and have high
tensile strength. )ecause of this big structures are made
using metals, such as copper and iron.
State&% !etals are solid at room temperature e6cept
mercury.
+usture&% !etals are lustrous i.e. they are shiny in
appearance. This is the cause that metals li#e gold, silver
and platinum are used to ma#e 'ewellery.
Sound&% !etals produce ringing sound, so, metals are
called sonorous. Sound of metals is also #nown as metallic
sound. This is the cause that metal wires are used in
ma#ing musical instruments.
onduction&% !etals are good conductor of heat and
electricity. This is the cause that electric wires are made of
metals li#e copper and aluminium.
!alleability&% !etals are malleable. This means metals
can be beaten into thin sheet. )ecause of this property iron
is used in ma#ing big ships.
-uctility&% !etals are ductile. This means metals can be
drawn into thin wire. )ecause of this property wires are
made of metals.
!elting and boiling point&% !etals have generally high
melting and boiling points.
-ensity&% !ost of the metals have high density.
olor&% !ost of the metals are grey in color. )ut gold and
copper are e6ceptions.
hemical 0roperties of !etals
*eaction with o6ygen&%
!ost of the metals form respective metal o6ides when
react with o6ygen.
E6amples&
235 *eaction of potassium with o6ygen&% 0otassium metal
forms potassium o6ide when reacts with o6ygen.
295 *eaction of sodium with o6ygen&% Sodium metal forms
sodium o6ide when reacts with o6ygen.
+ithium, potassium, sodium, etc. are #nown as al#ali
metals. /l#ali metals react vigorously with o6ygen.
2:5 *eaction of magnesium metal with o6ygen&%
!agnesium metal gives magnesium o6ide when reacts
with o6ygen. !agnesium burnt with daIIling light in air
and produces lot of heat.
2;5 *eaction of aluminium metal with o6ygen& /liminium
metal does not react with o6ygen at room temperature but
it gives aluminium o6ide when burnt in air.
2?5 *eaction of Iinc metal with o6ygen& Qinc does not
react with o6ygen at room temperature. )ut it gives Iinc
o6ide when heated strongly in air.
2A5 *eaction of $ron metal with o6ygen& $ron does not
react with o6ygen at room temperature. )ut when iron is
heated strongly in air, it gives iron o6ide.
$ron fillings give sprin#le in flame when burnt.
2B5 *eaction of copper metal with o6ygen& opper does
not react with o6ygen at room temperature but when burnt
in air, it gives copper o6ide.
!etals and Non%!etals
hemical 0roperties of !etals 20art 95
*eaction of metals with water&
!etals form respective metal hydro6ide and hydrogen gas
when react with water.
/ll metals do not react with water. /l#ali metals react
vigorously with water.
E6amples&
235 *eaction of sodium metal with water& Sodium metal
forms sodium hydro6ide and liberates hydrogen gas along
with lot of heat when reacts with water.
295 *eaction of potassium metal with water& 0otassium
metal forms potassium hydro6ide and liberates hydrogen
gas along with lot of heat when reacts with water.
2:5 *eaction of calcium metal with water& alcium forms
calcium hydro6ide along with hydrogen gas and heat when
reacts with water.
2;5 *eaction of magnesium metal with water& !agnesium
metal reacts with water slowly and forms magnesium
hydro6ide and hydrogen gas.
Page 15
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
When steam is passed over magnesium metal, magnesium
o6ide and hydrogen gas are formed.
2?5 *eaction of aluminium metal with water& *eaction of
aluminium metal with cold water is too slow to come into
notice. )ut when steam is passed over aluminium metalR
aluminium o6ide and hydrogen gas are produced.
2A5 *eaction of Iinc metal with water& Qinc metal
produces Iinc o6ide and hydrogen gas when steam is
passed over it. Qinc does not react with cold water.
2B5 *eaction of $ron with water& *eaction of iron with cold
water is very slow and come into notice after a long time.
$ron forms rust 2iron o6ide5 when reacts with moisture
present in atmosphere.
$ron o6ide and hydrogen gas are formed by passing of
steam over iron metal.
Other metals usually do not react with water or react very
slowly.
lass ten Science )SE
!etals&% hemical 0roperties& 0art%$$
*eaction of metals with dilute acid&%
!etals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.
E6ample&
235 *eaction of sodium metal with dilute acid& Sodium
metal gives sodium chloride and hydrogen gas when react
with dilute hydrochloric acid.
295 *eaction of potassium with dilute sulphuric acid&%
0otassium sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when
potassium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
2:5 *eaction of magnesium metal with dilute hydrochloric
acid&% !agnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed
when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2;5 *eaction of aluminium with dilute hydrochloric acid&%
/luminium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed.
2?5 *eaction of Iinc with dilute sulphuric acid&% Qinc
sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when Iinc reacts
with dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used in
laboratory to produce hydrogen gas.
opperopper, gold and silver are #nown as noble metals.
These do not react with water or dilute acids.
!etal O6ides 8 hemical 0roperties&%
!etal o6ides are basic in nature. /"ueous solution of
metal o6ides turns red litmus blue.
*eaction of metal o6ides with water&
!ost of the metal o6ides are insoluble in water. /l#ali
metal o6ides are soluble in water. /l#ali metal o6ides give
strong base when dissolved in water.
E6ample&
235 *eaction of sodium o6ide with water&% Sodium o6ide
gives sodium hydro6ide when reacts with water.
Sodium hydro6ide is a strong base.
295 *eaction of magnesium o6ide with water&% !agnesium
o6ide gives magnesium hydro6ide with water.
2:5 *eaction of potassium o6ide with water& 0otassium
o6ide gives potassium hydro6ide when reacts with water.
2;5 *eaction of Iinc o6ide and aluminium o6ide&
/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are insoluble in water.
/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are amphoteric in nature.
/n amphoteric substance shows both acidic and basic
character. $t reacts with base li#e acid and reacts with acid
li#e a base.
When Iinc o6ide reacts with sodium hydro6ide, it behaves
li#e an acid. $n this reaction, sodium Iicate and water are
formed.
Qinc o6ide behaves li#e a base when reacts with acid. Qinc
o6ide gives Iinc chloride and water on reaction with
hydrochloric acid.
$n similar way aluminium o6ide behaves li#e a base when
reacts with an acid and behaves li#e an acid when reacts
with a base.
/luminium o6ide gives sodium aluminate along with
water when reacts with sodium hydro6ide.
/lumin/luminium o6ide gives aluminium chloride along
with water when reacts with hydrochloric acid.
lass ten Science )SE
!etals&% hemical 0roperties& 0art%$$
Page 16
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
*eaction of metals with dilute acid&%
!etals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.
E6ample&
235 *eaction of sodium metal with dilute acid& Sodium
metal gives sodium chloride and hydrogen gas when react
with dilute hydrochloric acid.
295 *eaction of potassium with dilute sulphuric acid&%
0otassium sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when
potassium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
2:5 *eaction of magnesium metal with dilute hydrochloric
acid&% !agnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed
when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2;5 *eaction of aluminium with dilute hydrochloric acid&%
/luminium chloride and hydrogen gas are formed.
2?5 *eaction of Iinc with dilute sulphuric acid&% Qinc
sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when Iinc reacts
with dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used in
laboratory to produce hydrogen gas.
opperopper, gold and silver are #nown as noble metals.
These do not react with water or dilute acids.
!etal O6ides 8 hemical 0roperties&%
!etal o6ides are basic in nature. /"ueous solution of
metal o6ides turns red litmus blue.
*eaction of metal o6ides with water&
!ost of the metal o6ides are insoluble in water. /l#ali
metal o6ides are soluble in water. /l#ali metal o6ides give
strong base when dissolved in water.
E6ample&
235 *eaction of sodium o6ide with water&% Sodium o6ide
gives sodium hydro6ide when reacts with water.
Sodium hydro6ide is a strong base.
295 *eaction of magnesium o6ide with water&% !agnesium
o6ide gives magnesium hydro6ide with water.
2:5 *eaction of potassium o6ide with water& 0otassium
o6ide gives potassium hydro6ide when reacts with water.
2;5 *eaction of Iinc o6ide and aluminium o6ide&
/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are insoluble in water.
/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are amphoteric in nature.
/n amphoteric substance shows both acidic and basic
character. $t reacts with base li#e acid and reacts with acid
li#e a base.
When Iinc o6ide reacts with sodium hydro6ide, it behaves
li#e an acid. $n this reaction, sodium Iicate and water are
formed.
Qinc o6ide behaves li#e a base when reacts with acid. Qinc
o6ide gives Iinc chloride and water on reaction with
hydrochloric acid.
$n similar way aluminium o6ide behaves li#e a base when
reacts with an acid and behaves li#e an acid when reacts
with a base.
/luminium o6ide gives sodium aluminate along with
water when reacts with sodium hydro6ide.
/lumin/luminium o6ide gives aluminium chloride along
with water when reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Non%!etals& 0hysical and hemical 0roperties
0hysical properties of non%metals
<ardness& Non%metals are not hard rather they are
generally soft. )ut diamond is e6ceptionR it is most hard
naturally occurring substance.
State&% Non%metals may be solid, li"uid or gas.
+uster&% Non%metals has dull appearance. -iamond and
iodine are e6ceptions.
Sound&% Non%metals do not produce ringing sound.
onduction&% Non%metals are bad conductor of heat and
electricity. =raphite which is allotrope of carbon is good
conductor of electricity, it is an e6ception.
!alleability and ductility&% Non%metals are brittle.
!elting and boiling point&% Non%metals have generally
low melting and boiling points.
-ensity&% !ost of the non%metals have low density.
olor&% Non%metals are of many colors.
hemical properties of Non%metals
*eaction of non%metals with o6ygen&% Non%metals form
respective o6ide when react with o6ygen.
E6ample&%
235 When carbon reacts with o6ygen, carbon dio6ide is
formed along with production of heat.
295 When carbon is burnt in insufficient supply of air, it
forms carbon mono6ide. arbon mono6ide is a to6ic
substance. $nhaling of carbon mono6ide may prove fatal.
Page 17
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
2:5 Sulphur gives sulphur dio6ide when react with o6ygen.
Sulphur caught fire when e6posed to air.
2:5 When hydrogen reacts with o6ygen it gives water.
Non%metal o6ide&%
Non%metal o6ides are acidic in nature. Solution of non%
metal o6ides turns blue litmus red.
arbon dio6ide gives carbonic acid when dissolved in
water.
Sulphur dio6ide gives sulphurous acid when dissolved in
water.
Sulphur dio6ide gives sulphur trio6ide when reacts with
o6ygen.
Sulphur trio6ide gives sulphuric acid when dissolved in
water.
*eaction of non%metal with chlorine&
Non metals give respective chloride when react with
chlorine gas.
J
E6ample&
<ydrogen gives hydrogen chloride and phosphorous gives
phosphorous trichloride when react with chlorine.
<ow -o !etals *eact With Non%!etals
*eaction of !etal and Non%metal
!any metals form ionic bonds when they react with non%
metals. ompounds so formed are #nown as ionic
compounds.
$ons& 0ositive or negative charged atoms are #nown as
ions. $ons are formed because of loss or gain of electrons.
/toms form ion to obtain electronic configuration of
nearest noble gas, this means to obtain stable
configuration.
0ositive ion&% / positive ion is formed because of loss of
electrons by an atom.
E6ample&
235 Sodium forms sodium ion because of loss of one
electron. )ecause of loss of one electronR one positive
charge comes over sodium.
295 SimilarlyR potassium gets one positive charge by loss
of one electron.
2:5 !agnesium forms positive ion because of loss of two
electrons. Two positive charges come over magnesium
because of loss of two electrons.
2;5 Similarly calcium gets two positive charges over it by
loss of two electrons.
Negative ion&% / negative ion is formed because of gain of
electron.
E6ample&%
235 hlorine gains one electron in order to achieve stable
configuration. /fter loss of one electron chlorine gets one
negative charge over it forming chlorine ion.
295 Similarly, fluorine gets one negative charge over it by
gain of one electron forming chloride ionR in order to
achieve stable configuration.
2:5 O6ygen gets two negative charge over it by gain of
two electrons forming o6ide ionR in order to obtain stable
configuration.
*eaction of !etals with Non%metals
$onic )onds
$onic bonds are formed because of transfer of electrons
from metal to non%metal. $n this course, metals get
positive charge because of transfer of electrons and non%
metal gets negative charge because of acceptance of
electrons. $n other words bond formed between positive
and negative ion is called ionic bond.
Since, a compound is electrically neutral, so to form an
ionic compound negative and positive both ions must be
combined.
E6ample&
235 1ormation of sodium chloride 2Nal5&
$n sodium chloride sodium is a metal 2al#ali metal5 and
chlorine is non%metal.
/tomic number of sodium H 33
Electronic configuration of sodium& 9, C, 3
Page 18
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
Number of electrons in outermost orbit H 3
,alence electrons H Electrons in outermost orbit H 3
/tomic number of chlorine H 3B
Electronic configuration of chlorine& 9, C, B
Electrons in outermost orbit H B
Therefore, valence electrons H B
Sodium has one valence electron and chlorine has seven
valence electrons. Sodium re"uires to loose one electron to
obtain stable configuration and chlorine re"uires to gain
one electron in order to obtain stable electronic
configuration. Thus, in order to obtain stable configuration
sodium transfers one electron to chlorine.
/fter loss of one electron sodium gets one positive charge
2S5 and chlorine gets one negative charge after gain of one
electron.
Sodium chloride is formed because of transfer of electron.
Thus, ionic bond is formed between sodium and chlorine.
Since, sodium chloride is formed because of ionic bond,
thus it is called ionic compound.
$n similar way potassium chloride 2Pl5 is formed.
295 1ormation of !agnesium hloride 2!gl95&%
The atomic number of magnesium is 39
Electronic configuration of magnesium& 9, C, 9
,alence electron H 9
/tomic number of chlorine H 3B
Electronic configuration of chlorine& 9, C, B
Electrons in outermost orbit H B
Therefore, valence electrons H B
!agnesium loses two electrons in order to obtain stable
electronic configuration. Each of the two chlorine atoms
gains one electron lost by magnesium to obtain stable
electronic configuration.
The bonds so formed between magnesium and chlorine are
ionic bonds and compound 2magnesium chloride5 is an
ionic compound.
2:5 1ormation of calcium chloride& 2al95&
/tomic number of calcium is 9E.
Electronic configuration of calcium& 9, C, C, 9
,alence electrons of chlorine H B
alcium loses two electrons in order to achieve stable
electronic configuration. Each of the two chlorine atoms
on the other hand gains one electron losing from calcium
to get stability. )y losing of two electrons calcium gets
two positive charges over it. Each of the chlorine atoms
gets one positive charge over it.
The bonds formed in the calcium chloride are ionic bonds
and compound 2calcium chloride5 is an ionic compound.
$n similar way )arium chloride is formed.
2;5 1ormation of alcium o6ide 2aO5&
/tomic number of calcium is 9E.
Electronic configuration of calcium& 9, C, C, 9
/tomic number of o6ygen is C
Electronic configuration of o6ygen is& 9, A
Number of electrons in outermost orbit H A
,alence electron H A
alcium loses two electrons and gets two positive charges
over it in order to get stability. O6ygen gains two
electronsR lost by calcium and thus gets two negative
charges over it.
)ond formed between calcium o6ide is ionic bond.
alcium o6ide is an ionic compound.
$n similar way magnesium o6ide is formed.
0roperties of $onic compound&
$onic compounds are solid. $onic bond has greater force of
attraction because of which ions attract each other
strongly. This ma#es ionic compounds solid.
$onic compounds are brittle.
$onic compounds have high melting and boiling points
because force of attraction between ions of ionic
compounds is very strong.
$onic compounds generally dissolve in water.
$onic compounds are generally insoluble in organic
solventsR li#e #erosene, petrol, etc.
$onic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state.
Solution of ionic compounds in water conducts electricity.
This happens because ions present in the solution of ionic
Page 19
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
compound facilitate the passage of electricity by moving
towards opposite electrodes.
$onic compounds conduct electricity in its molten state.
Occurance and E6traction of !etals
Source of metal&% !etals occur in earth7s crust and in sea
waterR in the form of ores. Earth7s crust is the ma'or source
of metal. Sea water contains many saltsR such as sodium
chloride, magnesium chloride, etc.
!ineral&% !inerals are naturally occurring substances
which have uniform composition.
Ores&% The minerals from which a metal can be profitably
e6tracted are called ores.
!etals found at the bottom of reactivity series are least
reactive and they are often found in nature in free%stateR
such as gold, silver, copper, etc. opper and silver are also
found in the form of sulphide and o6ide ores.
!etals found in the middle of reactivity series, such as Qn,
1e, 0b, etc. are usually found in the form of o6ides,
sulphides or carbonates.
!etals found at the top of the reactivity series are never
found in free%state as they are very reactive, e.g. P, Na,
a, !g and /l, etc.
!any metals are found in the form of o6ides because
o6ygen is abundant in nature and is very reactive.
E6traction of !etals
!etals can be categoriIed into three parts on the basis of
their reactivity& most reactive, medium reactive and least
reactive.
Steps of E6traction of !etals
oncentration of ores&% *emoval of impurities, such as
soil, sand, stone, silicates, etc. from mined ore is #nown as
oncentration of Ores.
Ores which are mined often contain many impurities.
These impurities are called gangue. 1irst of all,
concentration is done to remove impurities from ores.
oncentration of ores is also #nown as enrichment of ores.
0rocess of concentration depends upon physical and
chemical properties of ores. =ravity separation,
electromagnetic separation, froth flotation process, etc. are
some e6amples of the processes which are applied for
concentration of ores.
onversion of metals ores into o6ides&
$t is easy to obtain metals from their o6ides. So, ores
found in the form of sulphide and carbonates are first
converted to their o6ides by the process of roasting and
calcination. O6ides of metals so obtained are converted
into metals by the process of reduction.
*oasting&%
<eating of sulphide ores in the presence of e6cess air to
convert them into o6ides is #nown as *O/ST$N=.
alcination&% <eating of carbonate ores in the limited
supply of air to convert them into o6ides is #nown as
/+$N/T$ON.
*eduction&% <eating of o6ides of metals to turn them into
metal is #nown as *E-.T$ON.
0urification&% !etalR so obtained is refined using various
methods.
E6traction of !etals of +east *eactivity
E6traction of metals of least reactivity&
!ercury and copper, which belong to the least reactivity
series, are often found in the form of their sulphide ores.
innabar 2<gS5 is the ore of mercury. opper glance
2u9S5 is the ore of copper.
E6traction of mercury metal& innabar 2<gS5 is first
heated in air. This turns <gS Tmercury sulphide or
cinnabarU into <gO 2mercury o6ide5R by liberation of
sulphur dio6ide.
!ercury o6ide so obtained is again heated strongly. This
reduces mercury o6ide to mercury metal.
E6traction of copper metal&%
opper glance 2u9S5 is roasted in the presence of air.
*oasting turns copper glance 2ore of copper5 into copper
2$5 o6ide. opper o6ide is then heated in the absence of
air. This reduces copper 2$5 o6ide into copper metal.
Page 20
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
E6traction of !etals of middle reactivity&%
$ron, Iinc, lead, etc. are found in the form of carbonate or
sulphide ores. arbonate or sulphide ores of metals are
first converted into respective o6ides and then o6ides are
reduced to respective metals.
E6traction of Iinc& Qinc blende 2QnS& Iinc sulphide5 and
smithsonite or Iinc spar or calamine 2QnO:& Iinc
carbonate5 are ores of Iinc. Qinc blende is roasted to be
converted into Iinc o6ide. Qinc spar is put under
calcination to be converted into Iinc o6ide.
Qinc o6ide so obtained is reduced to Iinc metal by heating
with carbon 2a reducing agent5.
E6traction of iron from <ematite 21e9O:5& <ematite ore is
heated with carbon to be reduced to iron metal.
E6traction of lead from lead o6ide&% +ead o6ide is heated
with carbon to be reduced to lead metal.
*eduction of metal o6ide heating with aluminium&% !etal
o6ides are heated with aluminium 2a reducing agent5 to be
reduced to metal.
E6ample&
!anganese dio6ide and copper o6ide are reduced to
respective metals when heated with aluminium.
Thermite *eaction& 1erric o6ideR when heated with
aluminiumR is reduced to iron metal. $n this reaction, lot of
heat is produced. This reaction is also #nown as Thermite
*eaction. Thermite reaction is used in welding of electric
conductors, iron 'oints, etc. such as 'oints in railway
trac#s. This is also #nown as Thermite Welding 2TW5.
E6traction of !etals of high reactivity
!etals of high reactivityR such as sodium, calcium,
magnesium, aluminium, etc. are e6tracted from their ores
by electrolytic reduction. These metals cannot be reduced
using carbon because carbon is less reactive than them.
Electrolytic *eduction&
Electric current is passed through the molten state of metal
ores. !etalR being positively chargedR is deposited over
the cathode.
E6ample& When electric current is passed through molten
state or solution of sodium chloride, sodium metal
deposited over cathode.
!etals obtained from the process of electrolytic reduction
are pure in form.
*efining or purification of metals&%
!etals e6tracted from various methods contains some
impurities, thus they are re"uired to be refined. !ost of
the metals are refined using electrolytic refining.
Electrolytic *efining&
$n the process of electrolytic refining a lump of impure
metal and a thin strip of pure metal are dipped in the salt
solution of metal to be refined. When electric current is
passed through the solution, pure metal is deposited over
thin strip of pure metalR from lump of impure metal. $n
this, impure metal is used as anode and pure metal is used
as cathode.
E6ample& Electrolytic refining of copper&
/ lump of impure copper metal and a thin strip of pure
copper are dipped in the solution of copper sulphate.
$mpure lump of metal is connected with the positive pole
and thin strip of pure metal is connected with the negative
pole. When electric current is passed through the solution,
Page 21
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
pure metal from anode move towards cathode and is
deposited over it. $mpuritiesR present in metal are settled
near the bottom of anode in the solution. Settled impurities
in the solution are called anode mud.
orrosion&
!ost of the metals #eep on reacting with the atmospheric
air. This leads to formation of a layer over the metal. $n the
long run, the underlying layers of the metal #eep on
getting lost due to conversion into o6ides or sulphides or
carbonate, etc. /s a result, the metal gets eaten up. This
process is called corrosion.
*usting of $ron& *usting of iron is the most common form
of corrosion. When iron articlesR li#e gate, grill, fencing,
etc. come in contact with moisture present in air, the upper
layer of iron turns into iron o6ide. $ron o6ide is brown%red
in color and is #nown as rust. This phenomenon is called
rusting of iron.
$f rusting is not prevented in time, the whole iron article
would turn into iron o6ide. This is also #nown as
corrosion of iron. *usting of iron gives huge loss every
year.
0revention of *usting&
1or rusting, iron must come in contact with o6ygen and
water. *usting is prevented by preventing the reaction
between atmospheric moisture and the iron article. This
can be done by painting, greasing, galvaniIation,
electroplating, etc.
NE*T $n Te6t Solutions
(uestion 8 3% =ive an e6ample of a metal which
2i5 is a li"uid at room temperature.
/nswer& !ercury
2ii5 can be easily cut with a #nife.
/nswer& Sodium
2iii5 is the best conductor of heat.
/nswer& Silver
2iv5 is a poor conductor of heat.
/nswer& +ead
(uestion 8 9% E6plain the meanings of malleable and
ductile.
/nswer& !alleable& !etals can be beaten into thin sheets
and hence they are called malleable.
-uctile& !etals can be drawn into thin wires and hence
they are called ductile.
/ malleable metal is also ductile and these properties are
present in almost all the metals.
(uestion 8 :% Why is sodium #ept immersed in #erosene
oil?
/nswer& Sodium is a highly reactive metal and it reacts
vigorously with water even at room temperature. Sodium
is so reactive that it can even react with the atmospheric
moisture. This reaction is highly e6othermic which
produces fire as well. Sodium is #ept immersed in
#erosene oil to prevent its reaction with water and to
prevent accidental fire.
(uestion 8 ; % Write e"uations for the reactions of
2i5 iron with steam
/nswer&
2ii5 calcium and potassium with water
/nswer&
(uestion 8 ? % Samples of four metals /, ), and - were
ta#en and added to the following solution one by one. The
results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
.se the Table above to answer the following "uestions
about metals /, ), and -.
2i5 Which is the most reactive metal?
/nswer& ) is the most reactive metal
2ii5 What would you observe if ) is added to a solution of
opper2$$5 sulphate?
/nswer& When ) is added to copper 2$$5 sulphate solution,
it displaces copper.
2iii5 /rrange the metals /, ), and - in the order of
decreasing reactivity.
/nswer& ) V / V V -
NE*T $n Te6t Solutions 20art % 95
(uestion 8 A % Which gas is produced when dilute
hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the
chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute <9SO;.
/nswer& When a reactive metal reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas is produced.
The chemical e"uation for reaction between iron and
dilute hydrochloric acid is as follows&
(uestion 8 B % What would you observe when Iinc is
added to a solution of iron2$$5 sulphate? Write the
chemical reaction that ta#es place.
/nswer& Qinc displaces iron from iron 2$$5 sulphate
solution because Iinc is more reactive than iron. This
reaction can be shown by following e"uation&
(uestion& C8
Page 22
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
2i5 Write the electron%dot structures for sodium, o6ygen
and magnesium.
2ii5 Show the formation of Na9O and !gO by the transfer
of electrons.
2iii5 What are the ions present in these compounds?
/nswer&
Electronic dot structure of Na 2335&
Electronic dot structure of O 2C5&
Electronic dot structure of !g 2395&
(uestion 8 D % Why do ionic compounds have high
melting points?
/nswer& The force of attraction in ionic bonds is very
strong and it is difficult to overcome that force. <ence,
ionic compounds have high melting points.
(uestion 8 3E% -efine the following terms.
2i5 !ineral
/nswer& / substance which naturally occurs in the earth7s
crust and has a uniform composition is called mineral.
2ii5 Ore
/nswer& / mineral from which a substance can be
profitably e6tracted is called an ore.
2iii5 =angue
/nswer& The impurities present in an ore are called
gangue.
(uestion 8 33 % Name two metals which are found in
nature in the free%state.
/nswer& Silver and gold
(uestion 8 39 % What chemical process is used for
obtaining a metal from its o6ide?
/nswer& 1or obtaining a metal from its o6ide, we need to
use reduction. This process is carried out by heating the
metal o6idesR usually with a reducing agent.
(uestion& 3: % !etallic o6ides of Iinc, magnesium and
copper were heated one by one with Iinc, magnesium and
copper. $n which cases will you find displacement
reactions ta#ing place?
/nswer&
-isplacement reaction ta#es place only when Iinc o6ide is
headed with magnesium. /nd No reaction ta#es place in
other cases.
(uestion& 3; % Which metals do not corrode easily?
/nswer& !etals which are at the bottom of reactivity
series do not corrode easily, e.g. copper, silver and gold.
(uestion& 3? % What are alloys?
/nswer& / homogenous mi6ture of two or more than two
metals or a metal and a non%metal is called an alloy.
NE*T E6ercise Solution 20art 35
(uestion % 3. Which of the following pairs will
give displacement reactions?
2a5 Nal solution and copper metal
2b5 !gl9 solution and aluminium metal
2c5 1eSO; solution and silver metal
2d5 /gNO: solution and copper metal.
/nswer& 2d5 /gNO: solution and copper metal.
(uestion %9. Which of the following methods is
suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from
rusting?
2a5 /pplying grease
2b5 /pplying paint
2c5 /pplying a coating of Iinc
2d5 /ll of the above.
/nswer& 2c5 /pplying a coating of Iinc
(uestion %:. /n element reacts with o6ygen to
give a compound with a high melting point. This
compound is also soluble in water. The element is
li#ely to be
2a5 calcium
2b5 carbon
2c5 silicon
2d5 iron.
/nswer& 2a5 alcium
(uestion %;. 1ood cans are coated with tin and
not with Iinc because
2a5 Iinc is costlier than tin.
2b5 Iinc has a higher melting point than tin.
2c5 Iinc is more reactive than tin.
2d5 Iinc is less reactive than tin.
/nswer& 2c5 Iinc is more reactive than tin.
(uestion %?. >ou are given a hammer, a battery, a
bulb, wires and a switch.
2a5 <ow could you use them to distinguish
between samples of metals and non%metals?
/nswer& $f a substance can be beaten into thin
sheets with the help of a hammer then the given
substance is a metal. Otherwise, it is a non%metal.
/ circuit is made with the help of a battery, a
bulb, wires and a switch. /fter that, the given
substance is connected in the circuit. $f the given
substance ensures that the circuit is complete then
it is a metalR else it is a non%metal.
2b5 /ssess the usefulness of these tests in
distinguishing between metals and non%metals.
/nswer& When a substance fulfills both the
criteria then it can be confirmed as a metal. We
#now that some of the metals are brittle and
graphite 2a non%metal5 is a good conductor of
electricity. <ence, either of the tests cannot
confirm a metal or non%metalR when the test is
done in isolation.
Page 23
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
NE*T E6ercise Solution 20art 95
(uestion %A. What are amphoteric o6ides? =ive two
e6amples of amphoteric o6ides.
/nswer& Some o6ides show both acidic and basic
characters. Such o6ides are called amphoteric o6ides.
/mphoteric o6ide reacts with acid as well as with base to
form salt.
E6ample 8
/luminium o6ide and Iinc o6ide are e6amples of
amphoteric o6ide.
When aluminium o6ide reacts with a base, it gives salt and
water.
When aluminium o6ide reacts with an acid it gives salt
and water.
(uestion %B. Name two metals which will displace
hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will
not.
/nswer& Sodium and Iinc can displace hydrogen from
dilute acids. On the other hand, copper and silver do not
displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
(uestion %C. $n the electrolytic refining of a metal !, what
would you ta#e as the anode, the cathode and the
electrolyte?
/nswer& / rod of impure metal ! would be used as anode
and a thin strip of pure metal ! would be used as cathode.
/ water soluble salt of metal ! would be used as
electrolyte.
(uestion %D. 0ratyush too# sulphur powder on a spatula
and heated it. <e collected the gas evolved by inverting a
test tube over it.
2a5 What will be the action of gas on
2i5 dry litmus paper?
/nswer& There will be no action on dry litmus paper.
2ii5 moist litmus paper?
/nswer& Since the gas is an o6ide of a non%metal hence it
will turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
2b5 Write a balanced chemical e"uation for the reaction
ta#ing place.
/nswer&
(uestion %3E. State two ways to prevent the rusting of
iron.
/nswer& Two ways to prevent the rusting of iron are as
follows&
2a5 )y galvaniIation
2b5 )y applying a layer of paint
NE*T E6ercise Solution 20art :5
(uestion %33. What type of o6ides are formed when non%
metals combine with o6ygen?
/nswer& The non%metallic o6ides are acidic in nature.
(uestion %39. =ive reasons
2a5 0latinum, gold and silver are used to ma#e 'ewellery.
/nswer& 0latinum, gold and silver are at the bottom of the
reactivity series and hence they are able to maintain their
shine for a long time. !oreover, these are highly ductile
and malleable. <ence, these metals are used to ma#e
'ewelry.
2b5 Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
/nswer& Sodium, potassium and lithium are at the top of
the reactivity series. They can easily react with water and
even with atmospheric moisture. Their reaction with water
is highly e6othermic and results in fire. These metals are
stored under oil to prevent their reaction from water and to
prevent accidental fire.
2c5 /luminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to
ma#e utensils for coo#ing.
/nswer& /luminium is a highly reactive metal and hence it
easily reacts with the o6ygen in air. This reaction results in
the formation of a layer of aluminium o6ide over the
metal. The layer of aluminium o6ide prevents further
reaction of aluminium with o6ygen. This ma#es
aluminium a corrosion resistant material. !oreover,
aluminium is a good conductor of heat. -ue to these
reasons, aluminium is used to ma#e coo#ing utensils.
2d5 arbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into
o6ides during the process of e6traction.
/nswer& Obtaining a metal from its o6ide is much easier
than doing that from a metal sulphide or carbonate. -ue to
thisR metal sulphides and carbonates are first converted to
metal o6ides during metallurgy.
(uestion %3:. >ou must have seen tarnished copper vessels
being cleaned with lemon or tamarind 'uice. E6plain why
these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
/nswer& / copper vessel becomes tarnished because of
formation of a layer of copper carbonate or o6ide over it.
/cids react with carbonates and o6ides and thus help in
cleaning the copper vessel.
(uestion %3;. -ifferentiate between metal and non%metal
on the basis of their chemical properties.
/nswer&
(uestion %3?. / man went door to door posing as a
goldsmith. <e promised to bring bac# the glitter of old and
dull gold ornaments. /n unsuspecting lady gave a set of
gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular
solution. The bangles spar#led li#e new but their weight
was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a
futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. an you play
Page 24
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had
used?
/nswer& We #now that goldsmiths use a"ua%regia to clean
gold ornaments. While cleaning a gold ornament with
a"ua%regiaR some of the gold gets dissolved in it. This
results in some weight loss of the gold ornament. That is
what happened in the given case.
(uestion %3A. =ive reasons why copper is used to ma#e
hot water tan#s and not steel 2an alloy of iron5.
/nswer& $ron reacts with hot water but copper does not.
!oreover, copper is a very good conductor of heat. -ue to
these reasonsR copper 2rather than steel5 is used to ma#e
hot water tan#s.
Solution of NE*T E6emplar 0roblems
E6emplar 0roblems % !ultiple hoice (uestions 20art 35
(uestion& 3 % Which of the following property is generally
not shown by metals?
Electrical conduction
Sonorous in nature
-ullness
-uctility
/nswer& 2c5 -ullness
(uestion& 9 % The ability of metals to be drawn into thin
wire is #nown as
-uctility
!alleability
Sonorousity
onductivity
/nswer& 2a5 -uctility
(uestion& : % /luminium is used for ma#ing coo#ing
utensils. Which of the following properties of aluminium
are responsible for the same?
=ood thermal conductivity
=ood electrical conductivity
-uctility
<igh melting point
2i5 and 2ii5
2i5 and 2iii5
2ii5 and 2iii5
2i5 and 2iv5
/nswer& 2d5 2i5 and 2iv5
(uestion& ; % Which one of the following metals does not
react with cold as well as hot water?
Na
a
!g
1e
/nswer& 2d5 1e
(uestion& ? % Which of the following o6ide2s5 of iron
would be obtained on prolonged reaction of iron with
steam?
1eO
1e9O:
1e:O;
1e9O: and 1e:O;
/nswer& 2c5 1e:O;
Solution of NE*T E6emplar 0roblems
E6emplar 0roblems % !ultiple hoice (uestions 20art 95
(uestion& A % What happens when calcium is treated with
water?
$t does not react with water
$t reacts violently with water
$t reacts less violently with water
)ubbles of hydrogen gas formed stic# to the surface of
calcium
2i5 and 2iv5
2ii5 and 2iii5
2i5 and 2ii5
2iii5 and 2iv5
/nswer& 2d5 2iii5 and 2iv5
(uestion& B % =enerally metals react with acids to give salt
and hydrogen gas. Which of the following acids does not
give hydrogen gas on reacting with metals 2e6cept !n and
!g5?
<9SO;
<l
<NO:
/ll of these
/nswer& 2c5 <NO:
(uestion& C % The composition of a"ua%regia is
-il.<l & onc. <NO: : & 3
onc.<l & -il. <NO: & : & 3
onc.<l & onc.<NO: WNbspR : & 3
-il.<l & -il.<NO: : & 3
/nswer& 2c5 onc. <l & onc. <NO: : & 3
(uestion& D % Which of the following are not ionic
compounds?
Pl
<l
l;
Nal
2i5 and 2ii5
2ii5 and 2iii5
2iii5 and 2iv5
2i5 and 2iii5
/nswer& 2b5 2ii5 and 2iii5
(uestion& 3E % Which one of the following properties is
not generally e6hibited by ionic compounds?
Solubility in water
Electrical conductivity in solid state
<igh melting and boiling points
Electrical conductivity in molten state
/nswer& 2b5 Electrical conductivity in solid state
(uestion& 33 % Which of the following metals e6ist in their
native state in nature?
u
/u
Qn
/g
2i5 and 2ii5
2ii5 and 2iii5
2ii5 and 2iv5
2iii5 and 2iv5
/nswer& 2a5 2i5 and 2ii5
(uestion& 39 % !etals are refined by using different
methods. Which of the following metals are refined by
electrolytic refining?
/u
u
Na
Page 25
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
P
2i5 and 2ii5
2i5 and 2iii5
2ii5 and 2iii5
2iii5 and 2iv5
/nswer& 2d5 2iii5 and 2iv5
(uestion& 3: % Silver articles become blac# on prolonged
e6posure to air. This is due to the formation of
/g:N
/g9O
/g9S
/g9S and /g:N
/nswer& 2c5 /g9S
(uestion& 3; % =alvanisation is a method of protecting
iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of
=allium
/luminium
Qinc
Silver
/nswer& 2c5 Qinc
(uestion& 3? % Stainless steel is very useful material for
our life. $n stainless steel, iron is mi6ed with
Ni and r
u and r
Ni and u
u and /u
/nswer& 2a5 Ni and r
(uestion& 3A % $f copper is #ept in open air, it slowly loses
its shining brown surface and gains a green coating. $t is
due to the formation of
uSO;
uO:
u2NO:59
uO
/nswer& 2d5 uO
(uestion& 3B % =enerally, metals are solid in nature. Which
one of the following metals is found in li"uid state at room
temperature?
Na
1e
r
<g
/nswer& 2d5 <g
(uestion& 3C % Which of the following metals are obtained
by electrolysis of their chlorides in molten state?
Na
a
1e
u
2i5 and 2iv5
2iii5 and 2iv5
2i5 and 2iii5
2i5 and 2ii5
/nswer& 2d5 2i5 and 2ii5
(uestion& 3D % =enerally, non%metals are not lustrous.
Which of the following nonmetal is lustrous?
Sulphur
O6ygen
Nitrogen
$odine
/nswer& 2d5 $odine
(uestion& 9E % Which one of the following four metals
would be displaced from the solution of its salts by other
three metals?
!g
/g
Qn
u
/nswer& 2b5 /g
(uestion& 93 % 9 m+ each of concentrated <l, <NO: and
a mi6ture of concentrated <l and concentrated <NO: in
the ratio of : & 3 were ta#en in test tubes labelled as /, )
and . / small piece of metal was put in each test tube. No
change occurred in test tubes / and ) but the metal got
dissolved in test tube respectively. The metal could be
/l
/u
u
0t
/nswer& 2b5 /u
(uestion& 99 % /n alloy is
an element
a compound
a homogeneous mi6ture
a heterogeneous mi6ture
/nswer& 2c5 / homogeneous mi6ture
(uestion& 9: % /n electrolytic cell consists of
positively charged cathode
negatively charged anode
positively charged anode
negatively charged cathode
2i5 and 2ii5
2iii5 and 2iv5
2i5 and 2iii5
2ii5 ad 2iv5
/nswer& 2b5 2iii5 and 2iv5
(uestion& 9; % -uring electrolytic refining of Iinc, it gets
deposited on cathode
deposited on anode
deposited on cathode as well as anode
remains in the solution
/nswer& 2a5 -eposited on cathode
(uestion& 9? % /n element / is soft and can be cut with a
#nife. This is very reactive to air and cannot be #ept open
in air. $t reacts vigorously with water. $dentify the element
from the following
!g
Na
0
a
/nswer& 2b5 Na
(uestion& 9A % /lloys are homogeneous mi6tures of a
metal with a metal or nonmetal. Which among the
following alloys contain non%metal as one of its
constituents?
)rass
)ronIe
/malgam
Steel
/nswer& 2d5 Steel
Page 26
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
(uestion& 9B % Which among the following statements is
incorrect for magnesium metal?
$t burns in o6ygen with a daIIling white flame
$t reacts with cold water to form magnesium o6ide and
evolves hydrogen gas
$t reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydro6ide and
$t reacts with steam to form magnesium hydro6ide and
/nswer& 2b5 $t reacts with cold water to form magnesium
o6ide and evolves hydrogen gas
(uestion& 9C% Which among the following alloys contain
mercury as one of its constituents?
Stainless steel
/lnico
Solder
Qinc amalgam
/nswer& 2d5 Qinc amalgam
(uestion& 9D % *eaction between G and >, forms
compound Q. G loses electron and > gains electron. Which
of the following properties is not shown by Q?
<as high melting point
<as low melting point
onducts electricity in molten state
Occurs as solid
/nswer& 2b5 <as low melting point
(uestion& :E % The electronic configurations of three
elements G, > and Q are G X 9, CR > X 9, C, B and Q X
9, C, 9. Which of the following is correct?
G is a metal
> is a metal
Q is a non%metal
> is a non%metal and Q is a metal
/nswer& 2d5 > is a non%metal and Q is a metal
(uestion& :3% /lthough metals form basic o6ides, which
of the following metals form an amphoteric o6ide?
Na
a
/l
u
/nswer& 2c5 /l
(uestion& :9% =enerally, non%metals are not conductors of
electricity. Which of the following is a good conductor of
electricity?
-iamond
=raphite
Sulphur
1ullerene
/nswer& 2b5 =raphite
(uestion& :: % Electrical wires have a coating of an
insulting material. The material, generally used is
Sulphur
=raphite
0,
/ll can be used
/nswer& 2c5
(uestion& :;% Which of the following non%metals is a
li"uid?
arbon
)romine
0hosphorus
Sulphur
/nswer& 2b5 )romine
(uestion& :? % Which of the following can undergo a
chemical reaction?
!gSO; S 1e
QnSO; S 1e
!gSO; S 0b
uSO; S 1e
/nswer& 2d5 uSO; S 1e
(uestion& :A % Which one of the following figures
correctly describes the process of electrolytic refining?
/nswer& 2c
(uestion& :B % $"bal treated a lustrous, divalent element !
with sodium hydro6ide. <e observed the formation of
bubbles in reaction mi6ture. <e made the same
observations when this element was treated with
hydrochloric acid. Suggest how can he identify the
produced gas. Write chemical e"uations for both the
reactions.
/nswer& $n the first caseR a base reacts with a metal, and in
the second caseR an acid reacts with a metal. <ence,
hydrogen gas is most li#ely to be produced during these
reactions.
The evolution of hydrogen gas can be chec#ed by bringing
a burning matchstic# or splinter near the evolved gas. The
fact that the matchstic# burns with a pop sound, shows
that hydrogen gas is evolved.
The reactions can be shown by following e"uations&
9NaO< S Qn Y Na9QnO9 S <9
9<l S Qn Y QNl9 S <9
(uestion& :C % -uring e6traction of metals, electolytic
refining is used to obtain pure metals.
2a5 Which material will be used as anode and cathode for
refining of silver metal by this process?
Page 27
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
/nswer& $n electrolytic refining, impure metal is always
used as anode and pure metal is used as cathode. !etals
are electropositive in nature and hence they are released
from anode and get deposited on cathode. <ence, impure
silver will be used as anode and pure silver will be used as
cathode
2b5 Suggest a suitable electrolyte also.
/nswer& Silver chloride
2c5 $n this electrolytic cell, where do we get pure silver
after passing electric current?
/nswer& /t cathode
(uestion& :D % Why should the metal sulphides and
carbonates be converted to metal o6ides in the process of
e6traction of metal from them?
/nswer& Obtaining a metal from its o6ide is much easier
than doing that from a metal sulphide or carbonate. -ue to
thisR metal sulphides and carbonates are first converted to
metal o6ides during metallurgy.
(uestion& ;E % =enerally, when metals are treated with
mineral acids, hydrogen gas is liberated but when metals
2e6cept !n and !g5, treated with <NO:, hydrogen is not
liberated, why?
/nswer& !ost of the metals do not react with <NO:
because nitric acid is a strong o6idiIing agent. <ence,
when metals 2e6cept !n and !g5 are treated with nitric
acidR hydrogen gas is not liberated.
(uestion& ;3 % ompound G and aluminium are used to
'oin railway trac#s.
2a5 $dentify the compound G
/nswer& $ron o6ide 21e9O:5
2b5 Name the reaction
/nswer& Thermit reaction
2c5 Write down its reaction.
/nswer& 1e9O: S 9/l Y 91e S /l9O: S heat
(uestion& ;9 % When a metal G is treated with cold water,
it gives a basic salt > with molecular formula GO<
2!olecular mass H ;E5 and liberates a gas Q which easily
catches fire. $dentify G, > and Q and also write the
reaction involved.
/nswer& The salt is NaO< and its molar mass can be
calculated as follows&
Na 29:5 S O23A5 S <235 H 9: S 3A S 3 H ;E
$t is clear that G is sodium, > is sodium hydro6ide and Q is
hydrogen.
The reaction can be shown by following e"uation&
9Na S 9<9O Y 9NaO< S <9 S <eat
<ydrogen is a highly inflammable gas and hence it easily
catches fire.
(uestion& ;: % / non%metal G e6ists in two different forms
> and Q. > is the hardest natural substance, whereas Q is a
good conductor of electricity. $dentify G, > and Q.
/nswer& G is carbon, > is diamond 2the hardest natural
substance5 and Q is graphite 2a good conductor of
electricity.
(uestion& ;; % The following reaction ta#es place when
aluminium powder is heated with !nO9
:!nO9 2s5 S ; /l 2s5 Y : !n 2l5 S 9 /l9O: 2l5 S <eat
2a5 $s aluminium getting reduced?
/nswer& /luminium is getting o6idiIed.
2b5 $s !nO9 getting o6idised?
/nswer& !nO9 is getting reduced.
(uestion& ;? % What are the constituents of solder alloy?
Which property of solder ma#es it suitable for welding
electrical wires?
/nswer& Solder is an alloy of lead and tin. The low
melting point ma#es it suitable for welding electrical
wires.
(uestion& ;A % / metal /, which is used in thermite
process, when heated with o6ygen gives an o6ide ),
which is amphoteric in nature. $dentify / and ). Write
down the reactions of o6ide ) with <l and NaO<.
/nswer& / is aluminium and ) is aluminium o6ide.
*eaction of aluminium o6ide with hydrochloric acid can
be written as follows&
/l9O: S A<l Y 9/ll: S :<9O
*eaction of aluminium o6ide with sodium hydro6ide can
be written as follows&
/l9O: S 9NaO< Y 9Na/lO9 S <9O
(uestion& ;B % / metal that e6ists as a li"uid at room
temperature is obtained by heating its sulphide in the
presence of air. $dentify the metal and its ore and give the
reaction involved.
/nswer& Since the given metal e6ists as li"uid at room
temperature, hence it is mercury. innabar 2<gS5 is an ore
of mercury.
The first step of e6traction of mercury is heating cinnabar
ore in air to get mercury o6ide. /fter that, mercury o6ide
is reduced to obtain mercury. The following e"uations
show the reactions involved.
9<gS S :O9 Y 9<gO S 9SO9
9<gO Y 9<g S O9
(uestion& ;C % =ive the formulae of the stable binary
compounds that would be formed by the combination of
following pairs of elements.
2a5 !g and N9
/nswer& !agnesium nitride 2!g:N95
2b5 +i and O9
/nswer& +ithium o6ide 2+i9O5
2c5 /l and l9
/nswer& /luminium chloride 2/ll:5
2d5 P and O9
/nswer& 0otassium o6ide 2P9O5
(uestion& ;D. What happens when
2a5 QnO: is heated in the absence of o6ygen?
/nswer& When Iinc carbonate is heated in the absence of
o6ygen, Iinc o6ide and carbon dio6ide are produced.
QnO: Y QnO S O9
2b5 / mi6ture of u9O and u9S is heated?
/nswer& When a mi6ture of copper o6ide and copper
sulphide is heated, pure copper is obtained.
9u9O S u9S Y Au S SO9
(uestion&?E. / non%metal / is an important constituent of
our food and forms two o6ides ) and . O6ide ) is to6ic
whereas causes global warming
2a5 $dentify /, ) and
/nswer& The clue that causes global warming shows it
is carbon dio6ide. / is carbon, ) is carbon mono6ide and
is carbon dio6ide.
2b5 To which =roup of 0eriodic Table does / belong?
/nswer& arbon belongs to =roup 3;
Page 28
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
(uestion&?3. =ive two e6amples each of the metals that
are good conductors and poor conductors of heat
respectively.
/nswer& =ood conductors& $ron and copper
0oor conductors& +ead and mercury
(uestion&?9. Name one metal and one non%metal that e6ist
in li"uid state at room temperature. /lso name two metals
having melting point less than :3E P 2:BZ5
/nswer& !ercury 2metal5 and $odine 2non%metal5 e6ist in
li"uid state at room temperature. =allium and caesium are
metals with melting points less than :3E P.
(uestion&?:. /n element / reacts with water to form a
compound ) which is used in white washing. The
compound ) on heating forms an o6ide which on
treatment with water gives bac# ). $dentify /, ) and
and give the reactions involved.
/nswer& / is calcium, ) is calcium hydro6ide and is
calcium o6ide.
a S 9<9O Y a2O<5 9 S <9
a2O<5 9 Y aO S <9O
aO S <9O Y a2O<5 9
(uestion&?;. /n al#ali metal / gives a compound )
2molecular mass H ;E5 on reacting with water. The
compound ) gives a soluble compound on treatment
with aluminium o6ide. $dentify /, ) and and give the
reaction involved.
/nswer& lue from "uestion ;9 shows that compound ) is
sodium hydro6ide. <ence / is sodium and is sodium
aluminate.
9Na S 9<9O Y 9NaO< S <9 S <eat
/l9O: S 9NaO< Y 9Na/lO9 S <9O
(uestion&??. =ive the reaction involved during e6traction
of Iinc from its ore by
2a5 *eaction during roasting of Iinc ore
/nswer& 9QnS S :O9 Y 9QnO S 9SO9
2b5 *eaction during calcination of Iinc ore
/nswer& QnO: Y QnO S O9
(uestion&?A. / metal ! does not liberate hydrogen from
acids but reacts with o6ygen to give a blac# colour
product. $dentify ! and blac# coloured product and also
e6plain the reaction of ! with o6ygen.
/nswer& ! is copper and blac# coloured product is copper
2$$5 o6ide.
9u S O9 Y 9uO
(uestion&?B. /n element forms an o6ide /9O: which is
acidic in nature. $dentify / as a metal or non%metal.
/nswer& We #now that o6ides of non%metals are acidic in
nature and / is a non%metal.
(uestion&?C. / solution of uSO; was #ept in an iron pot.
/fter few days the iron pot was found to have a number of
holes in it. E6plain the reason in terms of reactivity. Write
the e"uation of the reaction involved.
/nswer& $ron is more reactive than copper. <ence, iron
displaced copper from copper sulphate solution. This
reaction resulted in formation of holes in the iron pot. The
following e"uation shows this reaction.
uSO; S 1e Y 1eSO; S u
(uestion&?D. / non%metal / which is the largest
constituent of air, when heated with <9 in 3&: ratio in the
presence of catalyst 21e5 gives a gas ). On heating with O9
it gives an o6ide . $f this o6ide is passed into water in the
presence of air it gives an acid - which acts as a strong
o6idising agent.
2a5 $dentify /, ), and -
/nswer& / is nitrogen 2the largest component of air5, ) is
ammonia, is nitrogen dio6ide and - is nitric acid 2a
strong o6idiIing agent5.
2b5 To which group of periodic table does this non%metal
belong?
/nswer& Nitrogen belongs to group 3?.
(uestion&AE. =ive the steps involved in the e6traction of
metals of low and medium reactivity from their respective
sulphide ores.
/nswer& E6traction of less reactive metals&
E6traction of !ercury& !ercury is a metal of low
reactivity. innabar, i.e. mercury 2$$5 sulphide is the ore of
mercury. $t is heated in air so that it is o6idiIed to produce
mercury 2$$5 o6ide. /fter that, mercury o6ide is reduced to
obtain mercury. The following reactions are involved in
this process.
E6traction of metals of medium reactivity series& The
metals in the middle of the reactivity series are also
e6tracted by roastingR followed by reduction but the
methods are somewhat different.
E6traction of Qinc& Qinc ire in the middle of the reactivity
series. $t is found in the form of Iinc blende which is Iinc
o6ide. $t is first heated in the presence of air to obtain Iinc
o6ide. This process can be shown by following e"uation.
/fter that, Iinc o6ide is reduced to obtain pure Iinc metal.
The reduction is done in the presence of carbon. This can
be shown by following e"uation.
(uestion&A3. E6plain the following
2a5 *eactivity of /l decreases if it is dipped in <NO:
/nswer& When aluminium is dipped in nitric acid a layer
of aluminium o6ide is formed on the metal. This happens
because nitric acid is a strong o6idiIing agent. The layer
of aluminium o6ide prevents further reaction of
aluminium. -ue to this, the reactivity of aluminium
decreases.
2b5 arbon cannot reduce the o6ides of Na or !g
/nswer& Sodium and magnesium have higher affinity
towards o6ygen than towards carbon because these are
Page 29
&h' 011-2(%)9222; 9818988*(%+
highly reactive metals. <ence, carbon cannot reduce the
o6ides of Na or !g.
2c5 Nal is not a conductor of electricity in solid state
whereas it does conduct electricity in a"ueous solution as
well as in molten state
/nswer& $onic compounds do not conduct electricity in
solid state but they conduct electricity in a"ueous solution
and in molten state. <ence, this property is shown by
sodium chloride.
2d5 $ron articles are galvanised.
/nswer& $ron articles are galvaniIed to prevent rusting of
iron. /fter galvaniIation, the layer of Iinc wor#s as
protective layer.
2e5 !etals li#e Na, P, a and !g are never found in their
free state in nature.
/nswer& !etalsR li#e Na, P, a and !g are highly
reactive metals and hence they are not found in their free
state in nature.
(uestion&A9. 2i5 =iven below are the steps for e6traction
of copper from its ore. Write the reaction involved.
2a5 *oasting of copper 235 sulphide
/nswer& 9u9S S :O9 Y 9u9O S 9SO9
2b5 *eduction of copper 235 o6ide with copper 235
sulphide.
/nswer& 9u9O S u9S Y Au S SO9
2c5 Electrolytic refining
/nswer& /t cathode& u
9S
S 9e
%
Y u
2ii5 -raw a neat and well labelled diagram for electrolytic
refining of copper
/nswer&
(uestion&A:. Of the three metals G, > and Q. G reacts with
cold water, > with hot water and Q with steam only.
$dentify G, > and Q and also arrange them in order of
increasing reactivity.
/nswer& G is sodium, > is magnesium and Q is iron.
Order in reactivity series& Na V !g V 1e
(uestion&A;. /n element / burns with golden flame in air.
$t reacts with another element ), atomic number 3B to give
a product . /n a"ueous solution of product on
electrolysis gives a compound - and liberates hydrogen.
$dentify /, ), and -. /lso write down the e"uations for
the reactions involved.
/nswer& / is sodium 2burns with golden flame5, ) is
chlorine 2atomic number B5, is sodium chloride and - is
sodium hydro6ide.
When sodium reacts with chlorine, it gives sodium
chloride.
Na S l Y Nal
Electrolysis of sodium chloride gives sodium hydro6ide.
9Nal S 9<9O Y 9NaO< S l9 S <9
(uestion&A?. Two ores / and ) were ta#en. On heatingR
ore / gives O9 whereas, ore ) gives SO9. What steps will
you ta#e to convert them into metals?
/nswer& arbon dio6ide is evolved when a carbonate ore
is heated. / carbonate ore should be sub'ected to
calcinations which will give metal o6ide. 1or e6ampleR
Iinc carbonate should be sub'ected to calcinations to get
Iinc o6ide.
QnO: Y QnO S O9
When a sulphide ore is heated, it produces sulphur
dio6ide. This ore should be roasted to obtain metal o6ide.
1or e6ampleR Iinc sulphide should be roaster to obtain
Iinc o6ide.
9QnS S :O9 Y 9QnO S 9SO9
/fter any of the above steps, Iinc o6ide should be reduced
to obtain Iinc.
QnO S Y Qn S O
Page 30

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