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Chapter 3
UNIT 5
Section 3.1
Section 3.2
Section 3.3
Section 3.4
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
Slide 2
Introduction to Newtons Second Law of Motion
In the previous chapter 2, we concentrated on situations in
which the net force acting on an object is zero. When a
nonzero net force acts on an object, the velocity changes.
Newtons second law of motion (presented in Section 3.3)
tells us how the net force and the objects mass determine the
change in velocity.
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
Slide 3
To describe the location of something, we give its distance
from the origin and the direction. These two quantities,
direction and distance, together constitute a vector quantity
called the position of the object (symbol ).
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
Slide 4
Displacement and the Subtraction of Vectors
Displacement is defined as the
change of the position vector
the final position vector minus
the initial position vector.
Displacement is written .
The symbol means the change in the quantity that follows.
position initial =
o
x
r
position final = x
r
nt displaceme = =
o
x x x
r r r
Displacement is a vector quantity.
m 0 . 2 =
o
x
r
m 0 . 7 = x
r
m 0 . 5 = x
r
m 0 . 5 m 2.0 m 7.0 = = =
o
x x x
r r r
Example 3.2
Slide 7
In a trip from Killarney to Cork, Charlotte and Shona drive
27 west of south for 18 km to Kenmare, then directly south
for 17 km to Glengariff, then 13 north of east for 48 km to
Cork.
What are the magnitude and direction of the displacement
vector for the entire trip?
Example 3.2
Slide 8
REASONING AND STRATEGY
The magnitude of the displacement vector is calculated from

where

and

And the direction is calculated from

And the angle is measured relative to the horizontal or x-axis

Example 3.2
Slide 9
Solution
Example 3.2
Slide 10
Solution
Example 3.2
Slide 11
Solution
Speed and Velocity
Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time
required to cover the distance.
time Elapsed
Distance
speed Average =
SI units for speed: meters per second (m/s)
and speed is a scalar quantity.
Average velocity is the displacement divided by the elapsed
time.
time Elapsed
nt Displaceme
velocity Average =
t t t
o
o

=
x x x
v
r r r
r
Speed and Velocity
Slide 14
Average Speed Versus Average Velocity
The direction of the average
velocity is the same as the direction
of the displacement vector .
The average velocity would be
the same for any other path that
takes the butterfly from a to e in
the same amount of time t,
because both the displacement
and the time interval would be the same. However, the
average speed would depend on the total distance traveled.
Speed and Velocity
The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast
an object moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.
t
t

=

x
v
r
r
0
lim
Velocity
Slide 16
Graphical Relationships Between Position and Velocity
Velocity
Slide 17
Velocity
Example
Andy Green in the car ThrustSSC set a world record of 341.1 m/s in 1997.
To establish such a record, the driver makes two runs through the course,
one in each direction, to nullify wind effects. From the data, calculate the
average velocity for each run.
Velocity
s m 5 . 339
s 4.740
m 1609
+ =
+
=

=
t
x
v
r
r
s m 7 . 342
s 4.695
m 1609
=

=
t
x
v
r
r
Example 3.4
Slide 19
Use the figure to estimate the velocity of the train in km/h at
t = 40 min.
Example 3.4
Slide 20
Solution
VELOCITY
Slide 21
Finding Displacement with Constant Velocity
The displacement is the
area under the curve.
ACCELERATION AND NEWTONS SECOND
LAW OF MOTION
Slide 22
The Effect of a Nonzero Net Force Acting on an Object
When a nonzero net force acts on an object, Newtons
second law says that the rate of change of the velocity is
proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to
the mass of the object:

The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in velocity is
combined with the time during which the change occurs.
ACCELERATION
t t t
o
o

=
v v v
a
r r r
r
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Average Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity changes
Example 3 Acceleration and Increasing Velocity
Determine the average acceleration of the plane.
s m 0 =
o
v
r
h km 260 = v
r
s 0 =
o
t
s 29 = t
s
h km
0 . 9
s 0 s 29
h km 0 h km 260
+ =

=
o
o
t t
v v
a
r r
r
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
Acceleration and increasing velocity
Acceleration and Decreasing
Velocity
2
s m 0 . 5
s 9 s 12
s m 28 s m 13
=

=
o
o
t t
v v
a
r r
r
ACCELERATION
Whenever the acceleration
and velocity vectors have
opposite directions, the object
slows down and is said to be
deccelerating.
Slide 27
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
First we define the average acceleration during a time
interval t:
ACCELERATION
Slide 28
Definition of instantaneous acceleration:
Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
2
s m 6
s 2
s m 12
Slope + =
+
=

=
t
v
Example 3.6
Slide 31
An inline skater is traveling on a level road with a speed of
8.94 m/s; 120.0 s later she is climbing a hill with a 15.0
angle of incline at a speed of 7.15 m/s.
(a) What is the change in her velocity?
(b) What is her average acceleration during the 120.0-s time
interval?
Example 3.6
Slide 32
Strategy
The change in velocity is not 1.79 m/s (=8.94 m/s7.15m/s).
That is the change in speed.
The change in velocity is found by subtracting the initial
velocity vector from the final velocity vector.
Example 3.6
Slide 33
Solution
(a)
Example 3.6
Slide 34
Solution
(a)
Example 3.6
Slide 35
Solution
(b)
Slide 36
Graphical Relationships Between Velocity and
Acceleration
a
x
is the slope on a graph of v
x
(t), and v
x
is the area under
a graph of a
x
(t).
Newtons Second Law
Slide 37
The SI units of acceleration are (m/s)/s = m/s
2
.
The SI unit of force, the newton, is defined so that a net
force of 1 N gives a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s
2
:
1 N = 1 kgm/s
2
NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Slide 38
What Is Mass?
Newtons second law says that the acceleration
is inversely proportional
to the objects mass.
The same net force
acting on two different
objects causes a smaller acceleration on the object with
greater mass. Mass is a measure of an objects inertiathe
amount of resistance to changes in velocity. Newtons
second law serves as our definition of mass.
Problem-Solving Strategy for Newtons Laws
Slide 39
Decide what objects (or systems of objects) will have
Newtons second law applied to them.
Identify all the external forces acting on each object.
Use Newtons third law to relate the magnitudes and
directions of interaction partners.
Draw an FBD for each object to show all the forces
acting on the object.
Choose a coordinate system. If the direction of the net
force is known, choose axes so that the net force (and
the acceleration) are along one of the axes.
Problem-Solving Strategy for Newtons Laws
Slide 40
Find the net force by adding the forces as vectors.
Use Newtons second law to relate the net force to the
acceleration.
Relate the acceleration to the change in the velocity
vector during a time interval of interest.
3.4
APPLYING NEWTONS LAWS
Slide 41
Connected Objects
Sometimes two or more objects are constrained to have the
same acceleration by the way they are connected.
In Example 3.10, we look at a train engine pulling five
freight cars. The couplings maintain a fixed distance
between the cars, so at any instant the cars move with the
same velocity; if they didnt, the distance between them
would change.
The velocities dont have to be constant, they just have to
change in exactly the same way, which implies that the
accelerations must also be the same at any instant.
3.8
Slide 42
The wheels fall off Beatrices suitcase, so she ties a rope to it
and drags it along the floor of the airport terminal. The rope
makes a 40.0 angle with the horizontal. The suitcase has a
mass of 36.0 kg and Beatrice pulls on the rope with a force
of 65.0 N.
3.8
Slide 43
(a) What is the magnitude of the normal force acting on the
suitcase due to the floor?
(b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the suitcase
and the marble floor is
k
= 0.13, find the frictional force
acting on the suitcase.
(c) What is the acceleration of the suitcase while Beatrice
pulls with a 65.0 N force at 40.0 ?
(d) Starting from rest, for how long a time must she pull with
this force until the suitcase reaches a comfortable
walking speed of 0.5 m/s?
3.8
Slide 44
Solution
(a)
3.8
Slide 45
Solution
(b)
(c)
The acceleration is 0.3 m/s
2
in the +x-direction.
(d)
3.9
Slide 46
A brick of mass 1.0 kg slides down
an icy roof inclined at 30.0 with
respect to the horizontal.
If the brick starts from rest, how fast
is it moving when it reaches the
edge of the roof 0.90 s later? Ignore
friction.
3.9
Slide 47
Strategy
3.9
Slide 48
Solution
The brick is moving at 4.4 m/s down the 30.0 roof.
3.10
Slide 49
A train engine pulls out of a station along a straight
horizontal track with five identical freight cars behind it, each
of which weighs 90.0 kN. The train reaches a speed of 15.0
m/s within 5.00 min of starting out.
Assuming the engine pulls with a constant force during this
interval, with what magnitude of force does the coupling
between cars pull forward on the first and last of the freight
cars?
Ignore air resistance and friction on the freight cars.
3.10
Slide 50
Strategy
3.10
Slide 51
Solution
3.10
Slide 52
Solution
3.11
Slide 53
In Fig. 3.39 , two blocks are connected by an ideal cord that
does not stretch; the cord passes over an ideal pulley.
If the masses are m
1
= 26.0 kg and m
2
= 42.0 kg, what are
the accelerations of each block and the tension in the cord?
3.11
Slide 54
Strategy
3.11
Slide 55
Solution
3.11
Slide 56
Solution
Two different boxes of masses M = 125 kg and m = 45 kg are sliding
down a rough surface inclined = 35, as shown in the figure below. If
the coefficients of kinetic friction between the big and small boxes and
the inclined surface are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively, calculate the
acceleration of the two boxes and the contact force between them.
Additional examples - A
Two objects with mass m
1
= 3 kg and m
2
= 2 kg are connected by a
massless string that runs over an ideal pulley moves on two frictionless
surfaces, as shown in the figure below. The inclined surface at the left is
tilted at an angle
1
= 45 with respect to the horizontal, and surface at
the right at
2
= 60. Calculate the:
(i) Magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects, and
(ii) Magnitude of the tension on the string.
Additional examples - B