CHEM 121 INTEGRATED RESOURCE PACKAGE

Chapter 2 Exercises Answers

1


Page
#
Exercise
#
Answer
9 1

10 1
H atomic radius is:

37 . 0
2
74 . 0


C atomic radius = (CH bond distance) (H atomic radius)
=

= 73 . 0 37 . 0 10 . 1

13 1 a) Although S and S
2-
have the same estimated value for Z
eff
= Z
S = 16 10 = +6, this simple approximation of Zeff neglects the
repulsion of electrons within the valence shell (which can be
viewed as partially screening one another from the nucleus
see table on page 2-9). Thus, the actual Zeff acting on the
electrons in the outer shell is greater in S than in neutral S
2-

Therefore, the radius of S is smaller.

In general terms: The nuclear charge is the same in S and S
2-
,
but there are two more electrons in S
2-
. Therefore, there is more
electron electron repulsion in the anion and the size of the
anion is greater.

b) Na
+
has one less electron, but the same nuclear charge Z.
Therefore there is less electron electron repulsion and
electrons are held more tightly in Na
+
than in Na. In addition, the
effective nuclear charge acting on the outer shell electrons in
Na
+
is about +9 and that acting on the outer shell electron in
neutral Na is about + 1. Thus, the radius of Na
+
is smaller than
that of Na.

13 2 F < N < B < Li < Rb


CHEM 121 INTEGRATED RESOURCE PACKAGE
Chapter 2 Exercises Answers
2

15 1 You can rationalize this observation using Coulombs law:
r
q q
E
+
:
When a neutral atom of Be is ionized, the electron is separated
from a singly charged cation:

Be(g) Be
+
(g) + e
-


IE1 is thus the energy required to separate two charges of
magnitude 1.

When Be
+
is ionized, the electron is separated from a doubly
charged cation:

Be
+
(g) Be
2+
(g) + e
-


IE2 is thus the energy required to separate a charge of
magnitude +2 and a charge of magnitude -1. Therefore, IE2 is
about twice as big as IE1.

15 2 Using Coulombs law to compare IE2 and IE3:
When Be
2+
is ionized, the electron is separated from a triply
charged ion:

Be
2+
(g) Be
3+
(g) + e
-


IE3 is thus the energy required to separate a charge of
magnitude +3 and a charge of magnitude -1. Therefore, one
would expect IE3 to be the factor 3 bigger than IE1. However, as
we can see, IE3 is greater than IE1 by the factor 16.5. This is
because the third electron is removed from the first electron
shell, which is much closer to the nucleus than the valence shell
of Be and Be
+
. The fact that IE3 of Be is 16.5 greater than IE2, as
opposed to 3 times greater, is an experimental evidence of the
shell structure of atoms.

15 3 Ca < Mg < S < Cl

16 1 Oxygen


CHEM 121 INTEGRATED RESOURCE PACKAGE
Chapter 2 Exercises Answers
3

19 1 a)

b)

c)

d)


23 1 a)

b)

c)


23 2