University of Toronto Aeronautics Team

Aerodynamics Workshop
Date September 18, 2013
Speaker Ashis Ghosh
Aerodynamics Lead
Rocketry Division
ashisghosh@live.com
Venue GB303
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Aerodynamics Workshop
Outline
Introduction
Fluid Flow
Lift
Drag
CFD
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INTRODUCTION
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Forces on a Plane
Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
4
Plane Manoeuvres
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
FLUID FLOW
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Fluid Flow
Aerodynamics ! The study of air in motion

We study a variety of fluids under different types of flow regimes:
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Reynolds Number
! Ratio of a fluids inertial forces to its viscosity
! Depends on the properties of the fluid as well as the
body it is flowing in relation to

hup://www.youLube.com/waLch?v=xCLl2keulCg
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Laminar Turbulent
Smooth motion
Streamlines
No apparent randomness
Easily modeled
Stochastic and disorderly
Non-smooth streamlines
Difficult to model
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Viscosity
Approximate Viscosities of Common
Materials
(At Room Temperature-70F) *
Material
Viscosity in
Centipoise
Water 1 cps
Milk 3 cps
SAE 10 Motor Oil 85-140 cps
SAE 20 Motor Oil 140-420 cps
SAE 30 Motor Oil 420-650 cps
SAE 40 Motor Oil 650-900 cps
Castrol Oil 1,000 cps
Karo Syrup 5,000 cps
Honey 10,000 cps
Chocolate 25,000 cps
Ketchup 50,000 cps
Mustard 70,000 cps
Sour Cream 100,000 cps
Peanut Butter 250,000 cps
Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to gradual deformation by shear
stress
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Steady vs. Transient
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Steady Transient
Does not change with time Changes with time

Turbulent flow around a cylinder

Turbulent flow around a cylinder
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Steady vs. Transient
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Steady Transient
Does not change with time Changes with time

Turbulent flow around a cylinder

Turbulent flow around a cylinder
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Steady vs. Transient
Frame of Reference
Plane moving through the air?
From your perspective on the ground Transient
From the perspective of the plane - Steady
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Steady Transient
Does not change with time Changes with time

Turbulent flow around a cylinder

Turbulent flow around a cylinder
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible vs.
Compressible
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible
vs. Compressible
Compressible vs. Incompressible
! The level of compressibility can be characterized by the
Mach number
! M = 0 => Fluid is incompressible
! M <~ 0.3 => fluid can be approximated to be
incompressible
! UTAT planes (M ~ 0.05) ! incompressible flow
! UTAT rocket (M ~ 0.8-0.9) ! compressible flow
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Air CAN be physically compressed
but it is not BEING compressed if its stagnant
a condition that we call incompressible.
Mach Stages
Regime Mach
Subsonic <0.8
Transonic 0.8-1.2
Supersonic 1.25.0
! M = V/a
! V = Fluid speed
! a = Speed of sound within flow
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
" Compressed air around
the bullet
" Formation of a shock
wave
Fluid Regimes
Laminar vs.
Turbulent
Viscosity
Steady vs.
Transient
Incompressible
vs. Compressible
LIFT
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2D analogue of a wing (or a wing of infinite span)
Airfoil
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Angle of
Attack
Chord
Aerodynamic Forces
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Most amount of lift
Special type for
tailless planes
No lift at zero
angle of attack
Different types of airfoils
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Bernoullis Principle
Pressure has an inverse relationship with velocity
Conservation of Mass
Mass going in = Mass going out

Fundamental Theories
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
! Lift affected by:
! Difference in pressure above and below the body
Lift Generation
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Apply Bernoullis Principle and Conservation of Mass
! Two simple theories:
! Path Line Theory
! Newtonian Theory

! The actual cause: the shape of the airfoil and the angle of attack generate
difference in pressure from the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil
Lift Generation
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
DRAG
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Drag
Drag Equation:
Where:
"#$! &'() *+',-
. ! /(00 &-10234 +* 35- *672&
8 ! 9-6+,234 +* 35- +:;-,3 '-6(329- 3+ 35- *672&
< ! '-*-'-1,- ('-(

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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
=#>!$ ?#>@A BC$D
E#$! &'() ,+-**2,2-13
A number that describes the effect of drag forces on the shape
Types of Drag
Drag
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
Skin Friction
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Types of Drag
Shape and
flow
Form
Drag
Skin
friction
0% 100%
~10% ~90%
~90% ~10%
100% 0%
Drag
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
Skin
Friction
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Types of Drag
Due to hydrostatic pressure
blunt body vs. stream-lined body
Induced drag: in potential theory, this can be
understood as the drag produced from lift
Interference drag: due to eddies produced
when two surfaces are joined together; worse
when the joint is a sharp corner.
E.g. joint between wing and fuselage
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Types of Drag
Pressure drag
Force = Pressure x Area
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Types of Drag
Separation drag
Flow separates due to an adverse pressure
gradient
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation
drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
The low pressure behind the body pulls it back
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation
drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
Types of Drag
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Separation drag
Flow separates due to an adverse pressure
gradient
The low pressure behind the body pulls it back
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation
drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
Types of Drag
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
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Separation drag
Flow separates due to an adverse pressure
gradient
The low pressure behind the body pulls it back
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference drag
Types of Drag
Induced drag
A component of the lift force will contribute
to the drag
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Form Drag
Pressure drag
Separation drag
Induced drag
Interference
drag
Types of Drag
Interference drag
due to eddies produced when two surfaces are
joined together
Worse when the joint is a sharp corner
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Skin Friction
(Viscous) Drag
Types of Drag
Skin friction (viscous) drag
due to shear stresses from the viscosity of the
fluid
Turbulent flow leads to higher skin friction
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS
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Tools
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Intro | Fluid Flow | Lift | Drag | CFD
Thanks!
Questions?
Email: contact@utat.skule.ca
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