MA 1505 Mathematics I

Tutorial 1 Solutions
1. Note that (g f)(x) =
_
|3
6
x
| and (f g)(x) =
6

|3x|
.
2. (a) y =
ax + b
cx + d
, y

=
a(cx + d) c(ax + b)
(cx + d)
2
=
ad bc
(cx + d)
2
(use quotient rule)
(b) y = sin
n
xcos mx, y

= nsin
n1
xcos xcos mx msin
n
xsin mx
(use product rule and chain rule)
(c) y = e
x
2
+x
3
y

= e
x
2
+x
3
(2x + 3x
2
) (use chain rule)
(d) y = x
3
4(x
2
+ e
2
+ ln 2) , y

= 3x
2
8x (note that e
2
and ln 2 are constants)
Similarly, we nd the derivatives in (e) - (h).
(e) 2 sin (cos 1)
2
(use quotient and chain rule)
(f)

t sec
2
(2

t) + tan(2

t) (use product and chain rule)

(g)
2

+1+1
2

+1
cos( +

+ 1) (use chain rule)

(h) 4 tan xsec x csc
2
x (use quotient rule)
3. Let V
c
(t) be the volume of coee in the cone at time t and V
p
(t) be the volume of coee in
the pot at time t.
Note that the rate of volume change in the cone
dV
c
dt
is equal the rate of volume change in
the pot
dV
p
dt
.
Let h
c
(t) be the level of coee in the cone at time t and h
p
(t) be the level of coee in the pot
at time t.
(a) V
p
= base area h
p
= 9h
p
.
dV
p
dt
= 9
dh
p
dt
10 = 9
dh
p
dt

dh
p
dt
=
10
9
MA1505 Tutorial 1 Solutions
(b) V
c
=
1
3
base area h
c
=
1
3
r
2
h
c
=
1
3
(
h
c
2
)
2
h
c
=
h
3
c
12
.
Note that the base radius r of the cone is half that of the height h
c
.
dV
c
dt
=
h
2
c
4
dh
c
dt
10 =
5
2
4
dh
c
dt

dh
c
dt
=
8
5
4. (a) x
2/3
+ y
2/3
= a
2/3
. Dierentiating the equality we get
2
3
x
1/3
+
2
3
y
1/3
dy
dx
= 0.
Since 0 < x < a and 0 < y, we have
dy
dx
=
y
1/3
x
1/3
=
_
a
2/3
x
2/3
x
1/3
=
_
(
a
x
)
2/3
1;
d
2
y
dx
2
=
1
2
1
_
(
a
x
)
2/3
1
(
2
3
)a
2/3
x
5/3
=
a
2/3
3x
5/3
_
(
a
x
)
2/3
1
=
a
2/3
3x
4/3
_
a
2/3
x
2/3
.
(b) y = (sin x)
sin x
, 0 < x <

2
, so sin x > 0.
ln y = sin xln sin x,
y

y
= cos xln sin x + cos x, y

= y(1 + ln sin x) cos x,

y

= y

(1 + ln sin x) cos x + y
_
(1 + ln sin x)(sin x) +
cos
2
x
sin x
_
= y(1 + ln sin x)
2
cos
2
x + y
_
cos
2
x
sin x
(1 + ln sin x) sin x
_
.
Hence
y

= (sin x)
sin x
(1 + ln sin x) cos x,
y

= (sin x)
sin x
_
(1 + ln sin x)
2
cos
2
x +
cos
2
x
sin x
(1 + ln sin x) sin x
_
.
(c) x = a cos t, y = a sin t.
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dx
dt
=
a cos t
a sin t
= cot t,
d
2
y
dx
2
=
d
dx
(
dy
dx
) =
d
dt
(
dy
dx
)
dx
dt
=
d
dt
(cot t)
dx
dt
=
1
sin
2
t
a sin t
=
1
a sin
3
t
.
2
MA1505 Tutorial 1 Solutions
5. (a) y =
x + 1
x
2
+ 1
, x [3, 3].
y

=
2 (x + 1)
2
(x
2
+ 1)
2
and y

= 0 if x = 1

2.
So critical points are x = 1

2 and endpoints are x = 3.

y

_
< 0 if 3 x < 1

2,
= 0 if x = 1

2,
> 0 if 1

2 < x < 1 +

2,
= 0 if x = 1 +

2,
< 0 if 1 +

2 < x 3.
Hence y is decreasing in [3, 1

2), increasing in (1

2, 1 +

2), and decreasing in

(1 +

2, 3].
So local min is:
y(1

2) =
1
2(

2 + 1)
, y(3) =
2
5
and local max is:
y(1 +

2) =
1
2(

2 1)
, y(3) =
1
5
.
Since

1
2(

2 + 1)
<
1
5
<
2
5
<
1
2(

2 1)
,
so absolute min. is min
x[3,3]
y =
1
2(

2 + 1)
at x = 1

2
and absolute max. is max
x[3,3]
y =
1
2(

2 1)
at x = 1 +

2.
(b) y = (x 1)
3

x
2
, x (, ).
y

= x
2/3
+
2
3
(x 1)x
1/3
=
5x 2
3x
1/3
and y

= 0 if x =
2
5
.
Note that y

does not exist at x = 0.

So the critical points are x = 0 and x =
2
5
.
y

_
> 0 if x < 0,
does not exist if x = 0,
< 0 if 0 < x <
2
5
,
= 0 if x =
2
5
,
> 0 if x >
2
5
.
Hence y is increasing in (, 0), decreasing in (0,
2
5
), and increasing in (
2
5
, ).
So local max. is y(0) = 0
3
MA1505 Tutorial 1 Solutions
and local min. is y(
2
5
) =
3
5
(
2
5
)
2/3
.
Since lim
x
y = , lim
x
y = , so there is no absolute extremes.
6. Let x be the distance between B and C. Suppose the energy that it takes to y over land is
1 unit per km, then it will take 1.4 unit per km to y over water.
The total energy is given by the function
f(x) = 1.4
_
5
2
+ x
2
+ (13 x).
Then
f

(x) =
1.4x

5
2
+ x
2

5
2
+ x
2
.
Solving f

(x) = 0, we have x = 5.103 and the First Derivative Test shows that this point is
an absolute minimum.
7. We have OB = 2a cos . (See the diagram on the next page for illustration.)
The coordinates of A are x = OAcos a and y = OAsin . Substitute this into the equation
of E, we obtain
(OA)
2
cos
2
2a(OA) cos +a
2
a
2
+
(OA)
2
sin
2

b
2
= 1. From this we can solve for OA and after some
simplication we obtain
OA =
2ab
2
cos
b
2
cos
2
+a
2
sin
2

.
Let r = AB = OB OA = 2a cos
2ab
2
cos
b
2
cos
2
+a
2
sin
2

.
Recall that e, the eccentricity of the ellipse E, is dened by b
2
= a
2
_
1 e
2
_
. Note that
o < e < 1.
We have r = 2a cos
2a(1e
2
) cos
(1e
2
) cos
2
+sin
2

. After some simplication, we obtain

r =
2ae
2
cos sin
2

1e
2
cos
2

.
Dierentiation this (using the quotient rule) with respect to , we obtain
dr
d
=
[2ae
2
sin
3
+4ae
2
cos
2
sin ][1e
2
cos
2
][2e
2
cos sin ][2ae
2
cos sin
2
]
(1e
2
cos
2
)
2
.
Setting
dr
d
= 0, we have, for the open interval 0 < <

2
,
_
2ae
2
sin
3
+ 4ae
2
cos
2
sin
_
1 e
2
cos
2

=
_
2e
2
cos sin
_
2ae
2
cos sin
2

_
sin
2
+ 2 cos
2

_
1 e
2
cos
2

= 2e
2
cos
2
sin
2

_
1 + 3 cos
2

_
1 e
2
cos
2

= 2e
2
cos
2
2e
2
cos
4

4
MA1505 Tutorial 1 Solutions
e
2
cos
4

_
3 e
2
_
cos
2
+ 1 = 0.
Note that the product of roots of this equation (considered as a quadratic equation in terms
of cos
2
) is equal to
1
e
2
which is bigger than 1 (recall that for this question, the eccentricity
e is positive and less than 1).
Since | cos | 1, therefore we reject the larger root and take the smaller root which gives us
cos
2
=
3e
2

910e
2
+e
4
2e
2
.
We nally obtain = cos
1
__
3e
2

(9e
2
)(1e
2
)
2e
2
_
as the only critical point in the open
interval 0 < <

2
.
Clearly, at both end points = 0 and =

2
the value of r is zero and at the critical point
the value of r is positive.
Therefore, the value of r reaches its maximum value at the critical point.
5