UN IVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
VBB4413.OCEAN AND COASTAL ENGINEERING
03 JANUARY 2014 (FR|DAY)
9.00 AM
-
12.00 NOON (3 hours)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.
2.
3,
4.

Answer ALL questions

in the Answer Booklet.
Begin EACH answer on a new page
lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.
where applicab[e, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and
indicate ALL assumptions, if any.
Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.
Note : There are SIXTEEN (16) pages in this Question Booklet
including the cover page and Appendices.
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
PETRONAS
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEPTEMBER 2013 SEMESTER
1.
VBB 4413
a. Elaborate how mangrove forest can reduce wave impact to the
coastal area and explain why a sufficient mangrove width is important
to ensure a sustainable protective
buffer zone.
[5
marks]
b. TABLE
Q1 shows wave statistics near ABC lsland. The statistics
given
is analyzed from half-hourly data based on 20-min wave
record. For several offshore operations, the significant wave heights
(r1r) should not exceed 2 m. How many hours of down-time in a year
are to be expected at this location?
[6
marks]
TABLE Q1
H"
lml
Observation H.
[m]
Observation
0.0
-
0.5
0.5
-
1.0
1.0
-
1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0
-
2.5
3812
5932
3117
1784
812
2.5
-
3.0
3.0
-
3.5
3.5
-
4.0
4.0
-
4.5
>
4.5
304
108
53
13
7
Total observations
=
15942
Explain the negative impact that can be potentiaily
caused by
dredging work (sand
mining) in the nearshore zone.
[4
marks]
vBB 4413
d. consider a wave train of 6 s period
and 2 m height approaching a
breakwater head at an angle (g) of 60" as shown in FIGURE el. The
water depth in the lee side of the breakwater is 10 m. Determine the
wave height in the lee side of the breakwater at point A if it is located
at an angle (p) of 30" and 100 m (r) from the breakwater head.
[5
marks]
FIGURE
QI
2.
VBB 4413
a. TABLE
Q2 shows a time series wave data arranged in descending
order. Determine Hr*, Tr*, Hr, Hr^ and Hr.
[5
marks]
TABLE
Q2
Wave height, H (m)
Wave period,
Z (s)
4.55
3.89
3.75
3.65
3.44
3.44
3.26
3.18
2.86
2.79
2.45
2.32
2.15
1.95
1.95
1.92
1.75
1.58
1.46
1.35
1.22
8.9
o
8.0
9.3
8.5
8.4
10.5
10.8
8.4
7.5
8.4
7.2
6.5
7.9
8.6
9.5
8.1
7.6
7.4
7.2
8.1
4
vBB 4413
b. A deepwater oscillatory wave wth a height of 2 m and a period of
g
s
moves shoreward with its crest parallel
to the depth contours.
Do you expect the wave refraction: at a water depth of
2 n? Why?
[1
mark]
waveina2m
[4
marks]
il Calculate the celerity a,nd height of the
water depth.
c, How does sign'ifieant tidal fluctuation or tdal range influence the
water quality
in a semi enclosed lagoon?
[5
marks]
d. lllustrate the design process
to derive the appropriate platform
level
of a
jetty
deck. Make necessary assumptions and provide
a relevant
sketch.
5
3.
VBB 4413
a. A coastal town in the Mediterranean s well known with almost
negligble tidal range whereas
port
Klang, selangor is generally
experiencing a maximum tidal range of about 6 m. How will you
choose between the two locations for a proposed
marina project?
Give the basis of your comparison a,nd concerns.
[5
marks]
b. Propose how the information on tidal fluctuation or tidal range can be
crucally important to navigators heading for shallow ports.
provide
a
sketch to illustrate.
[5
marks]
A 75 m long fishermen jetty
with a 20 mjetty head was constructed
along Terengganu coastline facing the south china sea. A singre
150 m long offshore breakwater was also buirt about 17s m seawards
of the
jetty
head to shelter the
jetty
from waves. After two monsoons,
a substantial pile
of sand accumulated from the shoreline extending
towards the lee side of the breakwater which covers most portion of
the
jetty,
including the
jetty
head. Elaborate the coastal processes
involved and mechanism(s) responsible for this shoreline response.
Use sketch to illustrate.
[5
marks]
d. A beach nourishment was earlier designed using a given
significant
breaking wave height of 2 m. The new beach was supposed to last
for two years
before subsequent maintenance cycle. However, it was
eventually found out that the significant breaking wave height to be
now I m. How long the nourished beach can potentially
survive?
[5
marks]
6
cr. 4.
vBB 4413
FIGURE
Q4 shows three locations (4, B and c) arong a coasfline in
northeast on Peninsular Malaysia together with a general
nearshore
wave rose for the area. Qualitatively compare the potential
relative
net longshore transport between the three locations.
[5
marks]
FIGURE
Q4
b. A favourite sandy tourist beach is currently eroding. A contractor is
employed to carry out the beach nourishment. Three potential sand
source areas were identified with each having median sediment grain
size of 0.1 mm, 0.6 mm and 1 .2 mm, respectively. The median grain
size (d5
of the native beach material is 0.s mm. Evaruate the
feasibility of each poterrtial
source and recommend the most
acceptable option. Assume all sand source areas are having the
same distance from the project
site and similar construction cost.
3Z
r F)
|l^hu
E -il
I tt-!
@ [.t
I Gr -t
Ekti
[5
marks]
VBB 4413
c. A newly developed seafront development is protected
by revetment.
However, during severe storms, the revetment was observed to
experience significant overtopping. This has caused serious impact
to the permanent property
immediately behind the revetment.
Propose THREE (3) possible
measures that can be implemented to
reduce this inconvenience.
provide
a sketch to illustrate.
[6
marks]
d. A series of groyne
system is consdered to be one of the promising
mitigation measures against coastar erosion. suggest rwo (2) key
elements that willjustiff and ensure a successful implementation of a
particufar
scheme.
[4
marks]
8
5.
VBB 4413
The head section of a pair
of breakwaters for a minor port is planned
at an average water depth of 10 m. Record shows that the maximum
deep water wave height within that region is about 4 m. The head of
a rubble-mound
breakwater is to be constructed with a face slope of
1v:2H. The breakwater is to be designed for minor overtopping.
i. Propose the maximum wave height that can be conservatively
used for the preliminary
design of the breakwater head and
justify
your rationale. Assume straght and parallel
contours.
[2
marks]
ii. lf retrapod are to be used as the armour unit, determine the
minimum median weight required. Use relative density,
S
=
2.4.
[2,
marks]
iii. The capacity of the available plant
or machinery in handring
the armour unit at site is limited to not more than 10 tonnes.
Determine whether it is practically
feasible to handre the
required size of rough angular quarry
stones if they are used
as the armour unit (relative density, S
=
2.65).
[2
marks]
iv. lllustrate with a sketch a typical cross-section of a quarry
stone
rubble-mound breakwater showing the pertinent
components
of the structure.
[2
marks]
VBB 4413
b. Elaborate TWO (2) scenarios where the use of floating breakwaters
will not be effective as compared to conventional rubble-mound
breakwater.
[4
marks]
A head section of a pair
of offshore detached breakwaters s to be
constructed at a water depth of 12 m. lf quarry
stones are to be used
as the armour layer, it is estimated that this will require armour un,it
with median size of 35 to s0 tonnes. The nearest granite quarry,
approximately 300 km away, is able to produce
a maximum rock size
with average diameter of 1.2 m. Appraise the feasibility of such
breakwater construction and highlight rwo (2) potential
concerns in
such situation.
[4
marks]
compare the main design functions between offshore breakwaters
and groyne
series. Provide relevant sketches to illustrate.
[4
marks]
-END OF PAPER-
d.
10
VBB 4413
APPENDIX I
Surnntary of Linear
{Airy)
Wave Theory (Small Arnplitude Ylfave Theorr)
-
Wave Gharacterstics/Relatonsh ip
Note: q=aoos(lx-or)
o=4
*=
c-_2n
2TT)
Relative Depfr
Shallor Water
t.L
L20
k<L
IO
Trarstional-lilator
I
<
d< I
20L2
L.M.E
lo2
Deep'lVater
drl
LZ
*>
I
2
1- W'aveprofite
Same.ds >
'
2
LL
l 2----
<Same A
2. lavccelerity
C:+=,/E
c-L=t"nnfhd
T 278
\L)
c=c^=L
=gT
'f2tc
3. \r/vdryth
L=?l=aT
L=#'"*{#J
L=L+-#-CoT
4. Group vcJ,slty
Cr=C=tffi
Cu=4(=J-
. MlL
l-r-
srlJn(4ttdlL)
C -
ln
-
ET
sZ4tr
5- Waterparficle
vclocir
(*) Horr-aontal
(blYcrribal
u=Ed*.t
*=+[r]
"i,,o
o
=
$"(T)"o"*
tz^'l
*
=
# "17/sine
.'=
+
'fi
**'
a= *
-zH(+J'(,*) cos I
/.r-l
al

I
sin
1z-l
.
\Tl
co,
g
,
E= -#rlB-*'
(=Ell*l
"o"e
-
2\ dl
las\
E = -+
"lT/
"o
s
t =
l*ff)"o,,
P
=
Pc(r-z)
p --Psfrw-rr"
lz*\
p
=
pgtt
"\Tl
-ps'
11
VBB 4413
APPENDIX lla
ltlo rl ralL
ffi iH Pr
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12
VBB 4413
a{ai. {
APPENDIX IIb
dlL sf d. f${H [t cost aJfi rrd/
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tit.
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13
VBB 4413
APPENDIX III
Diffracton coefficients, K, s a function of ineident wave angle, o, and
p-osition, r/L and
B {from
Wiegel, 1962)
a
=15.
tgt.i rn
t
t
0J9 t.00
1.00 1.00
t.00 t.00
t-0c . t-oo
t.00 t.00
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r.or
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l]lr
0.:.E
0.12 0.16 0,12 0.52 0.6t
0:r
o"zJ 0.2E 0J4 0.44 0.59
o.t4 o"tt a.?0 0.2 aJ7 oJ6
0.09 0.t 0.J 0.t? 0J8 0.t4
0.? o-ot
qo9
o.t] 0: 0.JJ
112 0:,r O.
t o.tt o-t?
2. o-r2 0.1:
t 0.01 0.07
. l
(LoJ
0.06
0,?6
0-78
0.El
r.00
l.J2
o2s
olr
0-t.l
0-0t
t06
0:6
o-19
o.l.r
0.08
0.06
r
= 50
t.m
TO
t-c
.00
.lr0o
oJ, 0.13 0.38 0.1s 0.55 0-61 0.8!
02 0,2{ oJ9 oJ6 07 o-f} 0J3
0.t 0.$ a7 08 0.t9 0J9 0J6
0.10 .lr o.ll frt
-
0t olt o.99
o,07 o.Gr 0.0 0.t, G22 0J4 t-19
'
.21
0.t?
0.12
0.@
.
o.o5
0:t 027
o-tr ol9
o,t, 0.K
0t 0.0t
on6 0J6
14
VBB 4413
APPENDIX IV
Note: Please detach this sheet and attach with the answer booklet
15
VBB 4413
APPENDIX V
Queen's Formula (Kamphuis,
1gg1)
Longsh ore tra nsport (m3/year)
Qrs
:
6.4,:x 1a4 (t""p)'u'
e/orSi1'
tr U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (1984) suggestions for Ko values in
the Hudson equation:
W-
yHt
yseawater
=
1025 kg/m3
Trock =
2650 kg/m3
Tconcrete =
24OO kg/m3
Truk
Unit
Bre:ikg Nonbrealcing
Breaking Nonbreal<ing
Quainys'tooe-<imoOlh rouded
Quarrystonc-rugh anguiar
Riprap
I)olos
Tetr-apgd
Tribar
1.,2
2fr
1.'
r5.8
7.0
9.0
2,4
4..0
2.5
3l.8
&.0
10..0
1.9
L8
l6-0
5.5
8.5
l.:1
1.6
8.0
4,5
7.8
16