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Queen Mary & Westfield College


University of London
BSc Examination 1997
DATE 9th May 1997 10:00 am
PHY210 Electric and Magnetic Fields
Time allowed2 hours 15 minutes
Answer three questions in total, including at least one from
Section 1 and one from Section 2. All questions carry equal
marks.
SECTION 1
1 (a) Explain briefly the Principle of Superposition as it applies to electric forces or
fields.
(b) A thin rod of length 2L carries a total charge Q uniformly distributed along
its length. The rod lies along the x-axis with its centre at the origin. Show that
at a point on the x-axis a distance r from the origin (where r > L), the electric
field, E, due to the rod is given by
E x =

Q
r L 4
0
2 2
( )
.
(c) Show that the electric field at a point inside the rod, a distance +L/2 from the
origin, is given by
E x =

Q
L 6
0
2

.
2 (a) Write down an equation for Gausss Law for the electric field and outline the
step-by-step procedure which can be applied when using Gausss Law to find
the electric field due to a given distribution of charge.
(b) Use Gausss Law to show that the electric field outside a spherically symmetric
charge distribution is the same as it would be if all the charge were concentrated
at the centre.
(c) An electrically neutral conducting sphere of radius R
2
has a concentric spherical
cavity of radius R
1
inside it (R
1
< R
2
). The cavity is empty except for a point
charge Q at the centre.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the electric field pattern, including the regions
inside the cavity, inside the conductor and outside the sphere.
University of London 1997 Please go to next page 2
(ii) Write down expressions for the electric field at radius r for three regions:
r < R
1
; R
1
< r < R
2
; and r > R
2
. Explain your answer in each case.
(iii) What are the charge densities on the surface of the cavity and on the outer
surface of the sphere?
3 (a) Write down an equation which gives the relationship between electric field and
electric potential.
(b) The magnitude, E, of the electric field above a large flat conducting plate
carrying surface charge density is /
0
. A parallel plate capacitor has
plates of area A separated by a distance d. The space between the plates is
empty. Show that the capacitance, C, is given by
C
A
d
=

0
.
(c) Hence show that the energy density, u, of the electric field between the plates is
given by
u E =
1
2
0
2
.
(d) A parallel plate capacitor with rectangular plates of
sides a and b and separation d is used to measure the
level, x, of a liquid whose dielectric constant is , as
illustrated in the diagram opposite. The maximum
liquid level corresponds to x = a. A measurement
of the capacitance shows that it is a fraction R of its
maximum value (for x = a). Assuming that the air
above the liquid has a dielectric constant of unity,
show that the liquid level is given by
x
a R
=

( )

1
1
.
SECTION 2
4 An electric circuit consists of a resistor R in series with a capacitor C. The capacitor
is initially uncharged. A battery of emf is connected to the circuit at time t = 0.
(a) Use Kirchhoffs Voltage Law to derive the differential equation for the charge,
Q, on the capacitor as a function of time.
(b) Show that Q(t) = C (1 - e
-t/RC
) is a solution of this differential equation.
(c) Sketch the voltage across the capacitor, and the current through it, as functions
of time.
b
x
d
a
University of London 1997 Please go to next page 3
(d) Given that R = 1 M and C = 0.1 F, at what time will the charge on the
capacitor be equal to half its final value? At what time will the energy stored
in the capacitor be equal to half its final value?
5 (a) Write down an equation for Amperes Law for the magnetic field and explain
briefly, with the aid of a diagram, what this equation tells us about the
relationship between magnetic field and current.
(b) A very long straight wire carries a current I. Use Amperes Law to show that
the magnitude of the magnetic field, B, at a perpendicular distance r from the
wire is given by
B
I
r
=

0
2
.
(c) The force, F, on a charge Q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is
given by F = Q(v x B). Use this, and the above result, to show that the
magnitude, F
12
, of the force per unit length between two very long parallel wires
carrying currents I
1
and I
2
is given by
F
I I
a
12
0 1 2
2
=

where I
1
and I
2
are the currents in the wires and a is the distance between them.
(d) Explain why the force is attractive if the currents flow in the same direction and
repulsive if they flow in opposite directions.
6 (a) Define the mutual inductance, M, between two circuits, and write down the
relationship between the emf induced in one circuit and the current flowing in
the other.
(b) A long solenoid of radius R
1
has n turns per unit length and carries a current I
1
.
The magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid, with a magnitude B =
0
nI
and a direction parallel to the axis of the solenoid. A smaller one-turn coil of
radius R
2
is placed inside the solenoid with its plane at an angle to the
direction of the field.
(i) Prove that the mutual inductance, M, between the coil and the solenoid is
given by
M =
0
nR
2
2
sin.
(ii) The inner coil carries a current I
2
. Derive an expression for the magnitude
of the torque, , which it experiences.
(iii) The inner coil rotates and comes to rest in a position of stable equilibrium.
Sketch its final orientation with respect to the magnetic field in the solenoid.
1
Answer 1
(a) Principle of Superposition: The force on a charge due to a number of other
charges is given by the vector sum of all the forces on it due to the individual
charges.
e.g.: Total force on Q is
F
tot
= F
1
+ F
2
(b)
Clearly, E points along the +x direction (the direction in which a positive charge
would tend to move if placed at the point).
Consider a small element of the rod, dx, at a distance x from the origin. We can
regard this as a point charge, find its contribution to the field at the point in question,
and then integrate over the whole rod to find the total field.
The charge on dx is dQ
Q
L
dx =
2
.
The contribution of dx to the field at point P is
[ ]
d
Q
L r x
dx E x =

2 4
0
2
( )
So the total field at P is E x =

Q
L r x
dx
L
L
8
1
0
2
( )
Therefore E x = x =



Q
L
L
r L
Q
r L 8
2
4
0
2 2
0
2 2
( )
(c) Consider a point inside the rod, a distance L/2 from the origin. By symmetry, the
contributions to the electric field from the sections of length L/2 on either side of
it will cancel out.
Q
Q
2
Q
1
F
2
F
1
F
tot
-L +L
r
E
X
Y
Point P
dx
x
-L
L/2
X
Y
+L
2
So this is equivalent to:
The above result says that the magnitude of the field at a distance r from the middle
of a rod of length 2L and total charge Q is
E x =

Q
r L 4
0
2 2
( )
We now have the following:
Length of rod = L instead of 2L Replace L by L/2
Total charge = Q/2 instead of Q Replace Q by Q/2
Distance of point from middle of rod = L instead of r Replace r by L
E x = x =


Q
L L
Q
L
/
( ( / ) )
2
4 2 6
0
2 2
0
2

-L
L/2
X
Y
0
Total charge = Q/2
3
Answer 2
(a) Gausss Law: E. s = =

d
Q
enclosed

0
1. Draw a diagram illustrating the charge distribution and its electric field pattern.
2. Choose the best Gaussian surface over which to evaluate the surface integral.
3. Find E. s =

d .
4. Decide how much charge, Q
enclosed
, is inside the Gaussian surface.
5. Put = Q
enclosed
/
0
and rearrange to find an expression for E in terms of charge
and position.
[Note: This step-by-step procedure is explicitly taught in the lectures]
(b) 1. Field pattern: By symmetry, the electric field lines due to a spherically symmetric
distribution must be radial.
2. Best Gaussian surface: If we choose a sphere of radius r ( > R)
as the Gaussian surface, the field will
be perpendicular to the surface at all
points, so
E.ds = Eds
Moreover, since, by symmetry, E can depend only on r and all points on the
sphere have the same radius, E is constant over the spherical surface.
3. Find : = =

E. s = d Eds E ds = E(surface area of sphere) = E(4r
2
)
4. Find Q
enc.
: The charge enclosed is just Q.
5. Combine the results of 3. and 4. to find E:
(4r
2
)E = Q/
0
E = Q/(4
o
r
2
) , as for a point charge at the centre.
(c) (i) Diagram showing field pattern
Lines of E are radial (spherical symmetry).
Negative charge is induced on the
surface of the cavity, which terminates
field lines.
An equal positive charge excess
lies on the outer surface and is the
origin of the field lines outside the sphere.
E
Gaussian sphere
the sphere of charge
OUTSIDE
ds E
E
4
(ii) r < R
1
E
Q
r
=
4
0
2

as for a point charge.


R
1
< r < R
2
E = 0 because E must be zero inside the conductor.
R > R
2
. E
Q
r
=
4
0
2

as for a point charge (as shown in part b)


(iii) If E is to be zero inside the conductor, then a Gaussian surface inside the
conductor must enclose no charge. Therefore, the total charge on the surface
of the cavity is -Q since the charge in the cavity is +Q. By symmetry, this is
distributed uniformly over the surface area of 4R
1
2
.
Therefore, the charge density on the surface of the cavity is

1
1
2
4
=
Q
R
.
The conducting sphere is electrically neutral, so the charge on the outer surface
is +Q, which must also be distributed uniformly over the surface.
Therefore, the charge density on the outer surface is

2
2
2
4
=
Q
R
.
5
Answer 3
(a) Relationship between electric field and potential:
The potential difference between two points in space P1 and P2 is defined as
V V P V P d
P1
P
E. l = =

( ) ( ) 2 1
2
or: if V(x,y,z) is the electric potential as a function of position in space, then
E( , , ) x y z x y z
V
x
V
y
V
z
= + +

.
(b) Assume that one plate carries charge +Q and the other -Q. Ignoring edge effects,
the electric field between the plates is uniform and given by E = /
0
.
But = Q/A so E
Q
A
=

0
To find the potential difference between the
plates, we integrate the electric field following
any path from one plate to the other.
If we follow a field line, then dl is always
parallel to E and E.dl = Edl
So V
Q
A
dl
Qd
A
d

0 0
= =

0
. By definition, C
Q
V
=

, so C
A
d
=

0
.
(c) The total energy of the system is U Q V
Q d
A
= =
1
2
1
2
2
0

or
U C V
Q d
A
= =
1
2
1
2
2
2
0

.
Regard this energy as existing in the uniform electric field between the plates,
which occupies a volume of Ad.
The energy per unit volume is therefore u
Q
A
=
1
2
2
0
2

But Q/A =
0
E, so u E =
1
2
0
2
.
+ Q
- Q
d
Plate area A
E
dl
E
6
(d) This system is equivalent to two
capacitors in parallel.
For x = a, the capacitance is
C
ab
d
max
=

0
For x < a, the capacitance is
C(x
xb
d
a x b
d
b
a
x a x )
( )
( ) = +

= +

0 0 0
.
The ratio of the measured to the maximum value of capacitance is therefore
=
C(x
C
R
x a x
a
)
max
=
+

R
x
a
=

+ 1
1 1

Therefore x
a R
=

( )

1
1
.
b
x
d
a
7
Answer 4
(a) Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:
The sum of all potential rises and
drops around a circuit is zero.
Applying this to the RC circuit,
we get
E - i(t)R - Q(t)/C = 0.
(b) i(t) = dQ(t)/dt, so
dQ t
C Q t
dt
RC
( )
( ) E
= .
Integrating with respect to time, we have
dQ t
C Q t
dt
RC
( )
( ) E -


=

[ ]
= + ln ( ) C Q t
t
RC
K E - where K is a constant of integration.
To find K we use the initial conditions: t = 0, Q = 0 K = -ln(CE).
Therefore ln
( )
C
C Q t
t
RC
E
E

=
C
C Q t
e
t RC
E
E
=
( )
/
Q(t) = CE(1 - e
-t/RC
).
[Alternatively, students may prove this by differentiating Q(t) = CE(1 - e
-t/RC
) to
show that it satisfies the differential equation]
(c) Sketches of voltage across capacitor and charging current:
(d) R = 1 M and C = 0.1 F RC = 0.1 sec.
When the charge is half of its final value, 1 - e
-t/RC
= 0.5
t = -(RC)ln(0.5) = (-0.1)(-0.693) = 69.3 ms.
When the energy is half of its final value, the charge is (Q
final
/2) since energy
charge
2
.
So1 - e
-t/RC
= 1/2 t = -(RC)ln(1 - 1/2) = (-0.1)(-1.228) = 123 ms.
V(t) = Q(t)/C
t
i(t) = dQ(t)/dt = (E/R)e
-t/RC
t
E/R
CE
R
C
E
E
-i(t)R
-
Switch
closed at t =
i(t)
8
Answer 5
(a) Amperes Law: B. l d I
enclosed
=


0
Amperes Law states that the line integral of the magnetic field, B, around a
closed path is equal to
0
times the total current passing through the area bounded
by the path:
(b) The magnetic field lines will be circular loops centred on the wire.
View looking along the axis of the wire with I coming
out of the page
Consider a circular loop of radius r centred on the wire.
By symmetry, the magnitude of B is constant around the
loop.
B is everywhere parallel to a line element vector dl
B.dl = Bdl
Integrating around the loop, we have
B. l = =
0
d Bdl B dl B circumference B r I
enc
= = =

( ) ( ) 2
The enclosed current is I
enc
= I since only the current flowing in the wire passes
through the loop.
Therefore B
I
r
=

0
2
.
(c)View the two wires along the axial
direction.
Each wire will be in the magnetic field
of the other one.
Total current I
enc
through path
B
B
dl
dl
Arbitrary closed
path
B
B
dl
dl
r
Wire 2 with
I
2
(outwards)
B
1
Wire 1 with
I
1
(outwards)
a
9
Say both currents are out of the page.
The magnitude of the field due to wire 1 at wire 2 is B
I
a
1
0
2
=

and its direction is


perpendicular to the wire as shown.
The current in wire 2 is I
2
= dQ/dt and is constituted by charges moving (out of the
page) with speed v = dl/dt, where dl is an infinitesimal length of the wire. The force
on a charge dQ is
dF = dQ(v x B
1
)
v and B
1
are perpendicular so the magnitude
of v x B
1
is just vB
1
.
By the right hand rule, its direction is
towards wire 1.
So dF = dQvB
1
= (I
2
dt)(dl/dt)B
1
= B
1
I
2
dl .
For a length of unity, the force is therefore F B I
I I
a
= =
1 2
0 1 2
2

.
(d)As shown above, the force is attractive if the two currents are in the same direction.
If, say, I
2
is in the opposite direction (into the paper) then the direction of
dF = (v x B
1
) is reversed and points away from wire 1 - i.e., the force is now
repulsive.
B
1
v (outwards)
(v x B
1
)
10
Answer 6
(a) If a circuit carries current I
1
and a second circuit links an amount of magnetic flux

21
due to I
1
then the mutual inductance between the circuits is defined as
M =
21
/I
1
(Inductance = Flux/Current)
The emf induced in the second circuit is E
2
= -M(dI
1
/dt).
(b) Long solenoid of radius R
1
, n turns per unit length, current I
1
, B =
0
nI.
(i) M
I
B ojected area of inner coil
I
nI R
I


= = =

21
1 1
0 1 2
2
1
(Pr ) ( )( sin )
Therefore M =
0
nR
1
2
sin
(ii) Current in inner coil = I
2
.
Magnetic dipole moment vector of inner coil has
Magnitude: = R
2
2
I
2
(current)(area)(no. of turns)
Direction: perpendicular to the coil, the
exact direction depending on whether
the current is clockwise or anticlockwise.
Magnitude of torque on inner coil = magnitude of = x B
= Bsin
1
or Bsin
2
= Bcos = (R
2
2
I
2
)(
0
nI
1
)cos.
So =
0
nR
2
2
I
1
I
2
cos.
(iii) The torque will tend to align the B and vectors.
The coil will therefore come to rest with its plane
parallel to the magnetic field (i.e., perpendicular
to the axis of the solenoid) in which position the
torque will be zero.
I
B
R
1
Inner coil, radius R
2

SIDE VIEW
AXIAL VIEW
B (outwards)

University of London 1998 1 Question continued on next page


Queen Mary & Westfield College
University of London
BSc Examination 1998
DATE
PHY210 Electric and Magnetic Fields
Time allowed2 hours 15 minutes
Answer three questions in total, including at least one from Section
1 and one from Section 2. All questions carry equal marks.
Data: Permittivity constant
o
= 8.85 x 10
-12
F m
-1
.
Permeability constant
o
= 4 x 10
-7
H m
-1
Electronic charge e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C
Mass of electron m
e
= 9.11 x 10
-31
kg
Mass of proton m
p
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg
Mass of neutron m
n
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg
SECTION 1
1 (a) Explain briefly the Principle of Superposition as it applies to electric forces or fields.
(b) The x-y plane contains three point charges whose magnitudes and positions are as
follows (where the x and y co-ordinates are in metres):
a charge of +2 Coulombs lies at co-ordinates (-3, 4);
a charge of -2 Coulombs lies at co-ordinates (3, 4);
a charge -Q lies at co-ordinates (-3, 0).
(i) Draw a diagram showing the positions of the charges and the electric fields that
they each produce at the origin.
(ii) Express the three contributions to the electric field at the origin in terms of the
orthogonal unit vectors x

and y

.
(iii) The total electric field, E, at the origin is found to be given by
E x =

3
250
o
V m
-1
.
Show that the value of Q is 0.43 C .
(iv) A small electric dipole of magnitude 0.5 C m is placed
at the origin with its axis aligned with the y-axis as
+
-
X
Y
University of London 1998 Question continued on next page 2
shown. Find the vector equation for the torque on
the dipole.
2 (a) Explain why each of the following statements is true for a perfect conductor in
electrostatic equilibrium.
(i) The electric field inside the conductor is zero.
(ii) At the surface of the conductor, the electric field is everywhere perpendicular to
the surface.
(iii) All excess charge on the conductor is located at its surface.
(b) An electron beam is modelled as a long cylinder of radius R. The electrons are
assumed to be uniformly distributed inside it with n electrons per unit volume. Use
Gausss Law to show that the magnitude of the electric field, E, at a perpendicular
distance r (r > R) from the axis of the beam is given by
E
neR
r
o
=
2
2
.
What is the electric field on the axis of the beam?
3 A spherical capacitor consists of a solid conducting sphere of radius a surrounded by a
concentric conducting shell of inner radius b and outer radius c (where c > b > a). The
inner sphere carries a total charge -Q and the outer shell carries a total charge +Q.
(a) Draw a diagram showing the electric field pattern. Write down the magnitude of the
electric field at a point at radius r in each of the following regions:
(i) inside the solid sphere (r < a);
(ii) between the sphere and the shell (a < r < b);
(iii) inside the shell (b < r < c);
(iv) outside the shell (r > c).
(b) What are the charge densities on (i) the surface of the sphere ?
(ii) the inner surface of the shell ?
(iii) the outer surface of the shell ?
(c) Show that at a point in the space between the sphere and the shell the energy density, u,
of the electric field is given by
u r
Q
r
o
( ) =
2
2 4
32
, where r is the distance of the point from the centre.
(d) Integrate this expression over the volume of the space between the conductors to show
that the total electric energy of the system, U, is given by
University of London 1998 Question continued on next page 3
U
Q b a
ab
o
=

2
8
.
(e) Additional charge is placed on the outer shell so that its total charge is +2Q. The
charge on the inner sphere remains at -Q. Draw a diagram of the new electric field
pattern and write down the equations for the magnitude of the electric field in the same
four regions as in part (a) above.
SECTION 2
4 (a) Write down the equation for the Lorentz force experienced by a particle of charge Q
moving with velocity v in an electric field, E, and a magnetic field, B.
(b) A particle with positive charge Q is projected with velocity v along the +y axis into a
region where a magnetic field B of 2 T points along the -z axis and an electric field E
of 5 x 10
6
V m
-1
points along the +x axis. The particle remains undeflected, continuing
to move along the y axis.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the vectors v, E, and B and the directions of the electric
and magnetic forces on the particle.
(ii) Show that the speed of the particle is v = 2.5 x 10
6
m s
-1
.
(c) Explain why, when the electric field is instantaneously reduced to zero, the particle
describes a circular trajectory in the x-y plane.
(d) The radius of the circular orbit in (c) is found to be 26.1 mm. What is the charge-to-
mass ratio of the particle?
(e) Determine which of the following types of particle it could be: a positron, a proton, a
deuteron (one proton and one neutron) or an -particle (two protons and two
neutrons).
5 A straight piece of wire carries a current I as shown in the
diagram. A point P is at perpendicular distance R from the wire.
A line joining a small element of the wire to P makes an angle
with the wire. The angle subtended at P by the element is d.
According to the Biot-Savart Law, the magnitude of the magnetic
field, dB, produced at a point P by the element is given by
dB
I d
R
o
=

sin
4
.
(a) A 10-turn square coil has sides of length 2R and lies in the x-y plane with its centre at
I
R

d
P
University of London 1998 Question continued on next page 4
the origin. It carries a current I in a clockwise sense as viewed from a point on the +z
axis. Use the above to show that the magnetic field, B, at the centre of the coil is given
by
B z =

( ) 10 2
0

I
R
.
(b)A small one-turn circular coil of radius a ( a << R)
is placed in the x-z plane at the origin. The current
in the circular coil is I
1
, in a clockwise sense as
viewed from a point on the +y axis.
(i) What is the magnetic moment vector of the circular coil?
(ii) Find the magnitude and direction of the torque on the circular coil.
(iii) The circular coil is free to rotate. Sketch the magnitude of the torque as a function
of over the range 0 - 2, where is that angle between the plane of the coil and
the x-y plane.
6 (a) Define the self-inductance, L, of a circuit, and write down the expression relating the
induced emf to the current in the circuit. Explain how Lenzs law is used to determine
the sense of the induced emf.
(b) Prove that the energy stored by an inductance L carrying a current I is given by
U = LI
2
.
Where is the stored energy located?
(c) A coil has a self inductance of 1 mH. An oscillating emf is applied to the coil where
= 5cos(100t) V, where t is the time in seconds.
Derive expressions for (i) the current in the coil, i(t);
(ii) the magnetic flux through the coil, (t);
(iii) the energy stored by the coil, U(t).
Sketch (t), i(t), and U(t) over a range covering one cycle of the applied emf.
Plane of square
coil seen edge-on
Plane of circular
coil seen edge-on
Z
Y

1
EMF 1998 EXAMINATION MODEL ANSWERS
Answer 1
(a) Principle of Superposition: The force on a charge due to a number of other
charges is given by the vector sum of all the forces on it due to the individual
charges.
e.g.: Total force on Q is
F
tot
= F
1
+ F
2
(b) (i) E
1
= Field at (0,0) due to -2C
E
2
= Field at (0,0) due to +2C
E
3
= Field at (0,0) due to -Q
(ii) The magnitudes of the three field contributions at the origin are given by
Coulombs law
E
Q
r
o
=
4
2

.
E E
o
o
1 2
2 2
2
4 3 4
1
50
= =
+
=


( )
E
Q Q
o o
3
2
4 3 36
= =

Writing the three fields as vectors, we have
E x + y = x + y
1
=


E E
o o
1 1
1
50
3
5
1
50
4
5
cos sin

E x - y = x - y
1
=


E E
o o
1 1
1
50
3
5
1
50
4
5
cos sin

cos = 3/5
sin = 4/5
E
1
X
Y
+2 C -2 C
-Q
E
2
E
3

4
3 3
Q
Q
2
Q
1
F
2
F
1
F
tot
2
E - x = - x
3
=


E
Q
o
3
36
(iii) The total electric field at (0,0) is the vector sum of E
1
, E
2
, and E
3
.
There is no component in the y direction as the y-components of E
1
and E
2

cancel out and E
3
has no y-component.
So we have
E = x + x - x
tot
1
50
3
5
1
50
3
5 36
o o o
Q


E x = x
tot
=


6
250 36
3
250
o o o
Q
Therefore =
6
250 36
3
250
o o o
Q
Q = 54/125 C = 0.43 C
(iv) The dipole moment vector is P = 0.5 y

(the direction being from the negative


towards the positive charge).
The electric field is E x =

3
250
o
.
The torque is = P x E = y x z
(0. ) 5 3
250
3
500
o o
x


3
Answer 2
(a) (i) E = 0 inside a perfect conductor:
Let a conductor be placed in a field E .
Charges are free to move inside the conductor
and will do so under the influence of E
positive charge builds up on the right and negative charge on the left
an internal field E
i
is generated which opposes E. E
tot
= E + E
i
.
If E
i
< E, then E
tot
is in the same direction as E and the charges continue to
build up causing E
i
to increase.
If E
i
> E, then E
tot
is in the opposite direction as E and some charges move
back again causing E
i
to decrease.
Therefore, in equilibrium, E
i
= -E, so E
tot
= 0.

(ii) At the surface of the conductor, the E is perpendicular
to the surface:
Assume that for some reason E is not perpendicular
to the surface.
Let E
perp
and E
tan
be the components of E perpendicular
and tangential to the surface, respectively.
If E
tan
is not zero then charges will move along the surface, setting up an
opposing field (as argued above).
An equilibrium is established in which E
tan
is exactly cancelled by the
opposing field due to the separation of charges it creates.
E
tot
has only the E
perp
component.
(iii) All excess charge on the conductor is located at its surface.
Consider any Gaussian surface inside the conductor.
From (i), we have E = 0 at every point on this Gaussian surface.
By Gausss Law, the total electric flux, , through the Gaussian surface, is
E. s = =

d 0 Q
enclosed
= 0.
E
E
i
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E
ta
E
per
E
4
(b)
Gausss Law: E. s = =

d
Q
enclosed

0
1. Field pattern: By symmetry, the electric field lines point radially out from the axis
of the electron beam.
2. Best Gaussian surface: Choose a co-axial cylinder of radius r ( > R), length L
(shown as dotted blue line).
For the flat top and bottom partsE.ds = 0 because E and ds are perpendicular
For the curved side E.ds = Eds because E and dS are parallel
3. Find : E. s = E. s E. s E. s = + + = + +

d d d d Eds
Top Bottom Side Side
0 0
Now, over the whole of the curved surface, E is uniform as all points are
equidistant from the axis of symmetry, so
= =

Eds E ds
Side Side
= E(surface area of curved part) = E(2rL)
4. Find Q
enc.
: The charge enclosed is
Q
enc
= (Charge density)(Vol. of beam inside the Gaussian surface) = (ne)(R
2
L)
5. Combine the results of 3. and 4. to find E:
2
2

rLE
Q ne R L
enc
o o
= = . Therefore E
neR
r
o
=
2
2
.
The electric field on the axis of the beam is zero (a positive test charge placed there
would experience zero net force, being at the centre of a symmetric charge
distribution).
dS
dS
dS
dS
dS
dS
SIDE VIEW
AXIAL VIEW
R
Charge/unit volume = ne
L
dS
E
E
5
Answer 3
(a) Diagram showing field pattern:
Lines of E are radial (spherical symmetry) .
E = 0 inside the conductors
Field lines originate at positive charges on the
inner surface of the shell and terminate at
negative charges on the surface of the sphere.
E = 0 outside the whole thing as the total enclosed charge is zero.
(i) inside the solid sphere (r < a): E = 0
(ii) between the sphere and the shell (a < r < b) E
Q
r
o
=
4
2

(iii) inside the shell (b < r < c): E = 0


(iv) outside the shell (r > c): E = 0
(b) (i) Charge density on the surface of the sphere:

1
2
4
- =
Q
a
.
(ii) the inner surface of the shell:

2
2
4
=
Q
b
.
(iii) the outer surface of the shell:
3
0 = .
(c) The energy density of the electric field is u E
o
=
1
2
2

u r
Q
r
Q
r
o
o o
( ) =

=
1
2 4 32
2
2
2
2 4


.
(d) The total energy is obtained by integrating this
expression over the entire volume between a
and b. As the incremental volume element,
choose a spherical shell of radius r, thickness dr.
Volume of shell is d(Volume) = 4r
2
dr
The energy contained in the shell is
dU u r d Volume
Q
r
r dr = = ( ) ( )
2
2
0
4
2
32
4


Shell of
thickness dr
r
E
c
b
a
Total charge +Q
Total charge -Q
6
Therefore U
Q
r dr
Q
a b
Q b a
ab
tot
a
b
=
-
= =

2
0
2
2
0
2
0
8 8
1 1
8
.
(e) Additional +Q placed on the shell.
The extra Q will reside at the outer
surface of the shell.
E still = 0 in the conductors
E for r > c is the same as for a
point charge 2Q-Q = Q at the
centre.
E between the conductors is unchanged.
Inside the solid sphere (r < a): E = 0
Between the sphere and the shell (a < r < b) E
Q
r
o
=
4
2

Inside the shell (b < r < c): E = 0


Outside the shell (r > c): E
Q
r
o
=
4
2

E
c
b
a
Total charge +Q
Total charge +Q
Total charge -Q
7
Answer 4
(a) F = Q[E + (v x B)]
(b) (i) v = v y

B = -2 z

E = 5 x 10
6
x

F
elec
= QE = (5 x 10
6
)Q x

F
mag
= Q(v x B) = (-2)v ( y

x z

)
y

x z

= x

(by the right-hand rule) F


mag
= -2Qv x

(ii) Particle is undeflected F


mag
= - F
elec
Therefore QE = QvB v = E/B = (5 x 10
6
)/2 = 2.5 x 10
6
m s
-1
(c) If E = 0 then F

= Q(v x B)
F is always perpendicular to v v never changes - only the direction changes
F is always perpendicular to B
the force is always in the x-y plane
v remains in the x-y plane
|v x B| = vB = constant
F
mag
= QvB, a constant
Force of constant magnitude directed perpendicular to velocity motion in a
circle.
(d) Equate the magnetic force with the force needed to keep a particle moving in a
circle:
QvB
mv
r
=
2



Q
m
v
rB
x
x
= =

2 5 10
261 10 2
6
3
.
( . )( )
= 4.79 x 10
7
C kg
-1
Y
X
Z
E
v
B
F
elec
F
mag
F
mag
B (out )
v
8
(e) Electronic charge e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C
Mass of proton m
p
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg
Mass of neutron m
n
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg
Mass of positron m
e
= 9.11 x 10
-31
kg
Q/m for proton = 9.58 x 10
7
C kg
-1
Q/m for electron = 1.76 x 10
11
C kg
-1
Q/m for deuteron = 4.79 x 10
7
C kg
-1
Q/m for -particle = 4.79 x 10
7
C kg
-1
So it could be a deuteron or an -particle.
9
Answer 5
(a) The direction of B at the centre (o) is given by the right
hand rule. For all four sides, this is into the
paper (i.e., in the negative z-direction).
The field at the centre has four equal contributions from
the four sides. So we only need to work out the contribution
due to one side and multiply by four.
Consider one side:
To find B due to one side, we integrate the expression
for dB between
1
and
2
.
dB
I
R
d =
10
4
0

sin (taking the 10 turns into account)


[ ]
B
I
R
d
I
R
o
o
= =

5
2
5
2
0 0
45
135
1
2

sin cos
So, B
I
R
I
R
I
R
=

= =
5
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
5
2
0 0 0

(5 )
( )
The total field is four times this value, and as explained above, is in the -z

direction.
B z
tot
=

( ) 10 2
0

I
R
.
(b) (i) Magnetic moment vector, has
magnitude = (Current)(Area)(No. of turns) = I
1
(a
2
)(1) = I
1
a
2
.
Direction: perpendicular to the loop, given by the right-hand rule .
Magnitude: = I
1
(a
2
)(1) = I
1
a
2
.
Direction: is in the - y direction by
the right hand rule
So = - y a I
2
1

.
(ii) Torque on circular coil: = x B. From the diagram, we see that is
in the +x direction (out of the page).
I
o
2R
2R

1
= 45
o

2
= 135
o
2R
R
Plane of square
coil seen edge-on
Plane of circular
coil seen edge-on
z
y

10
Therefore =
[ ]
y

a I
2
1
x z

( ) 10 2
0

I
R
.
y

x z

= x

by the right hand rule.


Therefore =

x
( ) 10 2
2
0 1
a I I
R

.
(iii) The torque is a maximum when = 90
o
and
max
=


( ) 10 2
2
0 1
a I I
R

.
For an angle of between the planes of the coils, the angle between and B is also
, so
= Bsin =
max
sin.

/2
3/2
2

max

11
Answer 6
(a) If a circuit carries current i, and the amount of magnetic flux linked by the circuit
(due to its own magnetic field) is

then the self inductance is
L = /i (Inductance = Flux/Current)
The induced emf is = -L(di/dt).
Lenzs Law: The induced emf is always in such a direction as to oppose the
change in magnetic flux that causes it. This is represented by the negative sign in
the above equation for the emf.
If is increasing then causes
current to flow so as to generate
a magnetic field which opposes .
If is decreasing then causes
current to flow so as to generate
a magnetic field which supports .
(b) Consider an inductance L, and let the current, i, be increased from zero to I in
time t.
The induced emf, which opposes the changing current is = -L(di/dt).
In order to increase i, an opposing external voltage, v, infinitesimally greater than
, must be applied:
v L
di
dt
= .
The applied power is P vi Li
di
dt
= = Pdt = Lidi
B (increasing)
B
induced
opposes B
Current due to
induced emf
B (decreasing)
B
induced
supports B
Current due to
induced emf
12
The total energy delivered is U Pdt Lidi L idi L
I
t t I
= = = =

0 0 0
2
2
.
The energy is stored in the magnetic field created by the current flowing in the
coil.
(c) L = 10
-3
H = 5cos(100t) V
(i) Current, i(t):
di
dt L
t - = - = ( )(5cos( )) 10 100
3

i(t) = -(5 x 10
3
)(100)
-1
sin(100t)
i(t) = -15.92sin(100t)
(ii) Magnetic flux, (t): (t) = Li(t) = -0.0159sin(100t)
(iii) Energy stored, U(t): U(t) = 0.5Li
2
= (0.5)(10
-3
) (15.92)
2
sin
2
(100t)
U(t) = (0.127)sin
2
(100t)
(t)
/2

3/2
2
i(t)
U(t)
time
University of London 1999 1 Please go to next page
Queen Mary & Westfield College
University of London
BSc Examination 1999
26 May 1999 10:00
PHY210 Electric and Magnetic Fields
Time allowed: 2 hours 15 minutes
Answer three questions in total, including at least one from Section
1 and one from Section 2. All questions carry equal marks.
Data: Permittivity constant
o
= 8.85 x 10
-12
F m
-1
Permeability constant
o
= 4 x 10
-7
H m
-1
Electronic charge e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C
Mass of the electron m
e
= 9.11 x 10
-31
kg
SECTION 1
1 (a) What is the definition of the electric field at a point in space? Write down a vector
equation for the electric field at a distance r from a point charge, and define the
meanings of all the symbols used.
(b) The x-y plane contains point charges whose magnitudes and positions are as
follows:
a charge of -Q
1
lies at co-ordinates (0, L);
a charge of -Q
1
lies at co-ordinates (0, -L);
a charge +Q
2
lies at the origin;
a charge +Q
2
lies at (3L,0).
(i) Draw a diagram showing the positions of the charges and the three electric
forces acting on the charge of +Q
2
at (3L,0).
(ii) The resultant force on +Q
2
at (3L,0) is found to be zero. Show that
Q
1
= (0.59)Q
2
.
(iii) Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field experienced by the +Q
2
charge at the origin due to the other three charges.
(iv) What charge would need to be placed at position (L,0) to make the electric
field at the origin equal to zero?
University of London 1999 2 Please go to next page
2 (a) Write down an equation for Gausss Law for the electric field and define all the
symbols used.
(b) Use Gausss Law to show that the electric field at a point outside a spherically
symmetric charge distribution is the same as it would be if all of the charge were
concentrated at the centre of the sphere.
(c) A simple model of a lead nucleus assumes that it is a sphere of radius 7.1 x 10
-15
m
with a total charge of 82e distributed uniformly inside it.
(i) What is the volume charge density inside the nucleus?
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the electric field, E, at radius r (in metres) from
the centre of the nucleus for both r outside and r inside the surface of the
nucleus.
(iii) What is the value of E at the surface of the nucleus?
(iv) Sketch the variation of E with r.
3 (a) Write down an equation which expresses the electric field, E, as the gradient of
the electric potential, V.
(b) In a certain region of space, the electric potential, V, at a point (x,y,z) is given by
V(x,y,z) = 2x
2
z + 2y
2
z - 5z
3
Volts where x, y and z are in metres.
(i) Find the electric field as a function of position, E(x,y,z).
(ii) A negative ion with a charge of -2e is moved from a point (4,3,2) to the
origin. Find the change in electric potential energy of the ion. Does
external work need to be done on the ion to move it or does the electric
field do the work? Explain your answer.
(iii) An electron is released from rest at coordinates (0,0,1). Find the magnitude
and direction of its initial acceleration.
(iv) Show that the equipotentials in any plane parallel to the x-y plane are circles.
What is the radius of the 3-Volt equipotential in a plane 1 metre above the
x-y plane?
(v) A small electric dipole with equal and opposite charges of 2 C and
separation 1 m is located at position (1,1,1). The dipole moment vector
points in the +z direction. Find an expression for the torque on the dipole.
University of London 1999 3 Please go to next page
SECTION 2
4 a) An electron moves with velocity v in a region of space where the magnetic field is B
and the electric field is E. Write down the vector equation for the force experienced
by the electron.
(b) In a Hall effect experiment, a conductor with a square cross section of side L carries
current uniformly distributed over its cross sectional area with current per unit area J.
A uniform magnetic field, B, is applied perpendicular to the direction of current
flow, as shown below. A potential difference V
1
- V
2
is measured between the top
and bottom of the conductor.
(i) Explain, with the aid of diagrams illustrating the forces on typical charge
carriers, why V
1
-V
2
is negative if the charge carriers are holes and positive
if they are electrons.
(ii) Show that, in equilibrium, the magnitude of the electric field, E, between the
top and bottom sides is given by
ne
JB
E =
where e is the electronic charge and n is the number of charge carriers per
unit volume.
(iii) Show that the units of
ne
JB
are the same as those of electric field.
(iv) Mention two practical applications of the Hall effect.
5 (a) Amperes Law for the magnetic field states that

=
enclosed
I d
o
L B. .
Define each of the symbols used in this equation and explain with the aid of a
diagram what the equation says about the relationship between current and
magnetic field.
(b) A cylindrical conductor of radius 1 mm carries a current of 10 A which is uniformly
distributed over its cross sectional area. Use Amperes Law to find the magnetic
field at perpendicular distance r from the axis of the conductor for (i) r < 1 mm and
(ii) r > 1 mm. Sketch the variation of the magnitude of the magnetic field with
radial distance from the axis.
V
1
L
L
Uniform current
density, J
B
V
2
University of London 1999 4 Please go to next page
(c) Maxwells modified version of Amperes Law states that
dt
d
I d
o o o

+ =

L B. .
Using the example of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, explain briefly why
this modification is necessary.
6 If a current I flows in an N-turn circular coil, it generates a magnetic field whose
magnitude, B
coil
, at the centre of the coil is given by
R 2
NI
B
o
coil

= .
A 10-turn circular coil of wire has a radius of 3 cm and carries a current of 20 A. The
plane of the coil is inclined to the x-axis, with an angle between the plane of the coil
and the x-axis, as shown below. The current flows in the anticlockwise sense as viewed
looking towards the origin from a point on the positive x-axis. An externally applied
magnetic field of magnitude 2 mT points along the +x axis.
(a) What is the total magnetic field at the centre of the coil?
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic moment vector of the coil?
(c) Find the magnitude and direction of the torque on the coil.
(d) The coil can rotate about an axis parallel to the z-axis, and it comes to rest in its
equilibrium position. Draw a sketch showing the orientation of the coil and the
direction of its dipole moment vector in the equilibrium position.
(e) Starting from the equilibrium position, an external torque is applied in order rotate
the coil. Find the work needed to rotate it through 180
o
. What would happen to the
coil if it were released near, but not exactly in, this orientation?
(f) With the dipole back in its equilibrium position, the external magnetic field begins
to decrease. State qualitatively what happens to the magnetic field of the coil, and
why.
Y
Z axis is out of page

X
Y
X axis is out of page
Z
I = 20 A
END OF PAPER
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 1
Answer 1
(a) The electric field at a point in space is defined as the electric
force which a charge Q would experience at that position,
divided by Q (i.e., the force per unit charge).
At distance r from a point charge,
2
o
r 4
Q

= E r

where
E = electric field vector
Q = electric charge
r = distance between the charge and the point in question

o
= permittivity constant
r

= a unit vector pointing from the charge toward the point.


(b) (i) Three forces act on the Q
2
charge at (3L,0): F
a
due to +Q
2
at (0, 0)
F
b
due to -Q
1
at (0, L)
F
c
due to -Q
1
at (0, -L)
(ii) Resultant F
a
+ F
b
+ F
c
= 0
From the diagram, this implies that F
b
cos + F
c
cos = F
a
2
o
2
2
2
o
2
2
a
L 36
Q
) L 3 ( 4
Q
F

=
[ ]
2
o
2 1
2 2
o
2 1
c b
L 40
Q Q
) L 3 ( L 4
Q Q
F F

=
+
= =
[ ]
10
3
) L 3 ( L
L 3
cos
2 / 1
2 2
=
+
=
Y
+ Q
2
+ Q
2
F
a
3L
- Q
1
L

- Q
1
L
X
F
c
F
b
Q
r
E
r

EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 2


Therefore
2
o
2
2
2
o
2 1
L 36
Q
10
3
L 40
Q Q 2


2
2
1
Q 59 . 0
27
Q 10 5
Q = =
(iii) Force on +Q
2
at the origin: The forces due to the two -Q
1
charges cancel
out. Therefore the resultant, F
d
, is just the force due to the +Q
2
charge at
(3L,0):
Direction: along the -ve x-axis
Magnitude: By Coulombs law,
2
o
2
2
2
o
2
2
d
L 36
Q
) L 3 ( 4
Q
F

=
So, the electric field at the origin is E
d
= F
d
/Q
2


- E
d
2
o
2
L 36
Q

= x

(iv) Let a charge Q


x
be placed at (L,0) which cancels out the above electric field at
the origin.
Sign of Q
x
: Q
x
must be negative to produce a field pointing in the +x direction
at (0,0)
Magnitude of Q
x
:
2
o
2
2
o
x
L 36
Q
L 4
Q

-
x
9
Q
Q
2
=
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 3
Answer 2
(a) Gausss Law:

= =
o
enc
Q
d s E.
where
=Electric flux through an arbitrary closed surface
E =Electric field at the surface
ds =Normal vector to an infinitesimal area, ds, on the surface
Q
enc
=Total electric charge contained within the closed surface

o
=Permittivity constant

Integral over a closed surface


(b) 1. Field pattern: By symmetry, the
electric field lines due to a spherically
symmetric charge distribution must be
radial.
2. Best Gaussian surface: If we
choose a sphere of radius r ( > R)
as the Gaussian surface, the field will
be perpendicular to the surface at all
points, so
E.ds = Eds
Moreover, since, by symmetry, E can
depend only on r and all points on the
sphere have the same radius, E is
constant over the spherical surface.
3. Find : = =

E. s = d Eds E ds = E(surface area of sphere) = E(4r
2
)
4. Find Q
enc.
: The charge enclosed is just Q.
5. Combine the results of (3) and (4) to find the electric field:
(4r
2
)E = Q/
0
E = Q/(4
o
r
2
) , as for a point charge at the centre.
(c) Volume charge density
(i)


C m 10 x 75 . 8
) 10 x 1 . 7 (
3
4
) 10 x 60 . 1 )( 82 (
nucleus Volume of
e arg Total ch
3 - 24
3 15
19
=

= =

ds
ds
E
Gaussian sphere
OUTSIDE the
sphere of charge
r
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 4
(ii) For r outside, we can use the above result: the field is the same as it
would be if all of the charge of 82e were at the centre:
2
7
2
o
outside
r
10 x 18 . 1
r 4
e 82
E

=

V m
-1
For r inside, we apply Gausss law. By symmetry, the field pattern must
be radial even inside the nucleus as there is no preferred direction. So we
choose a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r (less than the nuclear
radius). The result for the surface integral is therefore the same as in
part (b):
= 4r
2
E.
The enclosed charge is now just the charge contained within a Gaussian
sphere of radius r:
Q
enc
= (Volume of Gaussian sphere)(Charge density)

3 25 3 24
enc
)r 10 x 67 . 3 ( r
3
4
) 10 x 75 . 8 ( Q =

= C.
Therefore:
o
3 25
2
)r 10 x 67 . 3 (
E r 4

=
E = (3.30 x 10
35
)r NC
-1
or V m
-1
(iii) E the surface can be found from either of the above formulas:
E
surface
= (1.18 x 10
-7
)/(7.1 x 10
-15
)
2
= 2.34 x 10
21
NC
-1
or V m
-1
E
surface
= (3.30 x 10
35
)(7.1 x 10
-15
) = 2.34 x 10
21
NC
-1
or V m
-1
(iv) Sketch of E vs. r:
E (NC
-1
)
r (m)
2.34 x 10
21
7.1 x 10
-15
E r
E r
-2
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 5
Answer 3
(a) The electric field vector is -(the gradient of the potential):
E x y z = =

V
V
x
V
y
V
z

(b) V(x,y,z) = 2x
2
z + 2y
2
z - 5z
3
V
(i) Taking partial derivatives,

+ = z ) ( y ) ( x ) ( E
2 2 2
z 15 y 2 x 2 yz 4 xz 4 V m
-1
(ii) Energy change in moving -2e from a point (4,3,2) to the origin:
At (4,3,2), V = 2(4
2
)(2) + 2(3
2
)(2) - 5(2
3
) = 64 + 36 - 40 = 60 V
At (0,0,0), V = 0
The magnitude of the work done is |W| = |Q(V)| = (2e)(60) = 120 eV
or (120)(1.60 x 10
-19
) = 1.92 x 10
-17
J.
(4,3,2) is at a higher potential than (0,0,0) so positive charge would be
pulled by the field from (4,3,2) to (0,0,0). But negative charge would need
to be pushed, and external work would therefore need to be done on the ion.
(iii) Electron released from rest at coordinates (0,0,1).
Initial acceleration:
The electric field at (0,0,1) is

= = z z E 15 ) 1 ( 15
2
V m
-1
The electron will be accelerated in the -z direction (opposite to the field
direction). The magnitude of the acceleration of electron is
31
19
e
10 x 11 . 9
) 15 )( 10 x 60 . 1 (
m
eE
a

= =


= 2.63 x 10
12
m s
-2
(iv) Equipotential line V = Constant
Plane parallel to x-y plane z = Constant
Therefore, from the equation for V,
z 2
z 5 V
y x
3
2 2
+
= +
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 6
The right hand side of this equation is a constant, so the equation
corresponds to a circle whose radius R is given by
z 2
z 5 V
R
3
+
=
Putting V = 3 V and z = 1 m gives R = 2 m.
(v) The dipole moment vector, P, has magnitude = (Charge)(Separation) and
direction from the negative towards the positive charge:
P = (2 x 10
-6
)(1 x 10
-6
) z

= (2 x 10
-12
) z

C m

+ = z y x E

11 4 4 V m
-1
Torque = P E = z y x z


11 4 4 ) 10 x 2 (
12 -
=



z z y z x z ) 10 x 2 . 2 ( ) 10 x 8 ( ) 10 x 8 (
11 - 12 - 12 -
= 0 ) 10 x 8 ( ) 10 x 8 (
12 - 12 -
x - y +


= y x


) 10 x 8 (
12 - x

EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 7


Answer 4
(a)F = -e[E + (v x B)]
(b) (i) The current could be carried by either electrons
or holes
If I is carried by electrons: If I is carried by holes:
Build-up of negative charge Build-up of positive charge
on the bottom side on the bottom side
V
1
> V
2
V is positive V
2
> V
1
V is negative
(ii) Charge build-up electric field,
E, between top and bottom sides
E opposes further charge build-up
Equilibrium established when eE = evB
eE = evB E = vB
We can relate the speed, v, to the current:
Let n = no. of carriers per unit
volume (each with charge e)
Consider the amount of charge,
dQ, crossing area L
2
in time dt:
dQ = amount of charge in this volume
dQ = ne(L
2
)(vdt) Current, I = dQ/dt = neL
2
v
Current density J = I/L
2
= nev
v
-e
v x B
B (outwards)
F = -e(v x B)
v
+e

B (outwards)
F = e(v x B)
V V
V
1 V
1
V
2
V
2
v
-e
+e
v
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + + + + +
E
a
eE
e(v x B)
length vdt
L
L
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 8
So
ne
J
v =
ne
JB
E =
(iii) Units of
ne
JB
:
[ ] [ ] e arg Ch
ce tan Dis
1
) ce tan Dis )( e arg Ch (
) Time )( Force (
Time
e arg Ch
e arg Ch
ce tan Dis
1
) Speed )( e arg Ch (
Force
ce tan Dis
Current
ne
JB
3
2

ce tan Dis
e arg Ch
ce tan Dis
Force

e arg Ch
Force

which are the units of electric field (defined as force per unit charge).
(iv) Practical applications of the Hall effect:
(a) Measuring the properties of semiconductors: if the magnetic field is
known, then the number density and sign of the charge carriers can be
determined from V.
(b) Measuring the magnetic field: if the properties of the sample are known,
then an unknown magnetic field can be determined from V.
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 9
Answer 5
(a)

=
enclosed
I d
o
L B. .
B = Magnetic field
dL = an infinitesimal line element vector

o
= Permeability constant
I
enclosed
= Current flowing through a specified closed path

The integral is to be carried out over a closed path


Amperes law states that the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is
equal to the total current flowing through the area defined by the path divided by
o
.
(b) By symmetry, the magnetic field lines will form circular loops around the axis.
Consider any circular path of radius r centred on the axis
and following a field line :
Apply Amperes Law: B and dL are always parallel,
and the magnitude of the field, B, is constant for the
whole path.
So,

= = = ) ( l B. r 2 B dl B Bdl d
Enclosed current:
For r < 1 mm: The enclosed current is given by the current
density multiplied by the area of the cylinder within radius r:
Area = r
2
dL
B
r
B (outwards)
1 mm
Circular lines of B
SIDE VIEW AXIAL VIEW
Total current I
enclosed
passes
through a bag-like surface
whose opening is the path
Arbitrary closed path
dL
dL
d
B
B
B
B
dL
dL
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 10
2 7
2 3
2
enc
r 10
) 10 (
r
10 I =

Amps.
For r > 1 mm, the enclosed current is the total current flowing through the cylinder:
I
enc
= 10 Amps.
So, for r < 1 mm: B(2r) =
o
(10
7
)r
2
= 4r
2
B = 2r Tesla (r in metres)
And for r > 1 mm: B(2r) = 10
o

r
10 x 2
B
6
=

Tesla (r in metres)
Sketch of
B vs. radius:
(c) Consider a parallel plate
capacitor being charged
up by a current I:
We know that a moving charge produces a magnetic field, so the current in the wire will
generate a magnetic field, B. Applying Amperes law to the path shown, with the bag-like
surface passing between the capacitor plates, we get
0 I d
enc o
L B. = =

B must be zero, which we know cannot be true.


Maxwells modification is based on the fact that the
although surface does not intercept any current, but
it DOES intercept ELECTRIC FLUX
How much flux is intercepted ?
Let Q = charge on capacitor
o
Q

=
o
I
dt
d


dt
d
I
o

=
1 mm
r
B
B
max
= 2 x 10
-3
T
I
E
I
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 11
If we want I d
o
=

L B. as for a straight wire, we must claim that


dt
d
I d
o o o

+ =

L B.
Continuous wire : Term 1 =
o
I
Term 2 = 0
Capacitor : Term 1 = 0
Term 2 = I
dt
d
o o o
=


Maxwell showed that this is a general relation which holds always.
So the magnetic field is
the same in each case
Term 1 Term 2
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 12
Answer 6
10-turn circular coil Radius = 3 x 10
-2
m I = 20 A B
ext
= 2 x 10
-3
x

T
(a) Total field at centre of coil:
At the centre of the coil, the field produced by the coil points perpendicular to the
plane of the coil. The direction is given by the right hand rule: letting the fingers curl
along the direction of current flow, the thumb points along B. The field of the coil is
thus as shown above.

=

y x B
coil
cos sin
R 2
NI
o
=



y x cos sin ) 10 x 19 . 4 (
3 -
T.
B
ext
= 2 x 10
-3
x

T
So


+ = y x B
tot
) cos 10 x 19 . 4 ( ) sin 10 x 19 . 4 10 x 2 (
3 3 3
T.
(b) Magnetic moment vector:
= (Current )(Area)(Number of turns) = (20)()(3 x 10
-2
)
2
(10) = 0.57 A m
2
Direction of is perpendicular to the plane of the coil, in the same direction as B
coil
.
=



y x cos sin 57 . 0 A m
2
.
(c) Torque on the coil:
= x B
ext
=


x y x
3
10 x 2 cos sin 57 . 0
0 x x =

= z - x y So =

z cos ) 10 x 14 . 1 (
3
Nm
Y
X axis is out of page
Z
I = 2 A
Y
Z axis is out of page

X
B
coil
B
ext
EMF Examination 1999 Model Answers 13
(d) Equilibrium position:
The torque tends to align and B
ext
. In equilibrium, they are in the same direction
with = 90
o
, and the torque is then zero.
(e) Work done in rotating the coil through 180
o
from the equilibrium position:
This corresponds to rotation between = /2 and = 3/2. When the coil is at an
angle to the x axis and is rotated by an infinitesimal angle d, the work done is d.
The total work done is therefore
[ ] [ ] ) 1 ( 1 10 x 14 . 1 sin 10 x 14 . 1 d cos ) 10 x 14 . 1 ( W
3 2 / 3
2 /
3
2 / 3
2 /
3
= = =

.
So W = 2.28 x 10
-3
J.
The new position is one of unstable equilibrium: the torque increases as the coil moves
out of position. If the coil were displaced slightly from this position, the torque would
rotate it back towards the stable equilibrium position ( = 90
o
).
(f) B
ext
decreased with coil in equilibrium position:
The decreasing B
ext
will induce an emf in the coil which will modify its current. By
Lenzs law, the induced emf will change the current so as to generate a magnetic field
which opposes the change in B
ext
. Therefore, B
coil
will increase, tending to keep the
overall field constant.
Y
X axis is out of page
Z
Y
Z axis is out of page
X
B
coil
B
ext
University of London 2000 1 Please go to next page
Queen Mary & Westfield College
University of London
BSc Examination 2000


PHY210 Electric and Magnetic Fields
Time Allowed: 2 hours 15 minutes

Answer three questions in total, including at least one from Section 1
and at least one from Section 2.

SECTION 1

1 (a) Write down a vector equation for the electric field, E, in free space, at a distance r from a point
charge Q, and define the symbols used.

(b) A point charge +Q lies at coordinates (-1,0) in the x-y plane. A second point charge -3Q lies at
coordinates (1,0).

Show that the electric field, E, at a point on the y-axis, a distance d from the origin, is given by

( )

+
=

y x E
2
d
d 1
Q
2 / 3
2
o
.

(c) In the above system, an electric dipole, in which the charges are separated by a negligible
distance, is located at co-ordinates (0,1). It lies along the y-axis with the negative charge nearest
the origin, and the magnitude of its dipole moment vector is P. Show that the torque, , on the
dipole is given by

= z
2 2
PQ
where

= y x z .

(d) As viewed from a point above the x-y plane, in which sense (clockwise or anticlockwise) will the
electric field tend to rotate the dipole? Explain your answer.


2 (a) Gausss law for the electric field in free space states that S E

= =
o
enc
Q
d . .
(i) Define , E, dS, Q and
o
, and explain the meaning of the symbol

.

(ii) Explain briefly and qualitatively, with the aid of a diagram, what the equation tells us about
the relationship between electric field and charge.

(b) A very long insulating cylinder of radius R contains charge uniformly distributed inside it with
charge density (charge per unit volume) . Use Gauss's law to show that the magnitude of the
University of London 2000 2 Please go to next page
electric field, E, at perpendicular distance r from the axis of the cylinder, is given by

=
2
r
) r ( E for r < R and
r 2
R
) r ( E
2

= for r > R.

Sketch the variation of E with r.

(c) The electric potential is defined to be zero on the axis of the cylinder. Derive an expression for
the potential at the surface of the cylinder (r = R).


3 A circuit consists of a resistor R in series with a capacitor C. Initially, the capacitor is uncharged. A
battery of voltage V is connected to the circuit at time t = 0.

(a) Use Kirchhoffs voltage law to show that the differential equation for the charge, Q, on the
capacitor is
Q/C + R(dQ/dt) - V = 0.

(b) Show that Q(t) = CV(1 - e
-t/RC
) is a solution of this differential equation.

(c) Sketch the current and the charge as functions of time.

(d) Show that the power, P, dissipated in the resistor is given by


RC / t 2
2
e
R
V
) t ( P

= .

(e) Integrate this expression for P(t) to derive an expression for the energy dissipated in the resistor
in the process of charging the capacitor. What fraction is this of the total energy delivered by the
battery?



SECTION 2

4 (a) Write down the equation for the Lorentz force experienced by a particle of charge Q moving with
velocity v in an electric field, E, and a magnetic field, B.

(b) Explain how a system with perpendicular electric and magnetic fields can be used as a velocity
selector for charged particles.

(c) A particle of mass m, charge Q, and initial velocity v in the x direction, moves in a region of space
in which the electric field is zero and the magnetic field, B, is uniform and points in the z
direction. Show that the path of the particle will be a circle in the x-y plane, and derive an
equation for the radius.

(d) Explain with the aid of a diagram how a mass spectrometer can exploit these two phenomena.


University of London 2000 3
I
O
R
2

R
1


5 (a) The Biot-Savart Law for the magnetic field due to a steady current states that

) d (
r 4
I
d
2
o

= r L B .

Explain briefly, with the aid of a diagram, what this equation tells us about the relationship
between magnetic field and current.

(b) Use the Biot-Savart Law to explain why, in the case of a very long straight current-carrying
wire, the magnetic field lines are circular loops centred on the wire.

(c) A current loop consists of two concentric semicircular
arcs and two perpendicular radial sections as shown.
Use the Biot-Savart Law to show that the magnetic field,
B, at the central point, O, is given by


= a B
2 1
o
R
1
R
1
4
I


where

a is a unit vector whose direction is perpendicular to the page.


For the situation shown, does

a point into or out of the paper? Explain your answer.





6 (a) Define the self inductance, L, of a circuit, and write down the expression relating the induced
emf to the current in the circuit. Explain how Lenzs law may used be to determine the sense
of the induced emf.

(b) A coil has a self inductance of 2 x 10
-3
H. An oscillating emf, (t), is applied to the coil,
given by
(t) = 6sin(200t) V, where t is the time in seconds.

Derive expressions for (i) the current in the coil, i(t);
(ii) the magnetic flux through the coil, (t); and
(iii) the energy stored by the coil, U(t).

(c) Write down equations in integral form for Faraday's law and Maxwell's modification of Ampere's
law. Explain qualitatively how these laws, taken together, imply the existence of electromagnetic
oscillations.


End of paper
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 1
Answer 1

(a)
2
o
r 4
Q

= E r

where

E = electric field vector
Q = electric charge
r = distance between the charge and the point in question

o
= permittivity constant
r

= a unit vector pointing from the charge toward the point.




(b) There are two contributions to the electric field at point (0,d):

F
a
due to +Q at (-1, 0) F
b
due to -3Q at (1, 0)



















Resolving F
a
and F
b
into their horizontal and vertical components, we have



+ = y x E
a
cos E sin E
a a
,
and

= y x E
b
cos E sin E
b b
.

From Coulombs law,
) d 1 ( 4
Q
E
2
o
a
+
= and
) d 1 ( 4
Q 3
E
2
o
b
+
= ,


and from diagram,
[ ]

2 / 1
2
d 1
d
cos
+
= and
[ ]

2 / 1
2
d 1
1
sin
+
= .

Inserting these into the above expressions for E
a
and E
b
, we get

Q
r
E

r


Y
E
a
+Q
1

- 3Q
(1 +d
2
)
0.5
X
E
b
1
d

Y
E
total
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 2

+
+
+ +
=

y x E
a
5 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 2
o
) d 1 (
d
) d 1 (
1
) d 1 ( 4
Q
, and

+ +
=

y x E
b
5 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 2
o
) d 1 (
d
) d 1 (
1
) d 1 ( 4
Q 3
.


Adding these gives
( )

+
= + =

y x E E E
b a total
2
d
d 1
Q
2 / 3
o



(c) By definition, the dipole moment vector, P, points from the negative
dipole charge towards the positive dipole charge, so here we have

= y P P .

The torque is given by E P = ,

where E is the electric field as given by the above equation for E
tot

with d = 1.

Therefore
( )

=

y x y
2
1
2
Q
P
2 / 3
o


Now, 0 y y =

, and, using the right hand rule,

= z - x y .


Therefore

= z
2 2
PQ
.

(d) By the right hand rule, torque in the -z direction corresponds to clockwise rotation as seen
looking down to the origin from a position on the positive z axis (thumb along direction
of , fingers curl in sense of rotation).



Alternative explanation: the torque will tend to
align the dipole moment vector with the electric
field which in this case has a positive x-component
and a negative y-component.







E
Rotation
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 3
Answer 2
(a) (i) Gausss Law:

= =
o
enc
Q
d s E.
where = Electric flux through an arbitrary closed surface
E = Electric field at the surface
ds = Normal vector to an infinitesimal area, ds, on the surface
Q
enc
= Total electric charge contained within the closed surface

o
= Permittivity constant

Integral over a closed surface



(ii) Gausss law states that the total electric
flux, , emanating from a closed surface
is equal to the enclosed charge divided
by
o
.

This holds regardless of the location or
distribution of the charge inside.






(b) Step 1 Field pattern: By symmetry, the electric field lines due to a cylindrically
symmetric charge distribution must be radial, as shown on the side and axial views




















ds
ds
E
Gaussian cylinder,
radius r, OUTSIDE
the cylinder of charge
r
Gaussian cylinder,
radius r, INSIDE the
cylinder of charge
ds
ds
E
R
SIDE VIEW
AXIAL VIEW
L
ds
ds
ds
ds
E
ds
ds is the normal vector to an infinitesimal
"patch" on the surface of area ds
Arbitrary distribution of
charge inside the surface.
Total charge = Q
enc
.
d = E.ds
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 4
Step 2 Best Gaussian surface: Choose a co-axial cylinder of radius r and length L as the
Gaussian surface. We need two of these, one with r < R and one with r > R.

On the curved parts, E is perpendicular to the surface at all points. E and the normal
vector ds are therefore parallel, so E.ds = Eds. Also, by symmetry, E is constant since all
points are at the same distance from the axis.
On the flat ends, E is perpendicular to ds at all points so E.ds = 0.

Step 3 Find : We can split the surface integral into three parts

s E. s E. s E. s E.

+ + = =
Side Bottom Top
d d d d = 0 + 0 + s E.

Side
d



= =
Side Side
ds E Eds = E(surface area of curved part) = E(2rL)

Step 4 Find Q
enc.
:

For r < R: The Gaussian cylinder is full of charge, and the charge enclosed is given by
the volume times the charge density:

= L r Q
2
enc
.

For r > R: The Gaussian cylinder is full of charge only out to a radius R, and the charge
enclosed is given by the charge density times the volume of a length L of the
charged cylinder:

= L R Q
2
enc
.

Step 5 Combine the results of (3) and (4) to find the electric field:

Put = Q
enc
/
o
and rearrange to get an expression for E:

For r < R:
o
2
r
E

= For r < R:
r 2
R
E
o
2

=

(c) V = 0 on the axis of the cylinder. The potential at the surface is the integral of the electric field
between r = 0 and r = R. This is most easily evaluated by integrating along a radial path, parallel
to a field line. Ignoring the sign of V for the moment,


o
2
R
0
o
R
0
4
5
dr
2
U
d V = = =

L E.

To decide if V is positive or negative: Clearly a positive charge, once disturbed from the unstable
equilibrium position on the axis, would be pushed radially outwards by the electric field. It would
therefore gain kinetic energy and lose potential energy. V is therefore negative.

EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 5
Answer 3

(a) Starting at point A, apply Kirchhoffs voltage law around the loop:


V - i(t)R - Q(t)/C = 0

(the sections of wire are equipotentials)

But i(t) = dQ(t)/dt, so the differential
equation for Q(t) is

Q/C + R(dQ/dt) - V = 0


(b) Q(t) = CV(1 - e
-t/RC
)

Differentiating with respect to t gives
RC / t RC / t
e
R
V
e
RC
1
CV
dt
dQ

= = .

So Q/C + R(dQ/dt) - V = V(1 - e
-t/RC
) + Ve
-t/RC
- V = 0.


Therefore Q(t) = CV(1 - e
-t/RC
) is a solution of the differential equation.

Alternative method: The differential equation can be solved to derive Q(t) = CV(1 - e
-t/RC
).

(c)











(d) The power dissipated in the resistor is P(t) = i(t)
2
R.

The current is
RC / t
e
R
V
dt
dQ
) t ( i

= =
RC / t 2
2
2
e
R
V
) t ( Ri ) t ( P

= = .

(e) The total energy dissipated in charging up the capacitor is obtained by integrating P(t)
from t = 0 to t = :


2 2
0
RC / t 2
2
0
RC / t 2
2
0
tot
CV
2
1
) 1 0 ( CV
2
1
e
2
RC
R
V
dt e
R
V
dt ) t ( P W = =

= = =




This is the same as the formula for the energy stored in the capacitor, so half of the energy
delivered by the battery has been dissipated in the resistor, and half is stored in the capacitor.
V
switch closed at t = 0
R
C
V
i(t)R
-Q(t)/C
Q(t)
A
Q(t
t
CV
i(t)
t
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 6
Answer 4

(a) F = Q[E + (v x B)]

(b) The velocity selector: consider a charged particle moving with velocity v perpendicular to
both an electric field, E, and a magnetic field, B.













Now v B so |Q(v x B)| = QvB

the two forces balance exactly if QvB = QE
the particle is not deflected if v = E/B
only particles for which v = E/B pass through the hole
the output beam is of uniform velocity (mono-energetic) as long as all the input
particles have the same charge.


(c) Consider a uniform magnetic field B in the z direction (out of the page).


Let charge Q have velocity v in the x direction

Initially, F = Q(v x B)

F is always perpendicular to v and B

There is never any component of
force along the direction of v

The speed is never changed by
the magnetic force

The magnitude of the force is

F = QvB = constant



Constant force to velocity motion in a circle


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
B (out of page)
F
F
v
F
v
Q
X
Y

Z (out)
QE
Q(v x B)
Q
Q
B (into the page)
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
E
v
x x x x x x x x x x x x
Screen with hole
Q experiences
both electric and
magnetic forces:

EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 7
The force required for circular motion is
r
mv
F
2
= where m = mass, r = radius.


r
mv
QvB
2
=
QB
mv
r =


(d) A mass spectrometer can be constructed by exploiting these effects. In such a device
there are two regions:

Region 1: Ionised atoms or molecules whose mass is to be determined are injected
into a velocity selector. They may enter with variety of velocities and directions, but
only particles of a given direction and a given speed (v = E/B) pass through the hole
into Region 2

Region 2 contains no electric field but has a magnetic field perpendicular to the
direction of motion of the incoming particles. They therefore travel in a circular path
of radius proportional to the mass, and to the speed as shown in the above equation.
If the particles are allowed to travel around an arc (e.g., a semicircle) then the
location at which they strike a position-sensitive detector will depend on the radius
of the arc which can therefore be calculated. From a knowledge of the speed, the
radius and the magnetic field, the mass can be calculated.

[Diagram helpful here but not essential]























EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 8
Answer 5

(a) ) d (
r 4
I
d
2
o

= r L B

Let a thin wire carry a current I. Consider a small
element of the wire dL, whose direction is the direction
of current flow.
The unit vector

r points from dL towards point P.


The above equation gives the contribution, dB,
to the total magnetic at point P, a distance r from dL.
The total magnetic field produced by the wire can be
obtained by integrating this expression over the whole
wire.

(b) Let a long straight wire carrying a current I. Consider an infinitesimal element dL, and its
contribution to the magnetic field at point P, where

r is perpendicular to the wire. Its contribution to


the field is out of the page, by the right hand rule. This must also be the direction of the total field at
point P due to the whole wire as components in other directions will cancel out by symmetry .






View along the axis, so that dL appears to be coming straight out of the page:
If we consider points on a circle
(e.g., P1 - P4) then the direction
of the unit vector

r depends
on which point we consider.
dL is always out of the page.
Applying the right hand rule to
each point, we see that B is
always tangential.
Lines of B form closed loops.




dL
P
r
I

r
P
1

dL
B
1
(outwards)
view along the axis

1
r
v
1

P
1
B

2
r

3
r

4
r
P
2

B
B
P
3

P
4

B

dL pointing
outwards
B
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 9

(c) Consider one of the loops as seen from above.
Let the current flow as shown. The contribution
of a small element, dL, to the magnetic field at the
centre, O, is given by

) x d (
r 4
I
d
2
0

= r L B
The magnitude of

r L x d is just dL because dL and r

are perpendicular, and the magnitude


of r

is 1.

By the right hand rule, the direction of

r L x d is perpendicular to the coil, pointing into the page.



Let a

be a unit vector pointing into the page. Then

= a B
2
0
r 4
IdL
d .

To find the total field, we integrate around the
length of the semicircular loop, i.e., from
L = 0 to L = r, to get



=
=

a a B
r 4
I
dL
r 4
I
0
r L
0 L
2
0
.


The straight sections dont contribute to B because their dL and r

vectors are parallel.



The field at O will have therefore have two contributions, one from the inner loop and one from the
outer loop.

Inner loop:

= a B
1
o
inner
R 4
I


Outer loop:

= a - B
2
o
outer
R 4
I



Therefore

= a B + B = B
2 1
o
outer inner
R
1
R
1
4
I
.









I

O
r

dL
I
O
R
2

R
1

EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 10
Answer 6

(a) Self inductance: If a circuit carries a current I, and the amount of magnetic flux linked by the
circuit (due to the magnetic field produced by this current) is , then the self inductance is

L = /I.

Induced emf: =
dt
d
dt
dI
L

=

The negative sign in the equation for represents Lenzs law: the induced emf is always in such a
direction as to oppose the change in magnetic flux that causes it.


If is increasing then
causes current to flow so
as to generate a magnetic
field which OPPOSES .









If is decreasing then
causes current to flow so
as to generate a magnetic
field which SUPPORTS




(b) L = 2 x 10
-3
H (t) = 6sin(200t)

=
dt
dI
(t)/L = -3 x 10
3
sin(200t)

Therefore I(t) = [ ] ) t 200 cos( 15 t) 200 ( cos -
200
10 x 3
dt ) t 200 sin( ) 10 x 3 (
3
3


=



(t) = LI(t) = (2 x 10
-3
)(15)cos(200t) = 0.03cos(200t)

U(t) = LI(t)
2
= (10
-3
)(15)
2
cos
2
(200t) = 0.225cos
2
(200t)
B (decreasing)
B
induced
supports B
Current due to
induced emf
B (increasing)
B
induced
opposes B
Current due to
induced emf
EMF Examination 2000 Model Answers 11
(c) Faradays Law
dt
d
d

=

L E.

Maxwells modification of Amperes Law
dt
d
I d
o o o

+ =

L B.

Faraday's law implies that a changing magnetic field (represented by d/dt) induces an
electric field, E (the closed line integral must be non-zero).

Similarly, the modified Ampere's lay implies that a changing electric field (represented by
d/dt) induces a magnetic field, B.

Both fields contain energy, so we have an oscillation of energy between the two fields.











Such oscillations occur in electric circuits containing capacitors and inductors, and it can be
shown that, taken together, these two laws imply the existence of travelling electromagnetic
waves.


Changing E
Changing B
Modified Amperes Law
Faradays Law

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