Paper Sizes.

The standard for drawing sheet sizes is the A series. The basic size in this series is the
A0 size (1189mm x 841mm) which has an area of about 1-m. The sides of e!er" size
in the series are in the ratio #$rt(%) & 1.414 ' 1 and each size is ha(f the area of the
next (arger size.
)rawing #heet
#ize
#ize in
mi((imetres
#ize in
inches
A0 1189 x 841
4*.81 x
.11
A1 841 x +91
.11 x
%.9
A% +94 x 4%0
%.9 x
1*.++
A 4%0 x %9,
1*.++ x
11.*9
A4 %9, x %10
11.*9 x
8.%,
A+ %10 x 148
8.%, x
+.84
A* 148 x 10+
+.84 x
4.1
-referred #ca(es .or )rawings...
The /referred sca(es are
1'10 1'%0 1'+0 1'100 1'%00 1'+00 1'100
BS EN ISO 5457 Drawing Sheet Sizes
)esignation Trimmed #heet
)rawing #/ace 12-
0.+mm
3ntrimmed sheet 12-
%mm
-
4idth
(mm)
5ength
(mm)
4idth
(mm)
5ength
(mm)
4idth
(mm)
5ength
(mm)
A0 841 1189 8%1 11+9 880 1%0
A1 +94 841 +,4 811 *%+ 880
A% 4%0 +94 400 +*4 4+0 *%+
1
A %9, 4%0 %,, 90 0 4+0
A4 %10 %9, 180 %,, %40 0
3sefu( 5in6s 7n )rawing #heet #izes
1. -a/er sizes...8ngineering Too(box -Tab(e
%. )rawing #ca(ed 9#7 #heets ...:otes re(ating to se(ection of drawing sheet
sizes with Autocad
. The 9#7 ;A; #eries ...<etrication.com . =ac6ground on the basis for the 9#7
drawing sizes
Index of ISO Hole and Shaft toleranes!li"its pages
#ele$ant Standards
=# 8: %0%8*-1'199(9#7 %8*-1'1988 )...... 9#7 s"stem of (imits and fits. 9#7 s"stem
of (imits and fits. =ases of to(erances0 de!iations and fits
=# 8: %0%8*-% ' 199(9#7 %8*-%'1988 ).... 9#7 s"stem of (imits and fits. 9#7 s"stem
of (imits and fits. Tab(es of standard to(erance grades and (imit de!iations for ho(es
and shafts
Notes
The to(erance of size is norma((" defined as the difference between the u//er and
(ower dimensions.
The need for to(erances to be identified on drawings is !ita( to a((ow assemb(" of /arts
in the desired wa" and interchangeabi(it" of /arts as re$uire in modern manufacturing
methods.
9#7 %8* im/(ements %0 grades of accurac" to satisf" the re$uirements of different
industries.
9T010 9T00 9T10 9T%0 9T0 9T40 9T+0 9T*.. -roduction of gauges and
instruments.
9T +0 9T*0 9T,0 9T80 990 9T100 9T110 9T1%...-recision and genera( 9ndustr".
9T110 9T140 9T1+0 9T1*..#emi finished /roducts
9T1*0 9T1,0 9T18 ..#tructura( 8ngineering
Hole and Shaft tolerane ta%les& 'sing ()nda"ental De$iations and *olerane
Band *
9#7 To(erance
=and T
9#7 #haft :earest
(imit to >ero
9#7 ?758 :earest
(imit to >ero
8xam/(es in using abo!e tab(es..
%
?o(e )ia 110mm ?110...
:earest zero & 110mm 1 0mm & 1100000mm ...
.urthest from zero & 110mm 1 (01 T&00%%0)&1100%%0mm
@eu(ting (imits 110000021100%%0
#haft 110mm e9...
:earest zero & 110mm - 000,%&10909%8mm...
.urthest from zero & 110mm - (000,% 1 T&0008,) & 1090841mm
@esu(ting (imits 10909%821090841
Hole and Shaft *oleranes to ISO +,-&+
9#7 ?o(e 5imits 9#7 #haft To(erance
Exa"ple li"its and fits )sing hole %asis
)escri/tion ?o(e #haft
5oose @unning ?11 c11
.ree @unning ?9 d9
5oose @unning ?11 c11
8as" @unning - Aood $ua(it" eas" to do- ?8 f8
#(iding ?, g*
B(ose B(earance - #/igots and (ocations ?8 f,
5ocation2B(earance ?, h*
5ocation- s(ight interference ?, 6*
5ocation2Transition ?, n*
5ocation29nterference- -ress fit which can be se/arated ?, /*
<edium )ri!e ?, s*
.orce ?, u*
.ahining Proess assoiated with ISO I* *olerane /rade..

9T Arade % 4 + * , 8 9 10 11 1% 1 14 1+ 1*
5a//ing
?oning
#u/erfinishing
B"(inderica( grinding
)iamond turning

-(an grinding
=roaching
@eaming
=oring0 Turning
#awing
<i((ing
-(aning0 #ha/ing
8xtruding
Bo(d @o((ing0 )rawing
)ri((ing
)ie Basting
.orging
#and Basting
?ot ro((ing0 .(ame cutting
'sef)l 0in1s.
1. Tecon(ogix. :et #ite inc(udes extreme(" usefu( on(ine (imits and fits ca(cu(ator
and gra/hic !iewer
%. <4Tech -C D<echanica( 8ngineering D for tab(es of (imits and fits.
. <9TBa(c...)own(oadab(e 8xce( -rogrammes..9nc(uding To(erances.
@easonab(e -rices
4. #88) .... #88) 8ngineering design guide- A good reference sit on (imits and
fits
+. 9#7 ?o(es ..9#7 #hafts .... A=B Tribo(og"- Tab(es of 9#7 (imits
Drawing of 2eld S3"%ols
The =ritish #tandard for we(d s"mbo(s is =# 8: %%++. 4hen identification of the
we(d /rocess is re$uired as /art of the we(d s"mbo( the re(e!ant we(d /rocess code is
(isted in =# 8: 9#7 40*.
Basi 2eld S3"%ol
The we(d s"mbo( a(wa"s inc(udes
1. An arrow (ine
%. A reference (ine
4
. A s"mbo(
:ote' 4e(d s"mbo(s on the fu(( reference (ine re(ates to we(ds on the near side of the
/(ate being we(ded. 4e(d s"mbo(s on the dashed (ine re(ates to we(d on the far side
of the /(ate. 9f the we(ds are s"mmetrica( on both sides of the /(ate the dashed (ine is
omitted. 9f the dashed (ine is abo!e the fu(( (ine then the s"mbo( for the nearside we(d
is drawn be(ow the reference (ine and the s"mbo( for the farside we(d is abo!e the
dashed (ine
.ore Detailed S3"%oli #epresentation of 2eld
4e(ding.....4e(d /rocess numbers.
*a%le of 2eld S3"%ols
+
4o"ple"entar3 S3"%ols
S)pple"entar3 Indiation
*
Di"ensioning 2elds
,
0in1s Pro$iding infor"ation on 2elding S3"%ols on Drawing
1. Eo(!o 4e(d #"mbo(s2-rocedures.....)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based
4e(d #"mbo(s
%. T49 4e(d :otes -art 1...:otes on 9#7 4e(d #"mbo(s
. T49 4e(d :otes -art %...:otes on 9#7 4e(d #"mbo(s
4. :ationa( =oard B(assics...An artic(e on we(d s"mbo(s with reference to 9#7
standards
S)rfae (inish 5*ext)re6 S3"%ols
#ele$ant Standard..
=# 8: 9#7 10%'%00% Aeometrica( /roduct s/ecifications (A-#). 9ndication of
surface texture in technica( /roduct documentation
/eneral indiation of s)rfae text)re on drawings
8
.or notes on surface roughness use (in6 #urface @oughness :otes
#e7)ire"ent for "ahining
Diretion of la3
9
.ahining 8llowane
The #"mbo( indicates the surface finish re$uirements and shows a machining
a((owance re$uirement of mm on a(( surfaces.
S3"%ol for s)rfae text)re all o"ponent s)rfaes
The #"mbo( indicates that a(( of the com/onent surfaces are to be machined...
0oation of S)rfae *ext)re S3"%ols
10
The shows t"/ica( (ocations for surface texture s"mbo(s...
'sef)l 0in1s On Drawing! Di"ensioning
1. Eo(!o )rawing #tandards......)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based drawing
/rocedures
Si"plified #epresentation of Bolt !#i$et Holes
These notes re(ate to the method of drawing bo(t 2 ri!et ho(es using a sim/(ified
s"stem as described in the =ritish #tandard identified be(owF
=# 8: 9#7 +84+-1 T)- #im/(ified re/resentation of the assemb(" of /arts with
fasteners /art 1' Aenera( -rinci/(es
The first figure shows the acce/tab(e sim/(ified re/resentations of ho(es dri((ed for the
/ur/ose of bo(ts or ri!ets in the !iew (oo6 direct(" at the ho(es ..
11
The second figure shows the acce/tab(e sim/(ified re/resentations of ho(es dri((ed for
bo(ts or ri!ets-- #ide !iew
The third figure shows the acce/tab(e sim/(ified re/resentations of ho(es with bo(ts or
ri!ets-- #ide !iew
1%
The fourth !iew sim/(" shows how to con!enient(" indicate the bo(t or ri!et
designation..
.ehanial S3"%ols (or (low Diagra"s
<echanica( 8$ui/ment #"mbo(s
The fo((owing s"mbo(s are genera((" in accordance with =# 1++-1...
1
14
1+
Ite" #eferene N)"%ers and Parts 0ists
#eferene British Standards
=# 8: 9#7 *4'199+0 =# 08-1.8'199+..Technica( drawings. 9tem references
=# 9#7 ,+,'198...Technica( drawings. 9tem (ist
Ite" #eferenes
9tem references sha(( be /(aced outside the genera( out(ine of the drawing.
8ach se/arate item and com/(ete sub-assemb(" sha(( ha!e a reference number.
9dentica( /arts shou(d ha!e the same reference number
The item reference sha(( be a number0 the number ma" be augmented b" Ba/ita(s.
9tem reference numbers sha(( be distinguishab(e from other numbers e.g b"
ma6ing the text size (arger than the text used for dimensions and notes.
The reference numbers can a(so be c(ear(" identifiab(e b" inc(uding in ba((oons
9tem reference numbers shou(d be (ocated in !ertica( or horizonta( (ines for c(arit".
The item reference numbers for c(ear(" grou/ed items can be combined with one
(eader.
1*
*ehnial Drawing & Ite" lists
The item (ist ( bi(( of materia(s) for an assemb(" drawing can be (ocated on the
drawing or it can be /ro!ided on a se/arate dedicated drawing.
The item (ist shou(d be c(ear(" identified on the drawing as the 9tem 5ist.
The item (ist shou(d be orientated to suit the norma( reading direction of the
drawing.
As a minimum the item (ist shou(d inc(ude !ertica( co(umns with the fo((owing
headings
9tem
)escri/tion
Guantit"
@eference
<ateria(
8ach item shou(d be (isted in a se/arate row se/arated b" thic6 or thin (ines
The item co(umn shou(d inc(ude the item number as shown on the drawing
The descri/tion co(umn is for the item designation. Abbre!iations0 ma" be used if
the" are c(ear. a t"/ica( descri/tion wou(d be =o(t- #ize- Arade and the re(e!ant
standard.
The $uantit" is the tota( $uantit" for one com/(eted assemb(".
The reference co(umn identif" /arts which are not fu((" detai(ed on the assemb("
drawing. This ma" be a detai( drawing number0 a /ro/rietar" /art number0 a code
number or a s/ecification number.
The materia( co(umn shou(d identif" c(ear(" the materia(. 9t ma" be necessar" to
refer to a noted if the materia( can not be identified in a concise mannerHHH
The item (ist can additiona((" inc(ude other information necessar" for the finished
1,
/roduct e.g. #u//(" information0 item mass0 remar6s..
HHH not in standard..
:ote' The figure abo!e is for guidance ..The co(umn order /ro/ortions and
genera( (a"out are not c(ear(" described in the standard and are therefore /robab("
not im/ortant..
Notes On *itle Blo1s
Drawing *itle Blo1s
=# 9#7 ,%00 Technica( )rawings- Tit(e =(oc6s identifies the tit(e b(oc6 re$uirements to be
used on engineering drawings.... The drawing sheet size shou(d be in accordance with D=# 8:
9#7 +4+, T)- #izes and (a"out of drawing sheetsD )rawing #heet #izes
A tit(e b(oc6 is the form on which the actua( drawing is a section. The tit(e b(oc6 inc(udes the
border and the !arious sections for /ro!iding $ua(it"0 administrati!e and technica(
information. The im/ortance of the tit(e b(oc6 cannot be minimised as it inc(udes a(( the
information which enab(es the drawing to be inte/reted0 identified and archi!ed.
The tit(e shou(d inc(ude sufficient information to identif" the t"/e of drawing e.g genera(
arrangement0 or detai(. 9t shou(d a(so c(ear(" describe in a /recise wa" what the drawing
/ortra"s
The notes be(ow re(ate to the tit(e boxes inc(uded on in the tit(e b(oc6 to con!e" the necessar"
information. The standard drawing sizes and (a"outs are described e(sewhere.
The basic re$uirements for a tit(e b(oc6 (ocated at the bottom right hand corner of a drawing
are
1. The registration or 9) number
%. The drawing tit(e
. The 5ega( 7wner of the )rawing
These items shou(d be written in a rectang(e which is at the most 1,0mm wide.
The ti(e b(oc6 shou(d a(so inc(ude boxes for the (ega( signatures of the originator and other
/ersons in!o(!ed /roduction of the drawing to the re$uired $ua(it".
18
The drawing shou(d a(so inc(ude a s"mbo( identif"ing the /roIection. The main sca(e and the
(inear dimension units if other than DmmD.
<echanica( drawings shou(d (ist the standards use for' indicating the surface texture' we(ds'
genera( to(erances and geometric to(erances0 as notes referring direct(" the the re(e!ant
standards or a genera( note referring to the =# 8888. (=# 8888 (ists a(( of the re(e!ant
standards.) =# 8888 shou(d rea((" on(" be referenced if the drawing is in fu(( accordance.
The drawing tit(e b(oc6 shou(d indicate the date of the first re!ision. 9n se/arate boxes to the
tit(e b(oc6 the current re!ision with an out(ine descri/tion of the re!ision shou(d be indicated.
7n com/(etion of each drawing re!ision an additiona( re!ision box shou(d be com/(eted
thus /ro!iding a detai(ed histor" of the drawing.
*3pial *itle Box
*3pial #e$ision Box
Di"ensioning and S)rfae (inish
Di"ensioning
0inear Di"ensioning
19
8ng)lar Di"ensioning
4H8IN&P8#800E0 DI.ENSIONIN/
8xam/(es of chain and /ara((e( dimensioning are abo!e be(ow. The ad!antage of /ara((e(
%0
dimensioning is that there is no bui(d-u/ of to(erances.
Di"ensioning Dia"eters
)imensions of diameters are shown on !iew /ro!iding greatest c(arit"
Di"ensioning Holes
%1
Di"ensioning 4ha"fers!4o)ntersin1s

%%
.etri Srew *hreads
Thread )esignation
The com/(ete designation of a screw thread gi!es
the thread s"mbo( e.g. < for <etric
the thread size e.g. *
the thread /itch e.g. x 1
the to(erance c(ass e.g. *?(.ema(e) *g (ma(e)
the (ength of thread if not dimensioned se/arate(" eg. x 0 5:A
:otes'
9f the thread is standard course then the /itch need not be shown. ?owe!er it is better that it
is a(wa"s shown
9f the to(erance grade for the /itch diameter and the maIor diameter is the same then on("
one needs to be shown. Threads right handed (c(oc6wise turn to screw in) un(ess a -5?
suffix is added to indicate (eft hand thread.
The B(ass of .it is a measure of the degree of fit between mating interna( and externa(
threads.
B(asses of .it
Three main B(asses of .it are defined for metric screw threads '
.9:8' This has a to(erance c(ass of +? for interna( threads and 4h for externa(
threads.
<8)93<' This has a to(erance c(ass of *? for interna( threads and *g for externa(
threads.
B7A@#8' This has a to(erance c(ass of ,? for interna( threads and 8g for externa(
threads.
9f one c(ass is shown for a ma(e thread i.e *g then the to(erance a//(ies to the /itch dia and
the maIor diameter. A dua( to(erance is shown (+h*g) when a different to(erance is a//(ied
to the -itch dia (+h) and the maIor dia (*h). The same /rinci/(e a//(ies to the fema(e thread
e.g. a to(erance grade (*? ) a//(ies to both /itch dia and the minor dia. A to(erance grade
(*?,?) refers to *? for the /itch dia and ,? for the minor dia.
The t"/ica( designation for a thread on a drawing is as fo((ows
<8 - *e..This is a <8 course ma(e thread with a *e externa((ma(e) to(erance (before
coating)
<8 x 1 - *e.. This is a <8 course ma(e fine thread with a *e externa((ma(e) to(erance
(before coating)
<8 - *?... This is a <8 course fema(e thread with a *? interna((fema(e) to(erance
%
(not coated)
<8 - *? - 5? This is a 5eft hand <8 course fema(e thread with a *?
interna((fema(e) to(erance (not coated)
Pipe *hreads
The t"/ica( designation for a -i/e Threads
@ 12% 8xterna( Ta/er - #ea(ing on Thread (=# %1)
@c 12% 9nterna( Ta/e - #ea(ing on Thread(=# %1)
@/ 12% 9nterna( -ara((e(- #ea(ing on Thread (=# %1)
A 12% A0= or ext 8xterna( -ara((e( - :ot #ea(ing on Threads -Additiona( sea(
re$uired(=#%,,9)
A 12%(. & fu(( thread) 9nterna( -ara((e( :ot #ea(ing on Threads -Additiona( sea(
re$uired (=#%,,9)
Drawing 4o"ponents
*hreads
/ears
%4
Splines 9 Serrations
*his Page is %eing de$eloped
D3na"i Seals
%+
#otating Seals
'sef)l 0in1s On Drawing o"ponents
1. Eo(!o )rawing #tandards......)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based drawing
/rocedures
%*
%. .astener......:ot 8uro/ean but usefu(. ?ow to draw screw threads. etc
Drawing Notes
The notes be(ow are re/resentati!e. The actua( notes used wi(( be se(ected based on
the information being shown on the drawing
%,
%8
0in1s Pro$iding infor"ation on 2elding S3"%ols on Drawing
1. Eo(!o 4e(d #"mbo(s2-rocedures.....)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based
4e(d #"mbo(s
S*8ND8#D S:.BO0S 8ND 8BB#E;I8*IONS. *O BS,,,,
Term
Abbre!iation or
#"mbo(
Across .(ats A.
Assemb(" A##J
Bentres B@#
Bentre 5ine ..7n Eiew
%9
Bentre (ine ..7n :ote B5
Bentre 7f Ara!it" BA
Bhamfer of Bhamferred..9n a :ote B?A<
Bheese ?ead B? ?)
Bountersun62 Bountersin6 B#K
Bountersun6 ?ead B#K ?)
Bounterbore B=7@8
B"(inder or B"(inderica( BJ5
)iameter..in a note )9A
)iameter../receding a dimension
)rawing )@A
8$ua((" #/aced 8G39 #-
8xterna( 8LT
.igure .9A
.u(( 9ndicated <o!ement .9<
?exagon ?8L
?exagon ?ead ?8L ?)
9nsu(ated or 9nsu(ation 9:#35
9nterna( 9:T
5east <ateria( Bondition..9n a :ote 5<B
5east <ateria( Bondition..
(Aeom.)im)
5eft hand 5?
5ong 5A
<achine <B
<ateria( <AT
<aximum <AL
<aximum <ateria( Bondition..9n a
note
<<B
<aximum <ateria( Bondition..
(Aeom. to()
0
<inimum <9:
:ot to #ca(e (9n a note and
under(ined
:T#
:umber :7.
-attern :umber -ATT :7.
-itch Birc(e )iameter -B)
@adius..9n a note @A)
@adius..-receding a dimension @
@eference @8.
@e$uired @8G)
@ight hand @?
@ound ?ead @) ?)
#crew of #crewed #B@
#heet ()rawing :umber) #?
#6etch (/refix to )rawing :umber) #K
#/ecification #-8B
#/herica( @adius..-receding dim #@
#/otface #.AB8
#$uare ..9n a note #G
#$uare ..-receding dim
#tandard #T)
Ta/er.. 7n )ia or 4idth
Thread T?)
Thic6 T?K
To(erance T75
T"/ica((" 7@ T"/ica( TJ-
3ndercut 3B3T
Eo(ume E75
.ehanial Drawings
1
There are a number of drawing t"/es associated with the mechanica( engineering
design /rocess.
A (ist of the )rawing T"/es co!ered b" these notes is /ro!ided be(ow
1. Aenera( Arrangement )rawings
%. Arrangement )rawings
. Assemb(" )rawings
4. )etai( )rawings
+. .abrication )rawings
These notes a(so inc(ude comments on item identification identification
/eneral 8rrange"ent Drawings
This drawing shows o!era(( !iews of the e$ui/ment and /ro!ides a(( of the
information to /roduce trans/ortation0 (a"out and insta((ation drawings. The
drawing inc(udes a (ist of the arrangement drawings. The drawing inc(udes
o!era(( dimensions0 insta((ation detai(s0 o!era(( weight2mass0 weights of sub
s"stems0 and ser!ice su//(" detai(s.
The genera( arrangement drawing inc(udes references to the design documents.
The drawing often a(so identifies re(e!ant interna( and externa( contract numbers.
An exam/(e of a t"/ica( genera( arrangement drawing is a ro((er con!e"or
s"stem com/rising a number of con!e"ors with inde/endent dri!es and guards.
The drawn se/arate assemb(ies and /arts wi(( be identified with (eader (ines to
ba((oons which inc(ude the arrangement reference number (in6ing to the (ist of
arrangement drawings.
8rrange"ent Drawing
Arrangement drawings re/resent se(f contained units used to ma6e u/ the s"stem
drawn on the genera( arrangement drawing. 8xam/(es of arrangement drawings
inc(ude drawings of assemb(ed con!e"ers0 dri!e s"stems0 e(e!ating units etc. The
drawing shou(d show in0 at (east three orthogra/hic !iews0 c(ear detai(s to show a((
of the com/onents used to ma6e u/ the e$ui/ment items and how the com/onent
/arts are (ocated and fastened together.
Arrangement drawings inc(ude a tab(e (/arts (ist) identif"ing assemb(ies0
fabrication drawings0 detai( drawings and /ro/rietar" items used to ma6e u/ the
e$ui/ment. Arrangement drawings inc(ude o!era(( dimension0 the weight2mass
of the e$ui/ment drawn0 the (ifting /oints. A(( information needed to construct0
test0 (ift0 trans/ort0 and insta(( the e$ui/ment shou(d be /ro!ided in notes or as
referenced documents.
The arrangement drawing ma" be a standard interna( drawing which is re/eated("
ca((ed u/ on different s"stem genera( arrangement drawings.
%
The drawn se/arate assemb(ies and /arts wi(( be identified with (eader (ines to
ba((oons which inc(ude the item reference number (in6ing to the /arts (ist.
8sse"%l3 Drawings
The assemb(" 2sub-assemb(" drawings are drawings of discrete sub-s"stems
showing in some detai( how the com/onent items fit together. T"/ica( assemb("
drawings inc(ude gearbox drawings0 ro((er drawings0 guard s"stem drawings.
The assemb(" drawing wi(( genera((" inc(ude at (east three orthogra/hic !iews
with sections as needed to c(ear(" show a(( of the detai(s and their re(ati!e
/ositions. 7!era(( and detai( dimensions wi(( be shown. The weight2mass of the
assemb("2sub-assemb(" wi(( be noted. The drawing wi(( inc(ude a /arts (ist
identif"ing a(( of the com/onent detai(s with $uantities and materia(s and su//("
detai(s. The assemb(" drawing wi(( inc(ude a (ist of reference drawings and notes
identif"ing the re(e!ant codes and s/ecifications and testing re$uirements.
The drawn se/arate items wi(( be identified with (eader (ines to ba((oons which
inc(ude the item reference number (in6ing to the /arts (ist.
Detail Drawings
A(( indi!idua( items re$uired to /roduce mechanica( e$ui/ment need to be
described in some detai( to ensure that the" are manufactured in accordance with
the designers re$uirements. -ro/rietar" items are se(ected from technica( data
sheets obtained from manufacturer 2su//(ier. 9tems manufactured s/ecifica(("
for the a//(ication need to be made to detai( drawings which inc(ude the
geometr"0 materia(0 heat treatment re$uirements0 surface texture0 size to(erances0
geometric to(erances etc.
The detai( drawing shou(d inc(ude a(( of the necessar" information to enab(e
/rocurement0 manufacture and shou(d identif" a(( of the re(e!ant codes and
standards. The item weight2mass shou(d a(so be inc(uded for reference.
)e/ending on the (e!e( of detai(0 a detai( drawing can com/rise one drawing on a
sheet or a number of se/arate drawings on one sheet. 9t is sometimes /ossib(e to
combine the detai( drawings onto the assemb(" drawing. The detai( drawing must
cross reference0 both wa"s0to the /arent assemb(" or arrangement drawing.
(a%riation Drawings
The fabrication drawing is a s/ecific t"/e of detai( drawing. #ome fabrication
drawings are !irtua((" assemb(" drawing e.g. when a number of items are
assemb(ed together as a fabrication. The fabrication drawing genera((" inc(udes
a materia( /arts (ist identif"ing a(( of the materia(s used to bui(d u/ the
fabrication. A(( we(d detai(s are inc(uded using the standard s"mbo(ic
re/resentation of we(ds as shown in =# 8: %%++. A(( of the materia(s shou(d be
identified in accordance with the re(e!ant standards and codes.

The fabrication drawing shou(d c(ear(" describe in notes or in referenced

documents the heat treatment and stress re(ie!ing re$uirements /rior to0 during
and fo((owing the com/(etion of the fabrication /rocesses. The dimensions and
re(e!ant (inear and geometric to(erances shou(d be indicated.
A fabrication drawing sometimes on(" inc(udes the fabrication detai(s0 the fina(
machining detai(s are then shown on a se/arate drawing. 9t is e$ua((" acce/tab(e
to show a(( manufacturing information on one drawing.
The items used to ma6e u/ the fabrication wi(( be identified with (eader (ines to
ba((oons which inc(ude the item reference number (in6ing to the /arts (ist. The
(isted items on a fabrication drawing do not identif" items which can be
disassemb(ed0 as on assemb(" and arrangement drawings. The numbering s"stem
shou(d ref(ect this difference. <ethods of numbering items on fabrication
drawings inc(ude using (ower case a(/habet (etters e.g a0b0c or o/tiona((" as sub
units of the fabrication item number e.g 1210 12% 12 ... or 12a 0 12b0 12c...
Ite" Identifiation
The method of identif"ing the /arts must be c(ear and unambiguous. The
e$ui/ment as re/resented on the genera( arrangement drawing and the sub-
assemb(ies as shown on the arrangement and assemb(" drawing shou(d be c(ear("
identified with /(ant item numbers. The re(e!ant drawing numbers are obtained b"
reference to the /(ant items (ist. -(ant items are annotated b" (eader (ines to a
doub(e ba((oon.
T"/ica((" a con!e"or ma" ha!e a /(ant item number e.g.?1040 and be shown on a
drawing e.g. drawing number A0 1%+00.
The detai( drawings are sub items of the arrangement drawings and are identified
on the arrangement and assemb(" drawings. T"/ica((" an item sa" a con!e"or
frame ma" be identified from the con!e"or /(ant item number e.g. ?10402 .
7/tiona((" it ma" be identified using the arrangement drawing number e.g. A0
1%+00 2. The frame wi(( a(so ha!e a discrete detai( drawing number e.g A%
1%+0
The fabricated items which are based on sub-/arts we(ded together shou(d be
identified as detai(s but the indi!idua( sub-/arts shou(d be identified in a different
wa" to a!oid ambiguit". 7ne o/tion is to number the fabricated sub-/arts
a(/habetica((" e.g a0 b0 c ...or as a combination of the fabrication detai( number
and the /art number i.e 2a 0 2b.... These sub-/arts do not need to be identified
as se/arate /arts because fo((owing fabrication the" wi(( not exist as se/arate
/arts. 9f the sub-/arts are com/(icated sha/es or machined items and the" cannot
be described in sufficient detai( on the fabrication drawing the" shou(d be drawn
as se/arate detai( drawings but sti(( identified as sub-/arts of the fabrication detai(.
0in1s Pro$iding infor"ation on Drawing Diagra"s and S3"%ols
4
1. Eo(!o )rawing #tandards......)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based drawing
/rocedures
%. The )esign -rocess...A re!iew of the design /rocess inc(uding drawing
exam/(es.( :ot =# 8888 )
. )rawing Too(s...:otes on )rawing using Bora()raw
4. Bada(ot...5ots of Ad!ice and 5essons from a )rawing ex/ert
S3"%ols )sed on eletrial ontrol diagra"s
The s"mbo(s shown be(ow are genera((" based on =# ,84+'199* 0 =# 99 and
=# 8: *0*1,
The diagrams are /roduced using s"mbo(s as bui(ding b(oc6 combining functiona(
s"mbo(s with s"mbo(s for !ariabi(it" and o/eration and materia(.. The number of
s"mbo(s are !er" (arge and =# 8: *0*1, inc(udes man" fie(ds from /ower
generation to so(id state e(ectronics. The s"mbo(s be(ow are Iust a se(ection
re(ated to the fie(ds re(ated to genera( engineering /ro!ided as a genera( guide.
.or detai(s showing /ro/ortions and sizes reference to the standards is necessar"
S3"%ols for ond)tors
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with conductors..
S3"%ols for Earth
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with 8arth..
+
S3"%ols for ;aria%les
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with Eariab(es a//(ied to conductors and
e(ectrica( e(ements..
S3"%ols for #esistors
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with 8(ectrica( @esistors..
S3"%ols for 4apaitors Ind)tanes
*
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with Ba/acitors M 9nductances..
S3"%ols for Operators
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with 7/erators ..
S3"%ols for Signals !.odif3ers
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with 7/erators ..
,
S3"%ols for 4ontators !4ontrols
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with Bontro(gear ..
8
9
S3"%ols )sed in Pne)"ati ! H3dra)li 4ir)it
diagra"s
The s"mbo(s shown be(ow are genera((" based on
=# %91,-1'1990 9#7 1%19-1'1991.Ara/hic s"mbo(s and circuit diagrams for
f(uid /ower s"stems and com/onents. #/ecification for gra/hic s"mbo(s
:ote' This is one standard identified b" two numbers.
.or information on /roduction of circuit diagrams refer to
=# 9#7 1%19'199+...(uid /ower s"stems and com/onents. Ara/hic s"mbo(s and
circuit diagrams. Bircuit diagrams
)iagrams of /neumatic and h"drau(ic com/onents are /roduced using these
s"mbo(s as bui(ding b(oc6 combining functiona( s"mbo(s with s"mbo(s for
!ariabi(it" and o/eration ...
40
Basi S3"%ols
.o((owing are exam/(es of the basic s"mbo(s
41
;al$e Operators
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with Ea(!e 7/erators
4%
Energ3 4on$ersion De$ies
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with -um/s and <otors
Instr)"ents
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with 9nstruments
4
(l)id 4onditioning
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with Air Bonditioning 3nits
(l)id 43linders
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with .(uid B"(inders
44
S3ste" Press)risation
.o((owing are t"/ica( s"mbo(s associated with .(uid #"stem -ressurisation
4he1ing .ehanial Drawings
The notes0 on this /age0 are a co((ection of 6e" /oints that can be
usefu((" a//(ied to a chec6ing /rocess at !irtua((" an"
(e!e(. ?owe!er it is recognised that there are man" !er" sma((
com/anies that /roduce high $ua(it" engineering com/onents
without the need for high(" forma(ised drawings. D<easure twice
cut onceD is chec6ing at its most basic (e!e(..
4+
Introd)tion
8ngineering drawings are used to faci(itate the /roduction of a(( engineering
com/onents and s"stems. An engineering drawing is a on(" one document of a
suite of documents used inc(uding ca(cu(ations0design s/ecification0 data sheets0
materia( s/ecifications etc. etc. There is a strong economic moti!ation and often
a !ita( (mandator") safet" re$uirement that the drawings fit for their /ur/ose.
#tandards inc(uding the ones referenced in =# 8888 /ro!ide guidance on the
/re/aration of drawings. 3nfortunate(" drawings are /roduced b" humans or
human substitutes (com/uters) and often inc(ude errors. The chec6ing function is
an im/ortant function enab(ing the reduction of errors to an acce/tab(e (e!e(.
Bhec6ing can be com/(eted at !arious (e!e(s as (isted be(ow'
#igning the chec6 box to get the drawing through the s"stem - use(ess
#im/(e scan to chec6 for neatness and /resentation -!irtua((" use(ess
)etai(ed chec6 of ones own drawing - 3sefu( but not substitute for
inde/endent chec6- 7ne is often b(ind to ones own errors
)etai(ed dimension chec6 b" the designer of drawings /roduced b"
subordinate draughtsmen. 3sefu( but design errors ma" be o!er(oo6ed
)etai(ed dimension chec6 b" inde/endent engineer- Eer" usefu( but
fundamenta( design errors ma" be o!er(oo6ed
)etai(ed design M dimension chec6 b" inde/endent engineer- Eer" usefu(
with some cost /ena(t"
)esign re!iew b" di!erse design team with fo((ow u/ detai(ed inde/endent
design 2dimension chec6- extreme(" usefu( -ex/ensi!e
8ngineering /roduction inc(udes an intrinsic se(f correcting faci(it" in that in the
manufacturing /rocess drawings are used b" number of downstream de/artments
each using the drawing for their own /ur/ose. 8ach res/onsib(e /erson in these
de/artments seeing the drawing is ab(e to feed bac6 to the designer an" errors
noticed. 9n the !arious /roduction stages drawing errors ma" resu(t in ob!ious
errors in the com/onents /roduced resu(ting in scra/ and then conse$uent
correction of the offending drawings. The ins/ection of finished com/onents
often identifies drawing errors which are communicated to design
de/artment. The assemb(" and testing of /roduced com/onents often unco!ers
/rob(ems resu(ting in correction of drawing errors. The end user of the
com/onent wi(( a(so ha!e some im/act on the design when com/(aining about its
(ow re(iabi(it". A(( of these feedbac6 routes ha!e /rogressi!e(" increased cost
/ena(t".
Preparation for 4he1ing
.or a drawing chec6 to be com/(eted efficient(" and correct(" the fo((owing items
must be a!ai(ab(e.
Bhec6ing /ens2/enci(s three co(ours N 7K0 )e(ete0 Amend O
A//ro!ed design s/ecifications
9nformation on the ser!ice conditions if not inc(ude in abo!e
A//ro!ed /rocess 2mechanica( data sheets
@e/orts 2minutes of re(e!ant design re!iew meetings
Bom/an" )rawing #tandards 2@e(e!ant standards e.g. =# 8888 referenced
standards
Bom/an" <ateria(28$ui/ment #tandards 2@e(e!ant #tandards2)irecti!es
4*
etc e.g <achiner" )irecti!e.
A(( re(e!ant com/onent (iterature. e.g. =earing design data0 gearbox
information etc
)rawings of existing simi(ar successfu( o/erating s"stems
.u(( set of com/(eted drawings to be chec6ed
4he1ing g)idane
:ew )esigns The chec6 shou(d ma6e himse(f fu((" aware of the design
re$uirements b" re!iew a(( documents /re/ared /rior and fo((owing /roduction of
the drawings. The chec6er shou(d0 at this stage confirm that these documents are
a//ro!ed.
5a"out 2Arrangements
The (a"out 2arrangement drawings shou(d be chec6ed for the fo((owing features
The drawings shou(d c(ear(" '
9((ustrate the com/(ete s"stem design with not ambiguit"
-osition the s"stem in the re(e!ant wor(d.e.g. )atum /ositions and
)irection arrow /ointing :orth
9dentif" the s/ace re$uired b" the s"stem.
9dentif" the access re$uired for and to the s"stem.
8nsure that a(( sub- assemb(ies and detai(s are correct(" referenced
9ndicate f(oor static 2 d"namic 2 fu((2 em/t" (oadings
9ndicate im/ortant (ifting /ro!isions
9dentif" the re(e!ant insta((ation drawings.
The chec6er shou(d0 at this stage re!iew in out(ine that the s"stem wi(( o/erate
satisfactori(" and is aesthetica((" acce/tab(e and that there are no ob!ious strength
/rob(ems. The chec6er shou(d chec6 the design against an" simi(ar successfu(
s"stems.
9nsta((ation2 Assemb(" 2)etai( )rawings
)ocument /resentation'
The drawing shou(d be neat with bo(d out(ines and c(ear hidden2centre (ines The
chec6er shou(d ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and conforms to the
acce/ted com/an" standards ( =etter to =# 8888 ref;d standards).
The tit(e b(oc6 shou(d be correct(" com/(eted and the tit(e shou(d b" c(ear and
/ro!ide the correct 6e" words in the correct arrangement.
The text shou(d be the sized in accordance with the re(e!ant standard and shou(d
c(ear without undue st"(e
A(( e(e!ations and sections shou(d be made to show most c(ear(" the sha/e of the
items and the machining /roduction /rocesses to be com/(eted. The drawing
shou(d c(ear(" show the the com/(ete sha/e and a(( necessar" dimensions of the
item.
A(( sub items shou(d be com/(ete(" identified against a com/onent schedu(e. The
drawings shou(d inc(ude sufficient notes to c(ear(" identif" a(( /roduction stages0
and surface coatings..
9f needed sub-!iews shou(d be used to show /arts not easi(" shown in the main
e(e!ations.
4,
#trength'
A(( /arts shou(d be chec6ed for strength and rigidit" b" confirming that suitab(e
strength ca(cu(ations ha!e been com/(eted and the drawing conforms with these
ca(cs. The chec6 shou(d inc(ude com/aring the items with simi(ar existing
successfu( /arts.
The chec6 shou(d confirm that the design has inc(uded consideration of fatigue. 9f
o/erating conditions inc(ude re/eated2re!ersing (oads it is im/ortant that sources
of stress concentration ha!e been minimised and ca(cu(ated strength (e!e(s ha!e
been suitab(" adIusted
<ateria(s'
A(( materia(s s/ecified shou(d be suitab(e for the functiona( re$uirements and the
o/erating en!ironment.. 9n the 3K0 at this time0 materia( s/ecifications seem to
be in continuous f(ux. There is sti(( a tendenc" to s/ecif" materia(s such as =#
9,0 8:8. This is /robab(" acce/tab(e as it is definiti!e but it is much better to
use the (atest materia( s/ecification and the materia( shou(d be s/ecified as
recommended in the re(e!ant standard.
The chec6er shou(d /ro!ide an in/ut on the suitabi(it" of the materia( form if a
significant design im/ro!ement or cost reduction resu(ts.i.e forged0 cast0 we(ded.
)imensions
8nsure the drawing inc(udes a(( dimensions and that the dimensions are correct.
)imensions shou(d be chec6ed manua((" to confirm the" are to sca(e. 9f an"
dimension is out of sca(e ensure that0 if it is correct0 then it is mar6ed
a//ro/riate("..
7!era(( dimensions shou(d be c(ear and unambiguous and machining a((owances
shou(d be identified.
@eference dimensions /ro!ided on(" for information shou(d be so identified
A(( extension (ines shou(d go to the correct /oints on the drawings
A(( arrow /oints shou(d /oint to the correct witness /oints
The geometric and (inear to(erances and (imits shou(d be chec6ed to ensure
correct c(earances and tightness
8nsure there are no strings of dimensions where errors can accumu(ate
9f the machining /rocess inc(udes a re$uirement for co-ordinate /ositioning the
/arts shou(d be dimensioned according("
Bhec6ing for assemb("
8nsure a(( /arts can be con!enient(" assemb(ed with the associated /arts
<a(e /arts fi(ets2chamfers and fema(e /art radii2 fi((ets to be sized so the" do not
interfere on assemb(" .
8nsure bearings fits are correct to a((ow re(ati!e motion
The /arts shou(d inc(ude features to enab(e dismant(ing if re$uired
Bastings
9t is im/ortant when chec6ing items made from casting that the re$uirements of
the casting /rocess are considered e.g. the method of su//orting the cores0 !ent
/ro!isions0 and /attern s/(it (ines.
Bast items shou(d be of uniform thic6ness - no adIacent thic6 and thin sections
Aenerous fi((ets shou(d be used
48
8nsure that a((owances inc(uded for core mo!ement and swe((ing is /ro!iding in
machining a((owances
ensure sufficient machining a((owances are /ro!ided for distortion of the casting
<achining
8nsure that the correct machining s"mbo(s are used and the" are (ocated against
the correct surfaces or witness (ines
4hen s/ecific machining o/erations are re$uired ensure that the re$uirements are
identified
Bonfirm that the correct dri((0 reamer0and ta/ sizes are inc(uded on the drawing
8nsure that a(( features re$uired to ensure con!enient machining are /ro!ided i.e.
c(am/ing /oints
8nsure that where re$uired suitab(e raised faces are inc(uded to a((ow c(ear
machining o/erations
8nsure c(earances are /ro!ided for machining and fastening s/anners
?and(ing
8nsure that a(( detai(s inc(ude the weights
A(( hea!" items than sa" C 00: shou(d inc(ude /ro!ision for (ifting
A(( (ifting /oints shou(d be c(ear(" identified
#/ecific (ifting features shou(d inc(ude re$uirement for factor" testing -e.g a note
The chec6er shou(d confirm that the necessar" ca(cu(ations for the the (ifting
/oints ha!e been com/(eted and a//ro!ed
9dentification
A(( com/onents and main assemb(ies shou(d be c(ear(" identified either b" an
code number which cannot easi(" be remo!ed or a fixed on (abe(
?eat Treatment
4hen needed the drawing shou(d identif" c(ear(" that heat treatment is re$uired
and shou(d a(so identif" the re(e!ant s/ecification
The chec6er shou(d confirm that the s/ecified heat treatment is a//ro/riate
BA) drawings.
9t is desirab(e that within a com/an" a(( BA) drawings are /roduced to a common
BA) standard. This as/ect of the drawing /rocess is genera((" chec6ed as a
se/arate /rocess
Bhec6ing BA) drawings inc(udes confirming that the fo((owing tas6s ha!e been
com/(eted correct("..
#e/arating /arts of the drawing onto se/arate (a"ers (tit(e b(oc6s0 5ine
T"/es0 etc)
3sing standard fonts
3sing )esignated (ine t"/es
A((ocating co(ours to drawing features
3sing correct tit(e b(oc6s 2 (abe(s 2borders
)rawing to sca(e when /(otted at designated size
=(oc6s correct(" inserted and unused b(oc6s /urged
49
Associated dimensions used
/eo"etrial *oleraning
#eferene Standards
=# 9#7 1101'198 Technica( )rawings - Aeometrica( to(erancing - To(erancing of form0 orientation0
(ocation and run-out - Aenera(ities0 definitions0 s"mbo(s0 indications on drawings
=# 9#7 +4+9'1981 Technica( )rawings - Aeometrica( to(erancing - )atums and datum-s"stems for
geometrica( to(erances
Introd)tion
The notes be(ow re(ate to use of geometric to(erances on drawing. The notes are out(ine in nature to
/ro!ide genera( guidance. This subIect is com/(ex and it is wise to consu(t the standards and ha!e a
c(ear understanding of what is re$uired when inc(uding geometric to(erances on technica(
drawings. There are c(ear differences between A:#9 J14.+ and the abo!e noted 9#7 standard. The
notes be(ow do not address this difference or refer to the A:#9 standard in an" wa".
/eo"etri *oleranes
Aeometric to(erances s/ecif" the maximum !ariation that is a((owed in form or /osition from true
geometr". The geometric to(erance is0 in essence0 the width or diameter of to(erance zone within
which a surface or axis of ho(e or c"(inder can (ie which resu(ts in resu(ting feature being acce/tab(e
for /ro/er function and interchangeabi(it".
9f a to(erance of form is not s/ecified on a drawing for a feature0 then the feature as made wi(( be
acce/tab(e regard(ess of form !ariation. The to(erances of form contro( straightness0 f(atness0
/ara((e(ism0 angu(ar dis/(acement etc. etc.
The to(erance zone wi(( be one of the fo((owing'
The area within a circ(e
The area between two circ(es
The area between two e$uidistant (ines or between two /ara((e( straight (ines
The s/ace within a c"(inder
The s/ace between two coaxia( c"(inders
The s/ace between two e$uidistant surfaces or two /ara((e( /(anes
The s/ace within a bent /i/e
*olerane (ra"e with S3"%ol identifiations
+0
Indiation of dat)"
S)ppli"entar3 S3"%ols
+1
*olerane (ra"e ;ariations
The to(erance frame can be di!ided into two or more com/artments.
These com/artments inc(ude from (eft to right
The s"mbo( for the feature to be to(eranced
The to(erance !a(ue..9f the to(erance zone is circu(ar or c"(inderica( it is /receded with a
5etters for datums when the to(eranced feature is s/ecified in re(ation to one0 or more datums.
4hen mu(ti/(e datums are referenced in the to(erance box the" are indicated as be(ow'
.axi")" .aterial Indiation in *olerane (ra"e
The maximum materia( condition0 when used0 is indicated b" a s"mbo( /(aced after the to(erance
!a(ue0 after the datum (etter0 or both.
#ee the figures be(ow'
+%
8dditional (ra"es& Notes
9f a sing(e frame cannot con!e" sufficient information it is acce/tab(e to stac6 additiona( frames
and2or /ro!ide additiona( notes..
Positioning of (ra"es !Dat)" triangles
The datum triang(e is /(aced on a feature or on an extension of the out(ine ( but c(ear(" se/arated from
the dimension (ine) when the datum feature is the (ine or surface itse(f
The datum triang(e is /(ace on the extension of a dimension arrow when the datum feature is the axis
or medium (ine.
4hen two datums are indicated the" re(ate to the common axis of the two features
The datum triang(e can re/(ace a dimension arrow if there is not enough room.
+
The datum can be (ocated on the axes or median (ine when
The axis or median (ine is c(ear(" for a sing(e feature
The axis or median (ine is c(ear(" formed b" two features
/eo"etri *oleraning Exa"ples
1. <aximum <ateria( Bondition
%. .orm Bontro(
. .(atness
4. @oundness
+. #traightness
*. #$uareness2 -er/endicit"
,. .orm
8. Angu(arit"
9. -osition
10. Boncentricit"2Boaxi(it"
11. B"(indricit"
1%. -ara((e(ism
1. @unout
14. Tota( @unout
0in1s Pro$iding infor"ation on /eo"etrial *oleraning
1. Eo(!o )rawing #tandards......)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based drawing
/rocedures
%. Eo(!o Aeometrica( To(erancing...)ocument on 8uro/ean-#tandard-based
geometrica( to(erancing
. =ase(ine 3ncertaint" in Aeometric To(erance 9ns/ection...... 9nteresting
down(oadab(e /a/er
4. )rawing #tandards... )own(oadab(e :otes from )artmouth 3. (3#A :ot 9#7)
+. Aeometric )imensioning and To(erancing...A !er" detai(ed and usefu(
down(oadab(e /a/er
*oleranes and 0i"its
+4
Different "ethods of speif3ing toleranes
)irect indication on )rawing
@eference to genera( to(erance notes on drawing
@eference to a standard containing to(erances
@eference to another document
Exa"ples of tolerane notes
Di"ensioning of fits
++
Di"ensioning of aepta%le de$iation of di"ensions
Notes On Drawing 0ettering
5ettering
The fo((owing #tandards identif" the recommended (ettering re$uirements2geometr" to
be used on engineering drawings....
=# 8: 9#7 098-0 T-) - 5ettering - Aenera( re$uirements
=# 8: 9#7 098-% T-) - 5ettering - 5atin a(/habet0 numera(s and mar6s
=# 8: 9#7 098- T-) - 5ettering - Aree6 a(/habet
=# 8: 9#7 098-4 T-) - 5ettering - )iacritica( and /articu(ar mar6s for the
5atin a(/habet
=# 8: 9#7 098-+ T-) - 5ettering -BA) (ettering of the 5atin a(/habet0
numera(s and mar6s
=# 8: 9#7 098-* T-) - 5ettering - B"ri((ic a(/habet
The standards /ro!ide detai(ed (ettering dimensions and methods of identif"ing the text
used.
The text is identified b" a nomina( outside hieght size (h). The /referred text sizes are
(isted as used are (in mi((imetres )
108 %08 0+ + , 10 14 %0
:oteF 9 am using commas as the decima( mar6ing in m" attem/t to adhere to the new =#
9#7 re$uirements...) .or (ower case (etters the (etter height (height of sa" DaD ) & 10 2 14
x h. The height of the tai( (on sa" g) is 4214 x h and the (ower case stem (on sa" h) & 4 2
+*
14 x h.
The (ine thic6ness is set at 1214 x h. A t"/ica( designation of the (ettering used on a
drawing is 9#7 098- =E5 - +
= is (ettering t"/e ( A0 =0 BA0 B=)
E is Eertica( ( Ban be # s(o/ing)
5 is 5atin .ont ( Ban be A & Aree6 0 or B&B"ri((ic)
+ is the nomina( size.
:ote' The A and = t"/es are intended for (ettering drawing using stenci(s or tracing from
a gra/hed (ettered sheet. The BA and B= are for BA) s"stems.
9 ha!e chec6ed out the 9#7B-.shx font that comes with Autocad 14 and it seems to
conform /rett" we(( with the .ont in the standards abo!e for the 5atin font. 9 inc(ude
be(ow this note a set of 5atin characters drawing using 9nte((iBa) -rofessiona( with the
isoc/.shx font.
:ote' This is confirmed b" the 9#7 (in6 be(ow which /ro!ides a fu(( set of down(oadab(e
fonts for Autocad.
S3"%ols (or Proess (low Diagra"s and Engineering
0ine Diagra"s
The fo((owing s"mbo(s are genera((" in accordance with =# 1++-1...and =# +0,0
Different 0ine *3pes.
+,
Different Pipe S)pports.
S3"%ols for (itting and #epresentations.
+8
S3"%ols for ;al$es
!
S3"%ols for ;al$e 8t)ators.
+9
S3"%ols for Instr)"ents.
*0
Instr)"ent Indentifiers
<easured Eariab(e T"/e of Bonditioner T"/e of Bom/onent
. & .(ow @ & @ecorder T & Transmitter
5 & 5e!e( 9 & 9ndicator < & <odifier
- & -ressure B & Bontro((er 8 & 8(ement
G & Guantit" A & A(arm
T & Tem/erature
S3"%ols for Proess E7)ip"ent.
The (e!e( of detai( for the e$ui/ment re(ates to the t"/e of schematic being /roduced.
A -rocess .(ow #heet wi(( on(" show the basic (e!e( of information sufficient to show
the essentia( /rocess f(ow/aths. An 8ngineering 5ine )iagram of - M 9) drawing
wi(( show a much more detai(ed re/resentation.
*1
0ine *ags and E7)ip"ent Identifiation.
*%
Eletrial 4ontrol Diagra"s
The fo((owing notes re(ate to =# ,84+'199* ..Auide to the use of =# 99 and =#
8: *0*1,
There are a number of diagrams M drawings associated with 8(ectrica( 2Bontro(
engineering some of which are in!o(!ed to some (e!e( with mechanica(
engineering.
A (ist of the diagrams co!ered b" these notes is /ro!ided be(ow
1. =(oc6 )iagram
%. Bircuit )iagram
. Bonnection )iagrams
4. 9nterconnection )iagrams
Blo1 Diagra"
A b(oc6 diagram is a sim/(e diagram in which an insta((ation or e$ui/ment s"stem
together with its functiona( re(ationshi/s are re/resented b" b(oc6 s"mbo(s or
out(ines with annotation without necessari(" showing connections.
4ir)it Diagra"
Bircuit diagrams are com/(eted to show the fu(( functioning of a circuit showing
a(( its essentia( com/onents and connections b" means of gra/hica( s"mbo(s. 9t
shows the o/erations without necessari(" showing the /h"sica( (a"out.
4onnetion Diagra"
A connection diagram shows a(( of the connections between com/onents. This
*
diagram assists in the actua( wiring of circuits.
Interonnetion Diagra"
An interconnection diagram re/resents the connections between the different units
of and insta((ation. 9ts /ur/ose is to show the externa( connections of a unit. The
interna( connections are shown on a wiring diagram.
Power S3"%ols )sed on eletrial diagra"s
The s"mbo(s shown be(ow are genera((" based on =# ,84+'199* 0 =# 99 and =#
8: *0*1,
The diagrams are /roduced using s"mbo(s .. The number of s"mbo(s are !er" (arge
and =# 8: *0*1, inc(udes man" fie(ds from /ower generation to so(id state
e(ectronics. The s"mbo(s be(ow are Iust a se(ection re(ated to the fie(ds re(ated to
genera( engineering /ro!ided as a genera( guide2 .or detai(s showing /ro/ortions and
sizes reference to the standards is necessar"
B)ilding Blo1 S3"%ols
S3"%ols for .otors !/enerators
*4
S3"%ols for *ransfor"ers et.
*+
Basi S3"%ols for Power on$erters
**
'sef)l di"ensions for general design Drawing
'sef)lDi"ensions
Height Di"ensions
:orma( hee( height %*mm
Eertica( #/ace for foot 100mm
#tair @iser %00mm
5adder @ung #/ace 00mm
<ax #te/ height 80-400mm
4.B height 400mm
#too( height *+0mm
Knee B(earance (min) **0mm
Tab(e height ,00mm-,40mm
-anic =ar 840mm
?and @ai(- stairs 8*0mm
4or6 =ench 9%0mm -9*+mm
?and @ai(s 9%0mm -10*+mm
*,
)oor 6nobs 9*0mm
Bounter 10%0mm -1090mm
Te(e/hone dia(- <en sitting 10,0mm
-ush =ar 11+0mm
4a(( #witch 1%%0mm
Arab =ars 180mm
Te(e/hone dia(-<en #tanding 14+0mm
9nstrument )ia(s-<en
#tanding
14+0mm
<irror Bentre(ine 1++0mm
Bat4a(6 cei(ing (min) 1*00mm
?ighest #he(f 180mm
Te( booth door 190mm
)oor height (min) 1980mm
Bei(ing height (min) %040mm
#td. )oor height %040mm-%100mm
2idth Di"ensions
#tair Tread 4idth-<in %80mm
#eat 4idth -<in 4+0mm
#eat )e/th -<in 400mm
9nterna( door width &<in
-B(earance
,+0mm
5ift door width &<in
-B(earance
800mm
8xterna( door width&<in
-B(earance
800mm
Aangwa" width
-7ne man occasiona(
,*0mm
B(earance @ound <ain e$ui/ment 1000mm
Aangwa" width
-7ne man fre$uent use
10,0mm
<ain Aangwa"s 180mm
B(earance @ound <ain e$ui/ment 1000mm
B(earance @ound <ain e$ui/ment 1000mm
*8
Borridor 4idth- 3nobstructed 1%00mm
Borridor 4idth-
A((owing 4hee(chair -assing
1800mm
*9