2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1

Fundament al s of HVAC
Cont r ol Syst ems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007
ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 2
Chapt er 4
Sensor s and Aux i l i ar y Devi c es
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 3
Cont r ol Syst em Component s
1. Sensing elements
Temperature, humidity/moisture, pressure, flow, proof of
operation (e.g. for safety interlock)
2. Transducers
Convert (change) sensor inputs and controller outputs
from one analogue form to another, more usable,
analogue form, e.g. pressure-to-voltage
3. Controllers
Receive inputs from sensors
Compares the input signal with the setpoint
Generates an output signal to operate a controlled
device
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 4
Cont r ol Syst em Component s
4. Actuators
A device that converts electric or pneumatic energy into
a rotary or linear action, e.g. for valves and dampers
(can be pneumatic or electrical controlled)
5. Auxiliary elements
Transducers to convert signals from one type to another
(e.g. from pneumatic to electric)
Relays and switches to manipulate signals, electric
power and compressed air supplies to power the control
system
Indicating devices to facilitate monitoring of control
system activity
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 5
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 6
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 7
Types of Sensor s
Temperature sensors
Humidity sensors
Pressure sensors
Flow sensors
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 8
Types of Temper at ur e Sensor s
Bimetallic
Fluid expansion
Seebeck effect
Electrical resistance
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 9
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 10
Bi met al l i c Temper at ur e Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 11
Mer c ur y Sw i t c h
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 12
Rod-and-Tube Sensor s
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 13
Capi l l ar y Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 14
Types of Humi di t y Sensor s
Relative humidity sensors
Mechanical sensors
Resistance-type sensors
Capacitance-type sensors
Dewpoint temperature sensors
Saturated salt solution type
Chilled mirror type
Wetbulb temperature sensors
Psychrometers
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 15
Chi l l ed Mi r r or Dew poi nt Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 16
Moi st ur e Sensi ng El ement s
Mechanical expand and contract as the
moisture level change ( hygroscopic ),
e.g. nylon
Electronic change in either the
resistance or capacitance of the element
Can be affected by temperature changes
Temperature compensation may be needed
A dew point sensor senses dew point
directly or detects condensation on a
cooled surface
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 17
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 18
Types of Pr essur e Sensor s
Bourdon tube
Spiral tube
Diaphragm sensor
Strain gauge
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 19
Bour don Tube Pr essur e Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 20
Di aphr agm Pr essur e Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 21
Fl ow Sensor s
Sense the rate of liquid and gas flow
Flow is difficult to sense accurately under all conditions
Selecting the best flow-sensing technique
for an application requires considering
many aspects
Level of accuracy required
The medium being measured
The degree of variation in the measured flow
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 22
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 23
Types of Fl ow Sensor s
Differential pressure flow sensors
Displacement flow sensors
Passive flow sensors
Mass flow sensors
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 24
Or i f i c e Pl at e Fl ow Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 25
Vent ur i Fl ow Met er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 26
Pi t ot Tube Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 27
Ai r Fl ow Measur i ng St at i on
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 28
Aver agi ng, Pi pe-Mount ed
Pi t ot Met er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 29
Annubar Fl ow Sensor
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 30
Paddl e Fl ow Sw i t c h
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 31
I nl i ne Tur bi ne Fl ow Met er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 32
Tar get Met er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 33
Ul t r asoni c Met er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 34
Ther mal Anemomet er
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 35
Fl ow Measur ement Devi c es
Selecting flow measurement devices
Ref.: see the technical article
Spitzer, D. W., 2002. Selecting flow measurement
devices, HPAC Engineering, 74 (12): 52-59.
What flow meters measure (volume/mass)
Chilled water flow meters
Differential pressure
Magnetic
Turbine
Ultrasonic
Vortex shedding & fluidic
Selection criteria & considerations
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 36
Types of Aux i l i ar y Devi c es
Relays
Fan and pump status switches
Timeclocks
Wind-up timers
Limit switches
Manual switches
High and low limit switches
Fire and smoke detectors
Indicating lights
Audible alarms
Monitoring instrumentation
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 37
Ti me-Del ay Rel ay Wi r i ng
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 38
Li mi t Sw i t c h
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 39
Manual Rot ar y
Sw i t c h Conf i gur at i ons
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 40
Duc t Smok e Det ec t or
2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 41
Al ar m Hor n and Li ght