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Q *
( Pi )
Z Zi Gi*Zi
Where:
P= the current reservoir pressure
Z = the gasdeviation from an ideal gasat
current reservoir pressure
Pi = the initial reservoir pressure
Zi = the gasdeviation from an ideal gasat
initial reservoir pressure
Q = cumulative production from the reservoir
Gi= the original gas-in-place
Asthe equation and Figures1 and 2 indicate,
when there isno production, current reservoir
pressure is the initial reservoir pressure.
When all the gashasbeen produced, reservoir
pressure is zero and cumulative production
equalsthe initial gas-in-place volume.
A straight line on the P/Z plot is common
in medium and high (10 to 1000 mD)
permeability reservoirs. A strong upward
curvature that develops into a horizontal
line, as presented in Figure 1, demonstrates
pressure support in the reservoir and is
usually associated with a strongwater drive.
Formation compaction can cause a non-linear,
downward trend, asin the example of Figure
2. However, a downward trend may also be
caused by unaccounted-for well production
from the reservoir.
A slight upward curvature in the P/
Z plot indicates some gas influx into the
main reservoir from adjacent tight rock
as illustrated by Figure 1 and the single
well reservoir of Figure 4. The upward
curvature illustratesthat there isa significant
permeability difference between the main
reservoir and the adjacent rock. A limited
upward curvature on P/Z plots is being
observed with increasingfrequency in Alberta
as medium and high permeability reservoirs
are produced to depletion and the industry
developslower and lower permeability plays.
REFERENCES
Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and
Petroleum, 2004. Determination of Oil and Gas
Reserves. Petroleum SocietyMonograph
Number 1, Chapter 7.
Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and
Petroleum, 2005. Canadian Oil and GasEvaluation
Handbook, Volume 2, Detailed Guidelines for
Estimation and Classification of Oil and Gas
Resources and Reserves. Section 6: Procedures
for Estimation and Classification of Reserves.
Cosentino, Luca, 2001. Integrated Reservoir
Studies. Gulf PublishingCompany. Chapters5-6.
Mattar, L. and Anderson, D, 2005. Dynamic
Material Balance (Oil or Gas-in-place without
Shut-ins). SPE paper # 2005-113, presented
at the 2005 Canadian International Petroleum
Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada, 7-9 June 2005.
Mattar, L. and McNeil, R, 1998. The Flowing Gas
Material Balance. Journal of Canadian Petroleum
Technology, Volume 37, No. 2, Pages52-55.
Rahman, Anisur N.M., Anderson, D., and Matter,
L., 2006. New, RigorousMaterial Balance Equation
for Gas Flow in a Compressible Formation with
Residual Fluid Saturation. SPE Paper #100563,
presented at the 2006 SPE Gas Technology
Symposium, Calgary, AB., 15-17 May2006.
Our next article, in the March issue of the
Reservoir, will continue the Material Balance (Part
5B) discussion for Oil Reservoirs.
Thisarticle wascontributed byFekete Associates,
Inc. For more information, contact Lisa Dean at
Fekete Associates, Inc.
Figure 4. Single well gasreservoir P/Z plot.
(...Continued from page 25)