752 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ‘The freeboard between the liquid level and shell should be at least 0.25 m. To avoid excessive entrainment, the maximum vapour velocity ii, (mls) atthe liquid surface should be less than that given by the expression: fie = 0.2 (12.75) When only a low rate of vaporisation is required a vertical cylindrical vessel with ‘a heating jacket or coils should be considered. The boiling coefficients for intemal submerged coils can be estimated using the equations for nucleate pool boiling. Mean temperature differences When the fluid being vaporised is a single component and the heating medium is steam (or another condensing vapour), both shell and tubes side processes will be isothermal and the ‘mean temperature difference will be simply the difference between the saturation tempera- tures. If one side is not isothermal the logarithmic mean temperature difference should be used. Ifthe temperature varies on both sides, the logarithmic temperature difference must be corrected for departures from true cross- or counter-current flow (see Section 12.6). If the feed is sub-cooled, the mean temperature difference should still be based on the boiling point of the liquid, as the feed will rapidly mix with the boiling pool of liquid: the quantity of heat required to bring the feed to its boiling point must be included in the total duty, Mixtures ‘The equations for estimating nucleate boiling coefficients given in Section 12.11.1 can be used for close boiling mixtures, say less than 5°C, but will overestimate the coefficient if used for mixtures with a wide boiling range. Palen and Small (1964) give an empirical correction factor for mixtures which can be used to estimate the heat-ransfer coefficient in the absence of experimental data: ign) mixture =f (Ji,4} Single component (12,76 where -xpl—0,0083(T,. — Ti and T;,, = temperature of the vapour mixture leaving the reboiler °C, Ti, = temperature of the liquid entering the reboiler °C. ‘The inlet temperature will be the saturation temperature of the liquid at the base of the column, and the vapour temperature the saturation temperature of the vapour returned to the column. The composition of these streams will be fixed by the distillation column design specification, Example 12.12 Design a vaporiser to vaporise 5000 kg/h n-butane at $.84 bar. The minimum temperature of the feed (winter conditions) will be 0°C. Steam is available at 1.70 bar (10 psig).HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 753 “Tube outer iii ‘fom 4 = E | { 4 | ube font 52 Tbe les i 26 wtubes ‘Tue sheet layout, Ustubes, Example 12.9 Solution Only the thermal design and general layout will be done. Select kettle type. Physical properties of n-butane at 5.84 bar boiling point = 56.1°C latent heat = 326 Ki/kg ‘mean specific heat, liquid = 2.51 ki/kg"C critical pressure, P, = 38 bar Heat loads: sensible heat (maximum) = (56,1 —0)2.51 = 140.8 ki/kg gy 5000 total heat load = (140.8 + 326) x => = 648.3 kW, add 5 per cent for heat losses ‘maximum heat load (duty) = 1,05 x 648.3 = 681 KW From Figure 12.1 assume (/ = 1000 Wim?°C. Mean temperature difference; both sides isothermal, steam saturation temperature at LT bar = 115.2°C AT = 1152 ~561=59.1°C 681 x 10° Too x 59.1 Select 25 mm i.d., 30 mm 04. plain U-tubes, Area (outside) required 1S mw Nominal length 4.8 m (one U-tube) 15 Number of U tubes = = 25754 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Use square pitch arrangement, pitch = 1,5 x tube od = 15 30=45 mm Draw a tube layout diagram, take minimum bend radius 1.5 x tbe od. = 45 mm Proposed layout gives 26 U-tubes, tube outer limit diameter 420 mm, Boiling coefficient ‘Use Mostinski’s equation: heat flux, based on estimated area, 681 va 9 Fg = 58.2 Wi SB4\07 —/5.g4\ 1 584\"" 1 104¢38 J¢59,2 x 10° 7 |1.8 f 4(—— 10 f= = 4855 Wim??C (12.63) ‘Take steam condensing coefficient as 8000 W/m? °C, fouling coefficient 5000 Wim?*C; butane fouling coefficient, essentially clean, 10,000 Wim? °C. ‘Tube material will be plain carbon steel, fs, = 55 W/m’C 30 x 10° In 32 Tess ‘Close enough to original estimate of 1000 Wrm?C for the design to stand, Myers and Katz (Chem. Eng. Prog. Sym. Ser. 49(5) 107114) give some data on the boiling of n-butane on banks of tubes. To compare the value estimate with their values, an estimate of the boiling film temperature difference is require: 1341 x FRR 8-1 = 163°C 09°F) Myers data, extrapolated, gives a coefficient of around 3000 Btu/h f2°F at a 29°F temper- ature difference = 17,100 Wim?°C, so the estimated value of 4855 is certainly on the sale side ‘Check maximum allowable heat flux. Use modified Zuber equation, Surface tension (estimated) = 9.7 x 10- Nim p= 550 kg/m _ 58 273 O° Da * OB +56} 2 x 5.84 = 12.6 kg/m?HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 785 For square arrangement ),= 0,44 326 x 10? 5 > Ge = OAS 1S x 9.7 x 10> x 9,81¢550 — 12,6512,67F°9 (12.744 a sa! « Pe 12.74) = 283.224 Win 280 kWin? Applying a factor of 0.7, maximum flux should not exceed 280 x 0.7 = 196 kWin? ‘Actual flux of 59.2 kW/m? is well below maximum allowable. Layout From tube sheet layout Py, = 420 mm. Take shell diameter as twice bundle diameter D, = 2% 420 = 840 mm. Take liquid level as 500 mm from base, freeboard = 840 — 500 = 340 mm, satisfactory. 40] From sketch, width at liquid level Surface area of liquid = 0.8 x 2.4 Vapour velocity at surface = Maximum allowable velocity 3mis 2.75) a= 02 | “ 126 so actual velocity is well below maximum allowable velocity. A smaller shell diameter could be considered.