1

Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl
STUDYSMART
CHEMISTRY FORM 5
CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION


1.1 Analysing rate of Reaction
1.2 Synthesising factors affecting the rate of reaction
1.3 Practising scientific knowledge to enhance quality of life
1.4 Synthesising ideas on collision theory

1.1 ANALYSING RATE OF REACTION
Rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are
converted into production in a chemical reaction
The time taken for a fast reaction is short. Thus the rate
of reaction is said to be higher.
The time taken for a slow reaction is long. Thus the rate of reaction is said to be lower.
Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction
a) volume of gas liberated
b) precipitation formation
c) change in mass during reaction
d) colour changes
e) temperature changes
f) pressure changes
The reaction of marble chips with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2 visible changes are:-
a) decrease in mass of marble chips (Reactant)
b) increase in the volume of CO
2
(Product)

CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)











Rate of reaction is measured by
RATE OF REACTION = CHANGE IN SELECTED QUANTITY
TIME TAKEN
Average rate of reaction is the average value of the rate of reaction within a specified period of
time.
2
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl
Rate of reaction at given time is the actual rate of reaction at that instant. It is also known as the
instantaneous rate of reaction.
Rate of reaction at given time = the gradient of the curve at that instant
Example
A reaction between HCl and Zn produces H
2
. The reaction is completed in 1 minutes and the
maximum volume of H
2
produce is 30cm
3
. What is the average rate of reaction
SOLUTION
Average rate of reaction = Volume of gas
Time Taken
= 30cm
3
.
1 mins
= 30cm
3
min
-1


1.2 SYNTHESISING FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION
Factor affecting the rate of reactions are :-
a) Total Surface Area of the solid reactant
b) Concentration of reactant. (aqueous solution)
c) Temperature of reactant
d) Use of catalyst
e) Pressure of gaseous reactant.

A) TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF THE SOLID REACTANT
Large marble chips react with dilute HCl at a lower rate whereas when a small marble chip of the
same mass are used, the liberation of CO
2
gas becomes faster.










B) CONCENTRATION OF REACTANT
When the concentration of a reactant increases, the rate of reaction becomes higher
Example 1
Reaction between sodium thiosulphate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
and hydrochloric acid, HCl
Na
2
S
2
O
3
(aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + SO
2
(g) + S (s) + H
2
O(l)

Example 2
Reaction between sodium thiosulphate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
and sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4

Na
2
S
2
O
3
(ag) + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + SO
2
(g) + S (s) + H
2
O(l)



3
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl






Example 3
Reaction between HCl and marble chips
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCL
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l)
SET 1 : 50cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
HCl
SET 2 : 50cm
3
of 2.0 mol dm
-3
HCl








C) TEMPERATURE OF REACTANT
The figure below shows the graph of temperature against time on rate of reaction between
sodium thiosulphate and dilute sulphuric acid.










Its shows that as the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution increases, the time taken for
the mark X to disappear from sight decrease.
Figure below shows the graph of temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution against 1/time.

4
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl





A straight line graph is obtained. This shows that :-




As the temperature of reactant increases, the rate of reaction increases.

D) CATALYST
A catalyst is a substance that alter the rate of chemical reaction while is remains chemically
unchanged at the end of the reaction.\
Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction whereas negative catalyst, called inhibitors
lowers the rate of reaction.
Characteristics of catalyst:
i)







- Its alter the rate of a chemical reaction
- The amount of product formed remain unchanged with or without catalyst
ii) - Only small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve a big change in the rate
- Increase the amount of catalyst used generally will increase the rate of reaction
iii) - It may undergo physical changes

Powder
Solution
iv) - Finely divided (powdered) catalyst is more effective than lump catalyst
v) - it remains chemically unchanged during the reaction
- The mass of chemical composition of the catalyst remain same before and after the
reaction
CRYSTAL
5
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl
vi) - most catalyst are transition elements or compound of transition elements such as iron,
nickel, and copper(II) sulphate, CuSO
4

vii) -








- It is specific in its action
- It can only catalyse a particular reaction but not others
D) PRESSURE
Affected by a change in pressure if the reaction involves gaseous reactant. This reaction will
occur with a higher rate of pressure.

1.3 PRACTISING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO ENHANCE QUALITY OF LIFE
Application In Daily Life
a) Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Ammonia, Nitric Acid
b) Cracking of Petroleum
c) Manufacture of food such as margarine

1.4 SYNTHESISING IDEAS ON COLLISION THEORY
Collision which achieved a minimum amount of energy is called activation energy. These types
of collision are called effective collision.
If the particles collide with energy less than the activation energy needed for reaction or with
improper orientation, they simply bounce apart without reacting. These collisions are called
ineffective collisions.









The movement of particles, collision of particles, activation energy of particles, orientation of
colliding particles and effective collision resulting in reaction is termed as collision theory.
6
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl
The number of effective collisions occurring in one second is called the frequency of effective
reaction. It will determine the rate of a chemical reaction as shown in figure below.
FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION

HIGH LOW

High rate of reaction Low rate of reaction
When the frequency of effective collision is high, the rate of reaction is high. Conversely, when
the frequency of effective collision is low, the rate of reaction is low.
Collision theory and factor affecting the rate of reaction are :-
a) Effect of surface area
b) Effect of concentration and pressure
c) Effect of pressure
d) Effect of catalyst

A) EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA.


Increase in total
surface area






When the size of a fixed mass of solid reactants is smaller, the total surface area exposed to
collision with the particles of the other reactant is bigger.
The frequency of the collision among the reacting particles at the surface of the solid reactant
increases. This leads to an increase in the frequency of effective collision, hence a higher rate of
reactions.

B) EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND PRESSURE.
An increase in the concentration of the solution of a reactant or in pressure of gaseous reactant
will results in an increase in the rate of reaction.
Bigger-sized solid reactant
- Small total surface area
- Lower frequency of effective
collision at its surface
- Lower rate of reaction
Smaller-sized solid reactant
- large total surface area
- Higher frequency of effective
collision at its surface
- Higher rate of reaction
7
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl


Increase in
concentration










When the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases, the number of particles per unit
volume of the solution of this reactant also increases.
More particles per unit volume of the solution, the number of collision per unit time between
the reacting particles increases. Thus, this frequency of effective collision increases and the rate
of reaction increase.

C) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE


Increase in
temperature








An increase in temperature will increase the kinetic energy of the reacting particles.
This lead to the following two changes :
a) The particles move faster and collide more often with one another. Thus, the frequency of
collision is higher.
b) More colliding particles have higher energy which are enough to overcome the activation
energy
Both these factor contribute to the higher frequency of effective collision and a higher rate of
reaction.
Lower concentration
- Less number of particles per
per unit volume of solution
- Lower frequency of effective
solution
- Lower rate of reactions.
Higher concentration
- More number of particles per
per unit volume of solution
- Higher frequency of effective
solution
- Higher rate of reactions.
Lower temperature
- Particles are less energetic
and move slower
- Lower frequency of effective
collision
- Lower rate of reaction
Higher temperature
- Particles are more energetic
and move faster.
- Higher frequency of effective
collision
- Higher rate of reaction
.
8
Study Smart
www.studysmart.page.tl
D) EFFECT OF CATALYST


E
a
= Activation energy without catalyst
E
c
= Activation energy with catalyst





The presence of catalyst in a chemical reaction allows the reaction to take place through an
alternative path which requires lower activation energy as shown in the energy profile diagram.
Thus, more colliding particles are able to achieve the lower activation energy. This means that
the frequency of effective collision increases and, a higher rate of reaction