Astronomical symbols

1
Astronomical symbols
This excerpt from the 1833 Nautical Almanac
demonstrates the use of astronomical symbols,
including symbols for the phases of the moon, the
planets, and zodiacal constellations.
Designation of celestial bodies in a
German almanac printed 1850
[1]
Astronomical symbols are symbols used to represent various celestial
objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in astronomy.
The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyri of late
antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which the Greek papyri were
preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical
symbols. New symbols were further invented to represent many
just-discovered planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th-20th
centuries.
All these symbols were once commonly used by professional
astronomers, amateur astronomers, and astrologers. While they are still
commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their
occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively
infrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols
appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to
represent the solstices and equinoxes.
Unicode has formally assigned codepoints to most symbols, mainly in
Miscellaneous Symbols Block (2600-26FF)
[2][3]
and Miscellaneous
Symbols and Pictographs Block (1F300-1F5FF)
[4]
.
Symbols for the Sun and Moon
The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to
antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyri
of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray ( ) for the Sun and a
crescent for the Moon. The modern sun symbol, a circle with a dot (),
first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance. A similar symbol was also
the ancient Chinese character for "sun", which gave rise to the modern
character .
[5]
These symbols are also known to be used in alchemy texts, sun was representing gold, moon representing silver and
so on.
In modern academic usage, the sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the sun. The luminosity,
mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants as units of measurement.
Astronomical symbols
2
Sun
Name Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Represents
Sun U+2609
(dec 9737)

the Sun
U+1F71A
(dec 128794)

the Sun with one ray

U+1F31E
(dec 127774)

the face of the Sun

Moon
Name Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Represents
Moon, or first-quarter moon U+263D
(dec 9789)

an increscent (waxing) moon

U+1F31B
(dec 127771)

full moon U+1F315

(dec 127765)

U+1F31D
(dec 127773)

Moon, or last-quarter moon U+263E

(dec 9790)

a decrescent (waning) moon

U+1F31C
(dec 127772)

new moon U+1F311

(dec 127761)

U+1F31A
(dec 127770)

Solar constants
Constant Symbol Value
Solar luminosity L
3.83910
26
W, or 3.83910
33
erg/s
Solar mass M
1.9889210
30
kg
Solar radius R
6.95510
8
m
Solar effective temperature T
eff
5777 K
Symbols for the planets
Symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were
preserved. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late
Greek papyri. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names,
and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. According to A. S. D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary
symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere,
produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the
Astronomical symbols
3
planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another
necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon,
a headdress with a crescent attached.
A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle
with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield
crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the
cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century.
According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the
symbols of the old pagan gods."
The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Khler and
refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called
white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for
iron, , and gold, . This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars () and the Sun () because in Greek
Mythology, Uranus represented heaven, and represents the combined power of Mars' spear and the Sun. Another
symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmont
par la premire lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").
Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to
name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a trident, while
falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to
name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, Franois
Arago, who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet ( ). However, this suggestion met with stiff resistance
outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer
Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet. Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh
defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol. Meanwhile, Struve presented the
name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In August 1847, the Bureau des
Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with
Arago refraining from participating in this decision.
The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles. In certain cases where
planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and
(to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets.
Planets
Name IAU
abbreviation
Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Represents
Mercury Me U+263F
(dec 9791)

Mercury's winged helmet and caduceus, or the caduceus alone

Venus V U+2640
(dec 9792)

Venus' hand mirror

Earth E U+2641
(dec 9793)

a globus cruciger, or an inverted symbol for Venus

more popular in non-geocentric contexts
U+1F728
(dec
128808)

Globe with equator and a meridian

Mars Ma U+2642
(dec 9794)

Mars' shield and spear

Jupiter J U+2643
(dec 9795)

Jupiter's thunderbolt, an eagle, or the letter zeta or Z for Zeus, the Greek god analogous
to Jupiter
Astronomical symbols
4
Saturn S U+2644
(dec 9796)

Saturn's sickle or scythe

Uranus U U+26E2
(dec 9954)

Platinum
U+2645
(dec 9797)

A globe surmounted by the letter H (for Herschel),

more common in older or British literature
Neptune N U+2646
(dec 9798)

Neptune's trident
A globe surmounted by the letters LV (for Le Verrier),
more common in older, especially French, literature
Symbols for dwarf planets and asteroids
Following Giuseppe Piazzi's discovery of Ceres, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi had
proposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet.
The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, and introduced in
his Monatliche correspondenz zur befrderung der erd- und himmels-kunde.
[6]
In a letter to von Zach, discoverer
Heinrich Wilhelm Matthus Olbers (who had named the newly-discovered asteroid) expressed his approval of the
proposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of a
crossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus.
Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid, proposed the name Juno
and the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol.
The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Dr. Olbers, having previously
discovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the
new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol ( ): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred
fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol ( ) instead.
The next two asteroids, 5 Astraea and 6 Hebe, were both discovered by Karl Ludwig Hencke. Hencke requested that
the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gauss
named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol.
As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris had for its
symbol a rainbow with a star; 8 Flora, a flower; 9 Metis, an eye with a star; 10 Hygiea, an upright snake with a star
on its head; 11 Parthenope, a standing fish with a star; 12 Victoria, a star topped with a branch of laurel; 13 Egeria, a
buckler; 14 Irene, a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head; 15 Eunomia, a heart topped with a star; 16
Psyche, a butterfly wing with a star; 17 Thetis, a dolphin with a star; 18 Melpomene, a dagger over a star; and 19
Fortuna, a star over Fortuna's wheel.
Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin Astronomical
Yearbook) for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although his
numbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols. This
symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea's
number was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta would be listed by their numbers only in the 1867 edition. The
circle later became a pair of parentheses, and the parentheses sometimes omitted altogether over the next few
decades.
A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26
Proserpina, 28 Bellona, 35 Leukothea, and 37 Fides, all discovered by R. Luther, were assigned, respectively, a
pomegranate with a star inside; a whip and spear; an antique lighthouse; and a cross. 29 Amphitrite, discovered by
Albert Marth, was assigned a shell for its symbol.
Astronomical symbols
5
Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. The symbol, a monogram of the letters
PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's
search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Dwarf planets
Name Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Represents
Ceres U+26B3
(dec 9907)

a handle-down sickle; cf. the handle-up sickle symbol of Saturn

Pluto U+2647
(dec 9799)

PL monogram for Pluto and Percival Lowell

Modification of Neptune's astrological symbol. Resembles that of Neptune, but has a circle in
place of the middle prong of the trident.
Asteroids
Name Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Represents
2Pallas U+26B4
(dec 9908)

a spear
3Juno U+26B5
(dec 9909)

a scepter topped with a star

4Vesta U+26B6
(dec 9910)

an altar with fire on it

5Astraea an anchor
a pair of balances
6Hebe a wineglass
U+1F377
(dec
127863)

7Iris a rainbow with a star inside it

8Flora U+2698
(dec 9880)

a flower
9Metis an eye with a star above it
10Hygeia a serpent with a star
U+2695
(dec 9877)

Rod of Asclepius
11Parthenope a fish with a star
a harp
12Victoria a star with a branch of laurel
13Egeria a buckler
14Irene a dove carrying an olive-branch in its mouth and a star on its head
Astronomical symbols
6
15Eunomia a heart with a star on top
16Psyche a butterfly's wing and a star
17Thetis a dolphin and a star
18Melpomene a dagger over a star
19Fortuna a star over a wheel
26Proserpina a pomegranate with a star inside it
28Bellona Bellona's whip and spear
29Amphitrite a shell
35Leukothea an ancient lighthouse
37Fides a Latin cross, in fact showing broadened and rounded endings
Symbols for zodiac constellations and signs
The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote a
constellation, a sign, or a point on the ecliptic plane.
Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the
Moon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star was
sometimes used instead. In modern academic usage, all the constellations, including the twelve of the zodiac, have
dedicated three-letter abbreviations.
In astronomy, a sign was a unit of arc measurement, now obsolete, equal to 30 degrees. Ecliptic longitude was thus
measured in signs, degrees, minutes, and seconds. The sign component of this measurement was expressed either
with a number from 0 to 11
[7]
or with the corresponding zodiac symbol.
The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, each symbol representing the "first
point" of each sign. Thus, is the vernal equinox, is the summer solstice, etc.
Zodiac
Name IAU
abbreviation
Signs Degrees Symbol Translation Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
Aries Ari 0 0 ram U+2648
(dec 9800)

Taurus Tau 1 30 bull U+2649

(dec 9801)

Gemini Gem 2 60 twins U+264A

(dec 9802)

Cancer Cnc 3 90 crab U+264B

(dec 9803)

Leo Leo 4 120 lion U+264C

(dec 9804)

Virgo Vir 5 150 virgin U+264D

(dec 9805)

Libra Lib 6 180 scales U+264E

(dec 9806)

Astronomical symbols
7
Scorpius Sco 7 210 scorpion U+264F
(dec 9807)

Sagittarius Sgr 8 240 archer U+2650

(dec 9808)

Capricornus Cap 9 270 sea-goat U+2651

(dec 9809)
-
Aquarius Aqr 10 300 waterbearer U+2652
(dec 9810)

Pisces Psc 11 330 fish U+2653

(dec 9811)

Other symbols
Symbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbols
differ; formerly stood for the descending node, and for the ascending node. In describing the Keplerian
elements of an orbit, is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is more
common to use (capital omega), which was originally a typographical substitute for the old symbol.
The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices. Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only the
three displayed herefor conjunction, opposition, and quadratureare used in astronomy.
Symbols for a comet () and a star ( ) have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tables
of these observations, stood for the comet being discussed and for the star of comparison relative to which
measurements of the comet's position were made.
Other symbols
Name Symbol Unicode
codepoint
Unicode
display
ascending node U+260A
(dec 9738)

descending node U+260B

(dec 9739)

conjunction U+260C
(dec 9740)

opposition U+260D
(dec 9741)

quadrature U+25A1
(dec 9633)

comet U+2604
(dec 9732)

star U+2605
(dec 9733)

Astronomical symbols
8
References
[1] Johann Franz Encke, Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch fr 1853, Berlin 1850, p. VIII
[2] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U2600. pdf
[3] [3] The Unicode Consortium
[4] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U1F300.pdf
[5] http:/ / www. chineseetymology. org/ CharacterEtymology. aspx?submitButton1=Etymology& characterInput=%E6%97%A5
[6] von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). Monatliche correspondenz zur befrderung der erd- und himmels-kunde, Volume 6 (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=nR04AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA95). pp. 95-96.
[7] The 1834 edition of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris abandoned the use of numerical signs (among other innovations);
compare the representation of (ecliptic) longitude in the editions for the years 1834 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=Bf8NAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA4) and 1833 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3fMNAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA2).
Article Sources and Contributors
9
Article Sources and Contributors
Astronomical symbols Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=570777637 Contributors: 100110100, 200cake, Adamlink, Addihockey10, Anaraug, Angusmclellan, Anjouli,
AnonMoos, Ant, AnthonyUK, Ask123, Asteron, AxlRocks, Ayelie, Belovedfreak, Bgwhite, Black Falcon, Bob, Bryan Derksen, Bulbabean, Buster79, Captainktainer, ChristTrekker, Ckatz,
Comosay95, Crystallina, D.H, Dbachmann, Demilio, Denelson83, DenisMoskowitz, Donarreiskoffer, DopefishJustin, Download, E Pluribus Anthony, Editor at Large, EqualMusic, Ernsts,
ExplicitImplicity, Faigl.ladislav, Faz90, Fibonacci, Freikorp, GPHemsley, GVP Webmaster, Gazibara, Gerbrant, Gorobay, Helixer, Hunnjazal, Hut 8.5, IdLoveOne, Intgr, JDspeeder1, JSacharuk,
JamesFox, Jeff02, Jespinos, Jor, Karl432, Kilom691, Kowloonese, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Lexicon, LittleOldMe, M4gnum0n, Materialscientist, Max98, MessengerCrow13, Mike s, Monedula,
Morwen, Mu301, Murriemir, Mysdaao, Narayanese, Niteowlneils, Oracle of Truth, Panarjedde, PatPeter, Phil in the 818, Pinky sl, RJHall, RP88, RPlunk2853, RVJ, RandomCritic, Rich
Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robert Horning, Run!, Rursus, Ryulong, Sarang, Silence, SimonP, Skumarla, Smjg, Something14, Sonjaaa, Spoon!, Starwiz, Stephenb, StuartBrady, Subversive.sound,
TFCforever, TeaDrinker, The Anome, The Tom, Thnidu, Travlr23, Urhixidur, Vanished user, W559, Wiccablade, Wikky Horse, WinstonSmith, Wmahan, Wwagner, ZanderSchubert, Zandperl,
Zeusnoos, 186 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Astronomical symbols in 1833 Nautical Almanac.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Astronomical_symbols_in_1833_Nautical_Almanac.png License: Public
Domain Contributors: the Board of Admiralty
File:Bezeichnung der Himmelskrper Encke 1850.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bezeichnung_der_Himmelskrper_Encke_1850.png License: Public Domain
Contributors: Cathy Richards, Jahobr, Karl432, Lotse
Image:Old symbol for sun.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Old_symbol_for_sun.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Sun symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Andrea Coppola, AnonMoos, Aquantrum, Artem Karimov,
Bobcats, Bvs-aca, Don-vip, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Juiced lemon, Liftarn, Luccas, MAXXX-309, Melian, Nagy, Roomba, Rursus, Samuel Grant, Sarang, Sergey Liverko, WolfgangRieger,
Wst, 17 anonymous edits
Image:Sun with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Moon symbol crescent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moon_symbol_crescent.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:First quarter moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:First_quarter_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Full moon symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_moon_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Full moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Moon symbol decrescent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moon_symbol_decrescent.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Last quarter moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Last_quarter_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:New moon symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_moon_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:New moon with face.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_moon_with_face.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: self
Image:Uranus symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Uranus's astrological symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uranus's_astrological_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Neptune symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: W559
Image:Mercury symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mercury_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Aquantrum, Badseed, Basilicofresco, Cathy
Richards, Don-vip, Herbythyme, Lexicon, Mrcht, Rursus, Ruslik0, Sarang, Sergey Liverko, Stanmar, Starwiz, Urhixidur, WolfgangRieger, 6 anonymous edits
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Image:Mars symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mars_symbol.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ahmadi, Aquantrum, Ariv photography, Cathy Richards,
Chmee2, Don-vip, Fibonacci, Galphi, Herbythyme, Juiced lemon, Missionary, Rursus, Sarang, Savh, Sergey Liverko, Snow Blizzard, TFCforever, Tlusa, Urhixidur, W559, WolfgangRieger, 10
anonymous edits
Image:Jupiter symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jupiter_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Saturn symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saturn_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Neptune symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neptune_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amit6
Image:Simbolo di Vesta.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Simbolo_di_Vesta.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was
Kwamikagami at en.wikipedia
Image:4 Vesta (2).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:4_Vesta_(2).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: me
Image:Ceres symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ceres_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aquantrum, Crei0, Galphi, Lexicon, Ramiy, Ruslik0,
Sarang, Sarilho1, Urhixidur, 4 anonymous edits
Image:Pluto symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Pluto's astrological symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pluto's_astrological_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon
Image:Pallas symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pallas_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Basilicofresco, Lexicon, Sarang, Urhixidur
Image:Juno symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Juno_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lexicon, Sarang, Urhixidur, 1 anonymous edits
Image:3 Juno symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3_Juno_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: me
Image:5 Astraea Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:5_Astraea_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rmhermen
Image:5 Astraea symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:5_Astraea_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wilson, John
Image:6 Hebe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:6_Hebe.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: W559
Image:6 Hebe Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:6_Hebe_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rmhermen
Image:7 Iris Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7_Iris_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large,
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Image:8 Flora Astronomical Symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:8_Flora_Astronomical_Symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large,
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Image:9 Metis symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:9_Metis_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: original is Benjamin Apthorp Gould, SVG
version is User:Bryan Derksen
Image:10 Hygeia symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10_Hygeia_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hind, J. R.
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Image:11 Parthenope symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:11_Parthenope_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original png by Benjamin Apthorp
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Image:11 Parthenope symbol alternate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:11_Parthenope_symbol_alternate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wilson, John
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
10
Image:12 Victoria symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:12_Victoria_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original work by Benjamin Apthorp
Gould (drawn as SVG by Editor at Large)
Image:13 Egeria symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:13_Egeria_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hind, John Russell
File:14 Irene symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:14_Irene_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: John Wilson
Image:15 Eunomia symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:15_Eunomia_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Bryan Derksen
Image:16 Psyche symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:16_Psyche_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: J. R. Hind
Image:17 Thetis symbol.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:17_Thetis_symbol.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Symbol created by R. Luther
Image:18 Melpomene symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18_Melpomene_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hind, John Russell
Image:19 Fortuna symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:19_Fortuna_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hind, John Russell (May 12, 1823
December 23, 1895)
Image:26 Proserpina symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:26_Proserpina_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Symbol created by R. Luther
Image:28 Bellona symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:28_Bellona_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large (original by J.F. Encke)
Image:29 Amphitrite symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:29_Amphitrite_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chauncey A. Goodrich and Noah
Porter, editors
Image:35 Leukothea symbol.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:35_Leukothea_symbol.png License: Public Domain Contributors: G. Rumker and C.A.F. Peters
Image:37 Fides symbol.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:37_Fides_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: R. Luther
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WolfgangRieger
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WolfgangRieger
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WolfgangRieger
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WolfgangRieger
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Lucis
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Lucis
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