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ABSTRACT
In this paper, the laminated piezoelectric composite materials with orthotropic properties, the structures, performances
of orthotropic piezoelectric actuation elements are studied. Orthotropic piezoelectric composite materials present
remarkable differences in two primary directions perpendicular to each other. As actuation chips, the laminated
orthotropic piezoelectric composite materials present opposite deformation tendencies in two primary directions,
which conforms to the deformation law of common engineering materials. This property presents merit in the control
of structure shape and displacement and as the actuation element around self-adaptive structures compared with the
common piezoelectric actuation materials. It follows from the practical test that the longitudinal induced strain of
OPCM actuation element is 1.28 times of PZT actuation element, and 1.30 times of the traverse induced strain,
together with opposite directions. Experimental researches are carried out respectively for bending and torsion
actuation of cantilevers by using 1-1 type OPCM and PZT actuation elements. The results show that the actuation
efficacy of OPCM element is 1.68 times that of PZT. In torsion actuation experiment, the actuation efficacy of OPCM
actuation element is 2.1 times that of PZT actuation element. The above-mentioned advantages of the laminated
orthotropic piezoelectric composite materials make them play important rules in self-diagnosis and self-adaptive
structures.
Key words: laminated piezoelectric composite materials orthotropic piezoelectricity actuation elements
1.INTRODUCTION
Integrating the sensor, actuator and processor and structural component forms smart material structures. They possess
the functions to adapting and affecting the changes of the exterior surroundings, which is implemented by the
actuating units inside the structures. The actuator integrated with the structure is used to change the structure shape,
rigidity, position, stress status, inherent frequency, damp, temperature, flow velocity and the other mechanical
characteristics so that the structure conforms with the exterior surroundings. As the major part, the actuator can be
widely applied to the shape control of structures, elasticity control in static aerodynamics, restraint in structure
vibration and noise, and the control of sound transmission.
Most of the actuators in smart material structures are fabricated with functional materials. Their working mechanism
is application of the effects such as shape memory, piezoelectricity, electricity-induced flex and magnetic-induced flex
to induced actuating strain. Some other actuators generate the actuating function by the effect of characteristic change
of some special fluids, e.g. electro-rheological and magneto-theological fluids. When the fluid is under the action of
electricity and magnetic fields, the reversible changes in rheological (viscidity, elasticity and plasticity) properties will
take place, and the change extend is up to several quantitative levels. The piezoelectric materials can be taken as both
sensing units and actuating units. When electricity field is put on the piezoelectric unit the deformation is resulted,
which is called converse piezoelectricity effect. With the effect, the strain generated by piezoelectric unit can be
transferred to the base structure through felting layer so that the deformation in host structure or the change in stress
status is resulted. With the advantage of ease in control, piezoelectric materials become the most widely used actuating
materials. The principle properties are as follows:
1.Less actuation energy, only 1/1000 or less than that of shape memory alloys.
2.Quick-response speed, 10,000 times of shape memory alloys.
3.Convenient in use. They can be used in block or be sliced into small pieces.
1
The work is supported by the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2001213), the National Science Foundation (10072026)
Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics, Christopher S. Lynch,
Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4699 (2002) 2002 SPIE 0277-786X/02/$15.00
285
The main problems with piezoelectric materials are: less actuation deformation, less limit strain, much less than the
working strain of the current used structural materials (1000 or more). Therefore, to meet the requirements of the
smart material structures, the further researches must be carried out to develop the piezoelectric materials with better
characteristics.
The mechanical and electrical properties of the simplex piezoelectric materials are prone to the influence of
temperature, magnetic field and electric field. It is possible to make the mechanical loss to the least level when
piezoelectric sensors and actuators work by reasonable dealing with the relation between the properties of piezoelectric
materials and other factors. The simplex piezoelectric material chips present the same piezoelectricity properties on
the electrode plane perpendicular to the polarization direction, i.e. the traverse piezoelectric strain constants
d 31 = d 32 . The strain characteristic under the action of the electric field is that the simultaneous expansion or
extraction happens on x,y plane(see Fig 1). The planar actuation strain with isotropy is induced. Therefore
piezoelectric material chips present isotropic characteristics. This deformation rule does not conform to that of
common engineering elastic materials. If this kind of actuating unit is utilized, bigger deformation along some specific
direction cannot be gained, whether embedded structures or stuck structures are used. It is necessary to fabricate the
piezoelectric composite actuating material shown in Fig. 2 so that it possesses the piezoelectric Poisson effect, i.e. it
presents the same deformation property as the host structural material under electric field: elongation in one direction
and contraction in that perpendicular to the former direction, and with the properties of high strength and toughness.
In this paper the presented Orthotropic Piezoelectric Composite Materials (OPCM) actuating unit possesses opposite
symbol constants (longitudinal and traverse piezoelectric strain constants, d
33
and d
31
respectively) on actuating
plane, commonly d 33/ d 31 -2.5. Therefore, the actuating capability of piezoelectric chips can be remarkably
increased by utilizing the characteristic of opposite polarization of piezoelectricity between longitudinal and traverse
directions. In addition to the inducing strain (sticking on the structure surface) of piezoelectric chip, the inducing
stress (embedded in host structure) is also increased greatly (e33/e31 -4 for commonly used piezoelectric ceramic
materials). OPCM actuating units can actuate the structure shapes more accurately to raise the control efficiency on
structure. However, the current researches and application are limited to the improvement of mechanical property and
some electrical parameters of the simplex piezoelectric materials. Very few literatures are found to deal with the
fabrication of piezoelectric composite materials with orthogonal piezoelectricity. The authors present mainly the
research works in enhancing the deformation control in specific direction of structures.
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Since d 33 is opposite to d 31 in symbol, if an electric field is acted on the actuating unit and
is positive, then
is
negative. The obvious orthogonality can be seen. It is more important that there is similarity between the deformation
features of the actuating unit and the structural materials. The deformation directions are opposite to each other. If the
ratio of d 33 to d 31 of OPCM unit is so determined as to be close to the Poisson ratio, and the actuating unit is embedded
into the structure, there would be the optimized status in compatibility between actuating unit and structural materials.
2.1 Mechanical-Electrical Coupling Equation of 1-1Type Actuating Units
As the strain-type actuating unit (working generally in the form of sticking onto structure surface), when 1-1 type
OPCM unit is under the action of only electric field (only to be polarized in 3(x) direction and set electrode), it follows
from equation (1) that the coupling relation equation between inducing positive strain and actuating electric field
under the mode of longitudinal-traverse stretch is
x
d 33
d 31
{E3 }
(2)
If under the action of electric field E1,E2, the coupling equation between inducing positive strain and actuating electric
field under the mode of shearing is as follows:
(3)
xy = d 15 E1 ,
zx = d 24 E2
Where: x, y are the induced positive strains of OPCM unit along x, y directions respectively under the action of
actuating electric field E3 (z is perpendicular to the sticking plane, so z is not discussed here); xy, xz are the
induced shearing deformations along x direction under actuating electric fields E1,E2.
As the stress-type actuating unit (working generally in the form of embedded into the structure), when the unit is
under the action of only electric field E3 (only to be polarized in 3(x) direction and set electrode), it follows from
equation (2-68) in reference [1] that the coupling relation equation between inducing actuating stress and actuating
electric field intensity under the mode of longitudinal-traverse stretch is:
x e33
(4)
y = e31 {E 3 }
e
32
z
Under the action of electric field E1,E2, the coupling equation between actuating stress and actuating electric field
intensity under the mode of shearing is as follows:
(5)
xy = e15 E1 ,
xz = e24 E 2
2.2 Analysis of Factors to influence actuating unit characteristics
In order to design a reasonable OPCM actuating unit, the factors is to be discussed to influence the mechanicalelectrical characteristics of 1-1 type strain orthogonal OPCM actuating unit as shown in Fig. 2.
It follows from reference [2] that the main factors to influence the mechanical-electrical characteristic of 1-1 type
piezoelectric composite material are:
1. Volume ratio of piezoelectric ceramic inside composite material c
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equivalent d ij. In the structure as shown in Fig. 2, since the width b is much greater than that of piezoelectric and
polymer phase, stress in X direction and strain in Y direction can be taken as uniform distributed in slice piezoelectric
composite material.
]
positive electrode
]
piezoelectric ceramic
\
negative
electrode
conduct polymer
phase
[
negative
electrode
direction of
polarization
direction of
polarization
\
positive
electrode
9
[
K
D
The relation between induced strain x and the deformation of piezoelectric phase is
x = E3 d 33c a /( a + d ) = vc d 33c E3 = d 33 E3
(6)
(7)
It can be seen from the above equation that the equivalent piezoelectric constant of 1-1 type OPCM unit is proportional
to the volume ratio c taken by piezoelectric phase. Therefore, it is advisable to select piezoelectric composite material
with bigger c in fabrication of actuating unit. On the other hand, in consideration of toughness and the fabrication
effect of piezoelectric composite material, c should be controlled within proper range.
The following section is for discussion of the piezoelectric strain constant d
piezoelectric ceramic
y(1)
31 of
x(3)
b
1c
c
a 1
electric polymer(electrode) d
p
1
1p
Take out a unit part from 1-1 type OPCM material (shown in Fig. 3) and assume its thickness h=1. Under the action
of 1 , the following relation comes into existence:
(1) Static mechanics relation
(a + d ) 1 = a 1c + d 1p
(8)
(9)
, 1p = 1p / E p
(10)
(11)
Under the action of equivalent uni-directional stress 1, the output electric displacement of piezoelectric composite
material is as follows according to the first-class piezoelectric equation of the positive piezoelectric effect.
(12)
D3c = d 31 1c
c
c
The generated electric charge
(13)
Q = d 31 1 a b
Where d 31 is the piezoelectric strain constant of piezoelectric ceramic.
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D3 = d 31 1
Or
(14)
Q = d 31 1 b (a + d )
(15)
(16)
In Fig.2 direction 1 of piezoelectric phase is parallel to y. Therefore, equation (7) and (16) show the orientation of
piezoelectric phase is very important in OPCM structure, which directly leads to the generation of orthogonality of
OPCM (since d33 2.4d31). In addition, it follows from equation (16) that although the elasticity constant of the
polymer is negligible compared with that of piezoelectric ceramics (commonly PZT-51,Ec33=117GPa,Ec31=84GPa,
resin Ep=3.5GPa), vc makes influence on the mechanical-electrical coupling coefficient along y direction of
isolation region
piezoelectric
positive
] electrode \
ceramic
electric polymer
nagative
electrode
polarizing direction
nagative
electrode
[
K
D
piezoelectric
ceramic
G
electric polymer
Put the molded piezoelectric ceramic slice into ultrasonic wave cleaner filled with cleaning liquid to clean, and
take it out when there is no dirt on its surface and air it on an net.
Fasten the span slices between the two piezoelectric ceramic slices to control the electrode widths.
Spread the preparatory type conduct resin glue onto the piezoelectric slice. After aired for 0.5~1 hour at room
temperature, it is put on the positioning template, vacuumed and supplemented with liquid conduct glue, then put
into the oven to solidify.
Clean out the solidified remnants on PCM stock, polish and wash to fabricate exterior electrode.
Stick isolation strip at the two electrodes as shown in Fig.4, put it into the oven and solidifies.
Pour resin protection glue around the OPCM stock, after solidification cut it into slices.
The fabricated peripheral electrode is the negative electrode. Fetching the conduct wires of positive and negative
electrodes and encapsulating generates the OPCM unit.
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Where the subscript ( )PZT stands for the amount related to common piezoelectric ceramic and electrode form. The
subscript ( ) OPCM stands for the amount related to OPCM unit. The electric field E stands for the average electric
field exerted on material.
Under the condition of the specific actuating electric field ( E is the specific value), the induced stress ratio is:
(18)
R( E ) = OPCM / PZT = OPCM / e31 E = OPCM h / 2V e31
The contrast mensuration system to measure the induced strains of OPCM actuating unit and PZT actuating unit is
shown in Fig. 5.
positive electrode
]
\
NH-600 voltage
power Amplifier
strain gage
[
GFG-8016G
signal generator
polarizing direction
The system consists of a signal generator and a high voltage power amplifier. Its function is to exert electric field on
PZT slice and OPCM actuating slice and to stimulate the actuating unit to generate induced strain. The highest
voltage generated by the power amplifier is 600V(the electric field intensity of PZT polarization is 2.7Kv/mm); the
system also adopts type static resistance strain gauge to generate induced strain on piezoelectric actuating unit.
400
300
200
100
-100
-400
400
y-direction(loading)
300
200
100
x-direction(loading)
0 10 200 300
x-direction(loading)
-100
-200
x-direction(unloading)
-300
-600 -500 -400 -300 -20
X
x-direction(unloading)
y-direction(unloading)
-100 0 10
y-direction(loading)
-100
-200
-300
y-direction(unloading)
-400
The data curves to measure PZT unit is shown in Fig.6. It follows from the curves that in the directions perpendicular
to each other (X or Y) the deformations increase or decrease in synchronization. Comparing with negative load and
unload process, the induced strain delay to actuating voltage for positive load and unload process is more severe. At
the same time, it shows that whether positive or negative maximal strain, the maximal induced strains along X and Y
290
directions are close to each other, which explains the piezoelectric property of isotropy existing in simplex
piezoelectric materials.
450
400
vc = 92 0 0
unloading
300
vc = 92
400
unloading
300
200
vc = 56 0 0
100
loading
loading
unloading
-300
= 0
v c 56 0
100
loading
loading -100
v c = 56 0 0
-200
-300
unloading
-400
vc = 92 0 0
-45
200
-400
vc = 92 0 0
The data curves to measure OPCM unit is shown in Fig.7. The relations between the induced strain of OPCM unit and
actuating voltage are measured respectively for c =56% and c =92%. It follows from the figure that under the
action of the same actuating voltage, the induced strain with smaller c is remarkably smaller than that with larger
(when V=400V
56%
92%
will increase, which is in accordance with the theoretical analysis results (equation (7) and (16)).
In order to describe and evaluate the degree of orthogonality of OPCM unit, the traverse effect coefficient is introduced
that stands for the deformation ratio along longitudinal and traverse directions under actuating field. It is donated
with H E:
(19)
H E = traverse / longitudinal
It can be seen from the above measuring result that the traverse effect coefficients of two kinds of OPCM actuating
units are ( H E ) v =56 = 0.857 , ( H E ) v =92 = 0.768 respectively. And with the increase of c , H E will decrease.
c
=92 0 0
= 525(m / V )
(d
31 vc = 92 0 0
= 408(m / V ) .When
v c = 92 0 0 and reaches to 1, the calculated (d 33 )vc = 92 0 0 , (d31 )vc =92 0 0 are close to the related piezoelectric constant of PZT.
Since the material of the piezoelectric phase in OPCM actuating unit is the same as that of PZT actuating unit, i.e. P51 piezoelectric ceramic, according to equation (18) the ratio of induced strains of OPCM actuating unit ( v c = 92 0 0 )
and PZT unit with 600V of actuating voltage are R( V ) x = 1.286 and R ( V ) y = 1 . R ( V ) x is opposite in symbol to
R ( V ) y , which shows that OPCM actuating unit presents piezoelectric orthogonality, and its actuating capacity along
X direction is greater than that of PZT unit.
291
consists of a signal generator and a high voltage power amplifier; and the displacement measurer consists of a laser
generator, reflector and a projection screen.
actuator
section A
NH-600 voltage
power amplifier
GFG-8016G
signal
generator
projection screen
actuator
section
A
section
A
laser
P
actuator
laser generator
reflector
In contrast experiment, the first kind of working status is to compare their actuating capacities of generating planar
bending deformation; the second kind of working status is to compare their actuating capacities of generating shearing
deformations.
4.1Contrast experiment of actuating bending deformation
The actuating method to make the cantilever generate planar bending deformation is to exert a positive electric field
on 1 and 3 actuating slices. The unit generates longitudinal tension deformation, and at the same time it exerts a
negative electric field on 2 and 4 actuating slices to generate the longitudinal shrinkage deformation.
PP
displacement
23&0
PP
displacement
3=7
actuating voltage
9
23&0
3=7
actuating voltage 9
It follows from the researches in former section that under the action of a positive electric field, for OPCM actuating
units, there are longitudinal tension deformation and traverse shrinkage deformation within the working plane. This
property is propitious to bigger longitudinal tension or shrinkage for cantilever. On the other hand, under the action of
electric field, simultaneous tension or shrinkage takes place within the working plane, which is difficult for the
cantilever to generate bigger bending deformation. Fig 9(a) shows the experimental results.
It follows from the experimental result that under the same actuating voltage 309mm displacement of cantilever is
generated by OPCM actuating unit and 184mm by PZT.
4.2 Contrast experiment of actuating shearing deformation
The actuating method to make the cantilever generate planar torsion deformation is to exert a positive electric field on
1 and 4 actuating slices. The unit generates longitudinal tension deformation, and at the same time it exerts a negative
292
electric field on 2 and 3 actuating slices to generate the longitudinal shrinkage deformation. Therefore the cantilever
generates shearing deformation. The experimental curves are shown in Fig 9(b).
In former section, according to equation (18) the ratio of the induced strains of OPCM c = 92 0 0 and PZT with
600V actuating voltage is R ( V ) x = 1.286 and R ( V ) y = 1 . However, the experimental results show that in the same
condition the actuating effect of OPCM is 1.68 times that of PZT, and for torsion it is 2.1 times. This phenomenon
shows that OPCM actuating unit presents opposite induced strain in traverse direction.
5. CONCLUSIONS
For the control of structure shape and displacement, the piezoelectric actuating units present brilliant application
future. OPCM possesses obvious property of piezoelectric orthogonality. It can generate remarkable actuating force the
deformation along specific direction. In this paper the research on OPCM actuating unit is carried out. The principal
research contents and achievements are as follows.
1 the influence of piezoelectric phase volume ratio vc on piezoelectric strain constant d ij and piezoelectric
stress constant eij is studied. It has been found that the fabrication orientation of the piezoelectric phase in composite
material is the principal factor to affect PCM piezoelectric orthogonality. The difference of elasticity modules for the
two materials has a certain effect on the traverse piezoelectric constant of 1-1 type OPCM actuating unit;
2 the cross electrode and the forms of positive/negative electrode orthogonality isolation region are designed and
fabricated. Two kinds of 1-1 type OPCM actuating units are successfully designed and fabricated.
3 the mechanical-electrical coupling equations for OPCM actuating units are established.
4 Through further research on the property of OPCM, it is verified that the designed 1-1 type OPCM actuating
unit possesses obvious piezoelectric orthogonality. Its traverse induced strain is only 0.768 of the longitudinal one and
with opposite direction. Under the same actuating voltage value, the induced strain of PZT is only 0.778 times of the
OPCM unit. In addition, it is verified that with the increase of vc , d ij increases greatly.
5 Experimental researches are carried out for cantilever bending and torsion actuation with 1-1 type OPCM
actuating unit and PZT. The results show that the actuating effect of OPCM is 1.68 times that of PZT, and for torsion
it is 2.1 times.
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(2000)
3.Newnham R E .Skinner D P, Cross L E et al. "Connectivity and piezoelectric-pyroelectric composites". Mater Res.
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