2 Chapter

Fundamental Thoughts Fundamental Thoughts

The flow of air over the surface of an airplane is
the basic source of the lifting force that allows a the basic source of the lifting force that allows a
heavier-than-air machine to fly
The science that deals with the flow of air/flow of The science that deals with the flow of air/flow of
any gas is called aerodynamics
What is aerodynamics? at s ae ody a cs
The word comes from the Greek words: aeros,
concerning the air, and dynamics, which means g , y ,
force
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
1
A d i i th t d f f d th Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the
resulting motion of objects through the air.
Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas
Physical quantities in the language of Physical quantities in the language of
aerodynamics are:
1- Pressure 2- Density
3- Temperature 4- Compressibility
5- Viscosity 6- Flow velocity
and streamlines and streamlines
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
2
1-Pressure
Pressure is the normal force due to the time rate of
change of momentum of the gas molecules impacting on change of momentum of the gas molecules impacting on
that surface
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
3
Mathematically F
Mean pressure P = F/ A
P t i t d / dA A Pressure at point p = dp/ dA A
where p is the pressure
F is the normal force F is the normal force
A is the area
2-Densityy
Density is defined as the mass of gas divided by its
volume
Mean density : = m / V
Density at point : = dm / dV
Specific volume : v = 1/
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
4
Specific volume : v = 1/
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
5
3- Temperature p
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
6
4- Compressibility 4- Compressibility
Compressibility is a measure of the relative
change of a fluid as a response to a pressure change of a fluid as a response to a pressure
change
By definition, the compressibility of a fluid : By definition, the compressibility of a fluid :
= - (1/V)(dV/dp)
where V is the volume and p is the pressure where V is the volume and p is the pressure
p p+dp
V V+dV
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
7
If the temperature of the fluid element in the p
Figure is held constant, then is called
isothermal compressibility
T
= - (1/V)(V/p)
T
If no heat is added to or taken away from the
fluid element, and if friction is ignored, the
i f th fl id l t t k l compression of the fluid element takes place
isentropically and is called isentropic
compressibility = - (1/V)(V/p) compressibility
s
= - (1/V)(V/p)
s
Since m = V then dm = dV + V d
But dm = 0 because m = constant But dm = 0 because m = constant
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
8
dV = - V d dV/V = - d/
Then = (1/) (d/dp) Then (1/) (d/dp)
Thus, whenever the fluid experience a change in
pressure, dp, the corresponding change in pressure, dp, the corresponding change in
density, d, is : d = dp
In general, the flow of a gas is a compressible g , g p
flow. The exception to this is the low-speed flow
of a gas ( at sea-level v 100 m/s )
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
9
5 Viscosity 5- Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a
fluid to flow fluid to flow.
Velocity profile
Boundary Layer
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
10
Newtons Theoryy
In general, in any fluid flow, layers move at different
velocities and the shear stress between the layers, which
f f f opposes any applied force, arises from the fluids
viscosity
Newton postulated that for straight parallel flow the Newton postulated that, for straight parallel flow, the
shear stress,, between layers is proportional to the
velocity gradient, v/y, in the direction perpendicular to
th l the layers
= (v/y)
The constant is known as the coefficient of viscosity/the The constant is known as the coefficient of viscosity/the
absolute viscosity/the dynamic viscosity
N.B. Kinematic viscosity = /
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
11
6-Flow velocity and streamlines
The flow velocity, or velocity field, of a fluid is a vector
field which is used to mathematically describe the motion field which is used to mathematically describe the motion
of the fluid.
The flow velocity of a fluid is a vector field:
v = v(x,y,z,t)
which gives the velocity of an element of fluid at a
iti ( ) d ti t position (x,y,z) and time t .
A
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
12
Velocity field over airfoil
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
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Streamline: The path taken by a moving fluid Streamline: The path taken by a moving fluid
element ,in steady flow, is called a streamline of
the flow.
Drawing the streamlines of the flow field is an
important way of visualizing the motion of the
air/gas flow.
Air flow over airfoil
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
14
Air flow over airfoil
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
15
Air flow about a house
Source of Aerodynamic Forces Source of Aerodynamic Forces
The four basic aerodynamic flow quantities : p, , T, and v
A knowledge of p, , T, and v at each point of a flow fully
f f f defines the flow field
For steady flow:
p = p(x y z) p p(x,y,z)
= (x,y,z)
T = T(x,y,z)
Flow Field
v = v(x,y,z)
The primary function of the aerodynamics (theoretical
and or experimental) is to calculate or measure the flow and or experimental) is to calculate or measure the flow
field quantities around an aircraft or any flying vehicle
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
16
The aerodynamic force exerted by the airflow on The aerodynamic force exerted by the airflow on
the surface of an airplane, missile, etc, results
from only two simple natural sources: from only two simple natural sources:
1- Pressure (p) distribution on the surface
2- Shear stress or friction () distribution on the 2- Shear stress or friction () distribution on the
surface
Pressure and shear stress distribution
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
17
Pressure and shear stress distribution
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
18
Forces, Moments and Coefficients Aerodynamic
Lift Force L: L = q

S C
L
Drag Force D: D = q

S C
D
Pitching Moment: M = q

S C C
M
Where q

is the dynamic pressure

q = (1/2) v
2
q

= (1/2)

2
S is the planform area of wing
C is the mean chord of wing C is the mean chord of wing
C
L
is the lift coefficient
C
D
is the drag coefficient
D
g
C
M
is the moment coefficient
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
19
Equation Of State For A Perfect Gas
A perfect gas is one in which intermolecular forces are
negligible
Air at standard conditions can be approximated by a
perfect gas
Therefore we will always deal with a perfect gas for Therefore, we will always deal with a perfect gas for
aerodynamic calculations
Equation of state: The relation between p, , and T for a
gas is called the equation of state gas is called the equation of state
For a perfect gas, the equation of state is:
P = R T
Where R is the specific gas constant, the values of which
varies from one type of gas to another
For normal air R = 287 J/(kg)(K)
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
20
For normal air R = 287 J/(kg)(K)
Units
Two system of units are commonly used:
1- (SI) system is a metric system based on the meter,
kilogram second and Kelvin as basic units of length kilogram, second, and Kelvin as basic units of length,
mass, time, and temperature
2- English Engineering System of units based on the
foot, slug, second, and Rankine as basic units of length,
mass, time, and temperature
Force = mass x acceleration Force = mass x acceleration
F = m x a
In SI units : 1 Newton = (1 kilogram)(1 meter/second
2
) In SI units : 1 Newton (1 kilogram)(1 meter/second )
In English Engineering system:
1 pound = ( 1 slug )(1 foot/second
2
)
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
21
Conversion Factors Co e s o acto s
1 ft = 0 3048 m 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 slug = 14.594 kg
1 Ib 4 448 N 1 Ib = 4.448 N
1
o
K = 1.8
o
R
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
22