Table of Contents

INTROCUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2
Experiments ............................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1: Rapidly varied steady flow ........................................................................ 2
1. A-1Hydraulic Jump ................................................................................................. 2
1.1.

Introduction ............................................................................................. 2

1.2.

Apparatus ............................................................................................... 3

1.3.

Procedure ............................................................................................... 4

1.4.

Observations .......................................................................................... 4

1.5.

Lab Results............................................................................................. 6

1.6. Calculations of the data ................................................................................ 6

1.7 Results discussion ...................................................................................... 14
1.8. Errors ......................................................................................................... 17
1.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 17
A-2 Flow through a venturi flume ............................................................................. 18
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 18
2.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Procedure.................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Observations ............................................................................................... 18
2.5 Lab Results ................................................................................................. 19
2.6 Calculations of the data ............................................................................... 20
2.7 Results discussion ...................................................................................... 22
2.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 2: Backwater curve ..................................................................................... 23
Rectangular channel ............................................................................................. 23
1.1.

Data ...................................................................................................... 23

1.2. Calculation: ................................................................................................. 23

1.3. Spread sheet ............................................................................................... 24
Trapezoidal channel ................................................................................................. 25
2.1. Data ............................................................................................................ 25
2.2. Calculation: ................................................................................................. 25
2.3. Spread sheet ............................................................................................... 26
1

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 26

INTROCUCTION
The main purpose of this experimental report is on the hydraulic jump phenomena
where hydraulic jump equipments has been used and the amount of water that passes
through the sluice gate is measured and analysed.
(Chadwick et al, 2009) defines a hydraulic jump as a jump of water established when a
supercritical flow slows down due to friction from the wetted perimeter until it becomes a
subcritical flow and there is a rapid movement of water and this rapid movement causes
turbulence in the water that result in an energy loss.
The report will also experiment on the flow of water through a venture flume; the main
aim of this experiment is to: demonstrate the flow of water from a subcritical flow to a
super critical flow.
When water is allowed to pass on a venturi flume the flow goes from a sub to
supercritical flow as it passes through the constriction.

Experiments
Chapter 1: Rapidly varied steady flow
1. A-1Hydraulic Jump
1.1.

Introduction

The hydraulic jump phenomenon is a rather abrupt change from super critical to sub
critical flow. This change in momentum in real life often occurs after a flow through a
dam, or flow from a steep to a mild slope and finally flow from a reservoir. To mimic the

real life hydraulic jump a set up was done that included the apparatus as elaborated
below.

1.2.

Apparatus

Sump tank, Flow meter, upstream tank, Downstream tank, Pipes, Pump, Open channel,
Horizontal scale, Point gauge, Sluice gate, Rule.

Figure 1: Hydraulic jump apparatus

1.3.

Procedure

The hydraulic bench was filled with enough water to connect to the H23 Flume
water Intake.

The channels dimensions were measured and recorded

The flume was levelled and the sluice gate installed at the upstream end with the
required aperture.

A baffle block is placed at a suitable location just upstream of the gate to

streamline the flow.

The depth gauge was then used to set the channel bed as the datum.

The discharge control was then adjusted to establish a stable hydraulic jump

The volumetric flow rate was then measured

The water depth immediately after upstream and downstream y1 and y2

respectively of the sluice gate.

The water depth of the sluice gate is then measured i.e. y3 (upstream) and y4
(downstream).

1.4.

Observations

1. A centrifugal pump was used to increase the pressure of fluid in the open
channel by using a rotating propeller.
2. The hydraulic jump phenomena is observed as an obstruction of the flow of water
that forces a super critical flow to change to a subcritical flow.

Figure 2: Picture showing hydraulic jump

Y2

Y1

Figure 3: Figure showing hydraulic jump, length of jump, upstream and downstream

1.5.

Lab Results

Time 1 Time 2
Time Av.[sec]
[sec]
[sec]
per 5L
28.83
28.71
28.77
23.35
23.25
23.3
19.24
19.45
19.35
17.34
17.48
17.41
23.10
23.30
23.31
19.02
18.74
18.88
15.70
16.10
15.9
13.83
13.57
13.7
Table 1: Table showing the Hydraulic jump experiments done and the time taken

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

y1 [m]

y2 [m]

y3 [m]

y4 [m]

0.06
0.085
0.115
0.143
0.058
0.083
0.120
0.15

0.0062
0.0063
0.0061
0.0063
0.0081
0.0080
0.0083
0.0082

0.012
0.012
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.013
0.010
0.011

0.026
0.030
0.033
0.041
0.033
0.037
0.053
0.056

Table 2: Table showing values of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4

1.6. Calculations of the data

1.6.1. Calculating Yc, discharge Q and discharge q
y1 [m]

y2 [m]

y3 [m]

y4 [m]

yc [m]

L[m]

Dischar
ge, Q
(m^3/s)

q
[m^2/sec
]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.06
0.0062 0.012 0.026 0.021
0.73
0.0005
0.085 0.0063 0.012 0.030 0.023
0.55
0.0006
0.115 0.0061 0.014 0.033 0.028
0.575 0.0008
0.143 0.0063 0.012 0.041 0.031
0.71
0.0009
0.058 0.0081 0.011 0.033 0.023
0.15
0.0006
0.083 0.0080 0.013 0.037 0.029
0.63
0.0008
0.120 0.0083 0.010 0.053 0.031
1.15
0.0009
0.15
0.0082 0.011 0.056 0.036
1.21
0.0011
Table 3: Table showing values of L and discharge q

0.00954
0.011
0.0152
0.0171
0.011
0.015
0.0171
0.021

In order to calculate the value of yc the values of discharge Q and q are calculated, to
calculate the discharge Q the following formulae is used:

Thus, to calculate Q for values of row 1

The discharge q is obtained by using the following formula

Again to calculate q for values of row 1:

Now to work out yc the following formula is used.

Therefore, the yc value for the first row is

1.6.2. Calculating Specific Energy (E)

The specific energy is the mechanical energy that is relative to the bottom of the
channel.
Specific Energy, E
E1 [m]

E2 [m]

E3 [m]

E4 [m]

Ec [m]

0.063
0.075
0.033
0.039
0.042
0.085
0.113
0.038
0.035
0.031
0.118
0.160
0.044
0.038
0.035
0.144
0.210
0.059
0.045
0.036
0.062
0.068
0.043
0.036
0.031
0.086
0.0973
0.056
0.041
0.033
0.12
0.135
0.11
0.054
0.038
0.153
0.179
0.121
0.062
0.042
Table 4: Table showing specific energy values

The head losses are determined by the energy equation as follows:

Therefore the specific energy E value of the first row in the table is calculated as:

1.6.3. Calculating E for theoretical values of y and obtaining y/yc [Ratio] and E/yc [Ratio]
y [m]

E[m]

y/yc [Ratio]

E/yc [Ratio]

0.239890
0.218739
0.200340

0.003221
0.003377
0.003532

14.113297 0.189499
12.868899 0.198652
11.786468 0.207805
8

0.184240
0.170074
0.157546
0.146417
0.136487
0.127593
0.119598
0.112386
0.105860
0.099938
0.094548
0.089631
0.085134
0.081013
0.077227
0.073742
0.070530
0.067562
0.064816
0.062272
0.059911
0.057717
0.055676
0.053774
0.052000
0.050344
0.048796
0.047347
0.045991
0.044721
0.043529
0.042410
0.041359
0.046366
0.042485
0.039314
0.036707
0.034554
0.029051
0.025496
0.026139

0.003688
0.003843
0.003999
0.004154
0.004310
0.004466
0.004621
0.004777
0.004932
0.005088
0.005244
0.005399
0.005555
0.005710
0.005866
0.006021
0.006177
0.006333
0.006488
0.006644
0.006799
0.006955
0.007110
0.007266
0.007422
0.007577
0.007733
0.007888
0.008044
0.008200
0.008355
0.008511
0.008666
0.008000
0.008500
0.009000
0.009500
0.010000
0.012000
0.016997
0.020000

10.839258
10.005823
9.268806
8.614039
8.029862
7.506612
7.036224
6.611924
6.227990
5.879562
5.562488
5.273208
5.008650
4.766159
4.543424
4.338430
4.149413
3.974821
3.813288
3.663606
3.524701
3.395621
3.275515
3.163623
3.059263
2.961823
2.870752
2.785553
2.705775
2.631011
2.560891
2.495079
2.433267
2.727802
2.499482
2.312912
2.159540
2.032894
1.709162
1.500000
1.537788

0.216958
0.226111
0.235264
0.244417
0.253571
0.262724
0.271877
0.281030
0.290183
0.299336
0.308489
0.317642
0.326795
0.335949
0.345102
0.354255
0.363408
0.372561
0.381714
0.390867
0.400020
0.409174
0.418327
0.427480
0.436633
0.445786
0.454939
0.464092
0.473245
0.482399
0.491552
0.500705
0.509858
0.470658
0.500074
0.529490
0.558906
0.588322
0.705987
1.000000
1.176645
9

0.032728
0.041535
0.050982
0.060682
0.070501
0.080384
0.090303
0.100246
0.110203
0.120171
0.130145
0.140125
0.150109
0.160096
0.170085
0.180076
0.190068
0.200061

0.030000
1.925475 1.764967
0.040000
2.443576 2.353290
0.050000
2.999395 2.941612
0.060000
3.570062 3.529935
0.070000
4.147738 4.118257
0.080000
4.729151 4.706580
0.090000
5.312736 5.294902
0.100000
5.897670 5.883225
0.110000
6.483486 6.471547
0.120000
7.069901 7.059869
0.130000
7.656740 7.648192
0.140000
8.243885 8.236514
0.150000
8.831257 8.824837
0.160000
9.418802 9.413159
0.170000
10.006480 10.001482
0.180000
10.594263 10.589804
0.190000
11.182128 11.178127
0.200000
11.770060 11.766449
Table 5: Table showing y/yc [Ratio] E/yc [Ratio]

The values of q are then used to determine the specific energy E for a range of
theoretical values of depth y of up to 200mm.
The values of E are obtained via a summation of E values plus a constant value of
0.00016
i.e. E2 = E1 + 0.00016

10

1.6.4. Froude numbers

y4/y3
[Ratio]

2.167
2.50
2.357
3.417
3.423
2.846
4.818
5.09

v1 [m/sec]

v2 [m/sec]

0.159
0.129
0.132
0.120
0.189
0.181
0.143
0.14

1.539
1.175
1.249
2.714
1.358
1.875
2.06
2.361

v3 [m/sec]

v4 [m/sec]

0.795
0.916
1.086
1.425
0.333
1.154
1.71
1.909

0.367
0.367
0.461
0.552
0.478
0.405
0.323
0.585

F1

0.21
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.25
0.18
0.13
0.09

F2

6.24
4.73
5.11
10.9
3.86
4.83
5.73
6.56

F3

2.32
2.67
2.93
4.15
2.40
2.55
4.82
4.77

Table 6: Table showing Froude numbers

y4/y3 [Ratio]

is first obtained by dividing the values of y4 by y3.

The different Froude numbers are then calculated using the following formula.

Therefore F1 is obtained for the 2nd row as follows:

1.6.5. y4/y3 Ratio for theoretical and experimental values

Experimental Theoretical
y4/y3 Ratio
y4/y3 Ratio
2.167
2.50
2.357
3.417
3.423
2.846
4.818
5.09

1.95
2.65
2.35
3.50
3.52
2.91
5.32
6.23
Table 6: Table showing Froude numbers

Theoretical values of y4/y3 are calculated using the following formula:

11

F4

0.73
0.69
0.81
0.87
0.53
0.55
0.33
0.35

1.6.6. Theoretical head losses

Theoretical
y4 [m]
hL [m]
0.023 0.0012
0.032 0.0052
0.031 0.0048
0.049 0.0140
0.040 0.0068
0.037 0.0099
0.052 0.0520
0.065 0.0523
Table 7: Table showing theoretical values of y4 and Hl

Theoretical values of y4 are calculated using experimental values of y3 and the Froude
numbers already calculated.
The values of head loss are calculated using the following formula:
(

The head loss formula to calculate theoretical head loss is modified to:

i.e.

1.6.7. Experimental head losses

Experimental
y4 [m] hL [m]
0.026
0.030
0.033

0.0022
0.0042
0.0038
12

0.041 0.0120
0.033 0.0061
0.037 0.0083
0.053 0.0421
0.056 0.0467
Table 8: Table showing experimental values of y4 and Hl

The head loss value using the experimental data is calculated the same way as the
theoretical values, the only difference being that this time the experimental values are
used.

1.6.8. L/y4 for experimental and theoretical values

Experimental
Theoretical
L/y4 Ratio
L/y4 Ratio
24.3
28.1
17.2
18.33
18.21
17.58
14.5
17.32
3.75
4.55
17.03
17.05
22.12
21.7
17.23
21.60
Table 8: Table showing theoretical and experimental values of L/y4
The values of L/y4 are obtained by dividing the length to the respective y4 values.

13

1.7 Results discussion

The hydraulic jump phenomena was observed in the experiment where flow from a
supercritical to subcritical conditions were experienced.
1.7.1 Specific energy

Specific Energy Curve

Flowrate 1
0.200
0.180

0.160
0.140
y (m)

0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060

0.040
0.020
0.000
0.000

3
0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

E (m)

Graph 1: Specific energy curve

14

0.250

0.300

Specific energy curve

Dimensionless
14.000

Depth y/yc ratio

12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

Specific Energy E/yc ratio

Graph 2:
Specific energy curve dimensionless
The graph 1 shows the specific energy against the depth:

Between 1 & 2 the flow was subcritical and at 3 the flow was supercritical.

At 1-4 there is a massive reduction in depth, but a relatively small energy loss

At 2-4 the energy loss increases with an increase in depth

1.7.2. Froude number

part

Froude number

Type of flow

Fr< 1 : Subcritical flow

Fr> 1 : Supercritical flow

Fr> 1 : Supercritical flow

Fr< 1 : Subcritical flow

A stable jump requires the Froude number to be in between 4.5 9, from the Froude
number values depicted in the table above the hydraulic jump experienced was a stable
jump.
15

y4/y3 against Fr
7
6

y4/y3

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10

froude number
Experimental

Theoretical

Graph 3: y4/y3 ratio against Fr

The depth ratio y4/y3 of experimental and theoretical values are shown in graph 3, the
graph sows that the depth ration of theoretical values is higher compared to the
experimental values.

16

1.8. Errors

1.8.1. Human errors

There is a big chance that the results read of the scales were not accurate. Measures
were taken to ensure that the readings were as accurate as possible, this measures
included:

Counterchecking with other groups

Having two people taking readings

1.8.2. Misreading the depth and width of water

The depth and width may have been misread which might results to erroneous results.
The error is minimal hence might not really affect the results as much.
1.8.3. Equipment error
The equipment used in the experiments may have an error, from not being calibrated
well. The discrepancies in measurement may yield different results for experimental and
theoretical values.
1.8 Conclusion
The experiment has demonstrated the hydraulic jump phenomena where flow changes
from supercritical to subcritical conditions. This change in flow results in a considerable
amount of energy loss.
From the tables and graphs it can be seen that the theoretical values were slightly
higher than the experimental values, this difference may have been caused by errors
experience whilst carrying out the laboratory experiment.
A stable jump was obtained this was proved from the Froude values calculated.
The hydraulic jump phenomena is used practically in weirs, dams and spillways etc. In
weirs and dams the hydraulic jump is used effectively to dissipate energy, the water
flows down from a weir or dam at very high velocity, without loss of energy the water
may corrode dams and cause damage to the structures.
17

A-2 Flow through a venturi flume

2.1. Introduction
The flow through a venture flume reduces the flow of water by restricting the width of
water basing through the channel.
2.2 Apparatus

Venturi flume, trapezoidal liners, Vernier clip, rule, scale.

2.3 Procedure

The venturi flume comprising of the two smooth trapezoidal liners that fit to the
side of the panels was placed in a position upstream of the channel outlet.

The depth gauge was then used to set the channel bed as the datum.

The volumetric flow rate, water depth upstream in the throat and downstream on
the venture flume was then measured starting with the maximum flow and then
reducing in 3 steps.

The pitot tube was then used to measure the specific energy across the channel

2.4 Observations

1. The flow of water moved from a subcritical flow to a super critical flow.
2. In the subcritical flow the wave velocity is greater than the flow velocity, whereas
in the supercritical flow the flow velocity is greater than the wave velocity which is
the exact opposite of the latter.

18

2.5 Lab Results

2.5.1. Time to collect 5litres of water in seconds

Run number

Experimental results, time to collect 5l (0.05m 3) in

seconds

Datum 156 mm

Flow measurements, time for 5l

1

9.6

10.6

10.2

10.5

9.9

9.5

10.6

11.5

14.7

15.35

11.3

15.7

17.6

15.6

14.5

15.3

27.8

32.6

30.3

29.7

27.53

28.3

30.2

33.5

19

2.6 Calculations of the data

mean flow
Measure position
Mean
time
sec
10.33 Pitot
Froude

standard
deviation of time
specific energy
0.72
scale reading
height mm

15.01 Pitot
Froude

specific energy
1.80
scale reading
height mm

29.99 Pitot
Froude

specific energy
2.20
scale reading
height mm

1100

1200

1250

0.151
0.5
0.2557
105
51

0.153
0.5

0.169
0.6

0.096
0.3
0.29665
120
36

0.106
0.3

0.126
0.5
0.24184
130
26

0.12
0.5

103
53

110
46

136
20

1460

1570

m3 per
2380 second

1.051
5.2
2.55268
136
145
20
11

1.069
5.3

0.66
3.2 0.000484262

1270

1320

1360

1390

0.187
0.7
0.55178
107
109
49
47

0.236
1

0.551
2.6

0.72
3.5

120
36

125
31

0.261
1.2

0.422
2

0.474
2.3

135
21

134
22

142
14

0.216
1

0.294
1.4

0.47
2.3

140
16

142
14

0.137
0.5

0.135
0.5
0.59078
119
121
37
35

0.139
0.6

0.141
0.6
0.63603
137
135
19
21

147
9

0.71
3.5
2.0263
146
10

0.706
3.5

0.504
2.5
4.00767
146
152
10
4

0.506
2.5

150
6

150
6

136
20
0.201
0.9 0.000333195
135
21
0.214
1 0.000166715
142
14

2.6.1. Mean time in seconds

The mean time in seconds is calculated by taking the average of the flow
measurements and the experimental recorded time.

2.6.2. Standard deviation of time

The standard deviation in time is calculated by using the mean time already calculated,
and subtracting it by the mean and square results of each value. The mean of those
squared differences is then calculated and finally the value obtained is square rooted to
obtain the standard deviation.

20

2.6.3. Specific energy

The specific energy is calculated using the height and the pitot value obtained, the
following formula was used:

i.e.

2.6.4. Mean flow

The mean flow in m3is calculated by taking the total flow and dividing it by the mean
time.

i.e.

2.6.5. Froude value

The Froude value is calculated using the modified Froude formula

i.e.

21

2.6.6. Energy loss through the venture flume

Energy loss through the venturi.
Original head

part
0.025m

Original velocity
velocityafter
afterflume
flume
Gain of KE
Loss of PE
Energy loss through venturi
Velocity

0.14675
0.45685
mass x
mass x

Ratio of observed and calculated velocity

Specific force =
specific force had there been no drag producing energy loss =
Drag Force
Drag Coefficient
Mean Drag Coefficient
4.4E-07

m/s
0.09359
0.40221
0.30862 Joules

0.17
0.42767
0.077
0.30411
0.22711

0.10104
0.34304
0.05373
0.18639
0.13266

0.90882
0.7982
Velocity observed/ Velocity calculated
0.50269
0.5358
0.00041
0.00041
0.00041
0.00041
2.5E-06
9.8E-07
8.2E-07
3.7E-07

0.61886
0.5543 Mean Avea0.530928235
0.00041
0.00041
2.2E-07
1.3E-07

2.7 Results discussion

A subcritical to a supercritical flow is experienced as depicted from the calculated
Froude number values.
i.e. Fr 0.2557 0.5518 2.5527

The specific energy also increases with the decrease in height and the increase in
length of the measuring position.
The drag coefficient was calculated as elaborated on the table above, this shows that
the drag coefficient is negligible and doesnt affect the results obtained.

2.8 Conclusion
The reduction in width (constriction) causes a change in velocity and height as was
depicted in the analysis
3. Health and safety
In order to ensure that the experiments are carried out efficiently and effectively, health
and safety is a priority. The health and safety measures that need to be carried out are:

Managing the water level in the channel to avoid over flowing

22

Cables to be effectively fitted on poles to avoid tripping

All cables should be insulated to avoid danger of electrocution

Emergency stop button to be located in a precise location and to inform students

of its location and use.

Chapter 2: Backwater curve

Rectangular channel
1.1.

Data

Rectangular channel
Q (m^3/s)=

10

b(m)=

L (m)=

200

q [m^2/sec] =

y_cr =

0.741532735

So=

0.0005

n=

0.033

z=

1.2. Calculation:

Area: b x h = 5 x 3.2 = 16 m^2

Perimeter: b + 2h = 5 x (2 x 3.2) = 6.4 m

R=

R^4/3 = 2.54/3= 3.39

E = h + y2/2 = 3.2 + 0 = 3.2

Delta = E2 E1 = 3.1 - 3.2 = - 0.1

Delta Ax = delta / b = 5/-0.1 = -0.02

X = summation of delta Ax

Bed level = 100 + (b x) = 100 + ( 5 x -0.02) = 99.9

Water surface level = bed level + respective height = 100 +3.2 = 103.2

23

1.3. Spread sheet

h [m]
3.20000
3.10000
3.00000
2.90000
2.80000
2.70000
2.60000
2.50000
2.40000
2.30000
2.20000
2.10000
2.00000
1.90000
1.80000
1.70000
1.60000
1.50000
1.40000
1.30000
1.20000
1.10000
1.00000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.50000
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000

A=b*h [m^2]
P=b+2h [m]R=A/P [m]R^(4/3) [m]V=Q/A [m/sec]
v^2/2g [m]E=h+y^2/2gdeltaE
[m] [m]Sf=v^2n^2/R^1.33
meanSf
16.00000
15.50000
15.00000
14.50000
14.00000
13.50000
13.00000
12.50000
12.00000
11.50000
11.00000
10.50000
10.00000
9.50000
9.00000
8.50000
8.00000
7.50000
7.00000
6.50000
6.00000
5.50000
5.00000
4.50000
4.00000
3.50000
3.00000
2.50000
2.00000
1.50000
1.00000
0.50000

6.40000
6.20000
6.00000
5.80000
5.60000
5.40000
5.20000
5.00000
4.80000
4.60000
4.40000
4.20000
4.00000
3.80000
3.60000
3.40000
3.20000
3.00000
2.80000
2.60000
2.40000
2.20000
2.00000
1.80000
1.60000
1.40000
1.20000
1.00000
0.80000
0.60000
0.40000
0.20000

2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000
2.50000

3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302
3.39302

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

3.20000
3.10000
3.00000
2.90000
2.80000
2.70000
2.60000
2.50000
2.40000
2.30000
2.20000
2.10000
2.00000
1.90000
1.80000
1.70000
1.60000
1.50000
1.40000
1.30000
1.20000
1.10000
1.00000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.50000
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000

-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000

24

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

S0 -meanSfdeltA x [m]x=Sum dx [m]

BED Level [m] Water Surface Level [m]
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000

-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000

0.00000
-0.02000
-0.04000
-0.06000
-0.08000
-0.10000
-0.12000
-0.14000
-0.16000
-0.18000
-0.20000
-0.22000
-0.24000
-0.26000
-0.28000
-0.30000
-0.32000
-0.34000
-0.36000
-0.38000
-0.40000
-0.42000
-0.44000
-0.46000
-0.48000
-0.50000
-0.52000
-0.54000
-0.56000
-0.58000
-0.60000
-0.62000

100.00000
99.90000
99.80000
99.70000
99.60000
99.50000
99.40000
99.30000
99.20000
99.10000
99.00000
98.90000
98.80000
98.70000
98.60000
98.50000
98.40000
98.30000
98.20000
98.10000
98.00000
97.90000
97.80000
97.70000
97.60000
97.50000
97.40000
97.30000
97.20000
97.10000
97.00000
96.90000

103.20000
103.00000
102.80000
102.60000
102.40000
102.20000
102.00000
101.80000
101.60000
101.40000
101.20000
101.00000
100.80000
100.60000
100.40000
100.20000
100.00000
99.80000
99.60000
99.40000
99.20000
99.00000
98.80000
98.60000
98.40000
98.20000
98.00000
97.80000
97.60000
97.40000
97.20000
97.00000

Backwater Curve for Relief channel

104.00000

Elevation m AOD

103.00000
102.00000
101.00000
100.00000
99.00000
98.00000
250.00000

97.00000
-750.00000

-1750.00000 -2750.00000 -3750.00000 -4750.00000 -5750.00000

Distance (m)
Graph 4: Backwater curve for a relief channel

Trapezoidal channel
2.1. Data

Trapezoidal channel
Q (m^3/s)=
b(m)=
L (m)=
q [m^2/sec] =
y_cr =
So=
n=
z=

10
5
200
2
0.741532735
0.0005
0.033
0

2.2. Calculation:
Area (b + mh)h = (5 + 3 x 3.2)3.2 = 46.72 m^2
Perimeter: b + 6.4 h = 5+ (6.4 x 3.2) = 25.48m

25

water level
bed level

2.3. Spread sheet

h [m]

A=(b*3h)hP=b+6.4h
[m^2] [m]
R=A/P [m]R^(4/3) [m]V=Q/A [m/sec]
v^2/2g [m]E=h+y^2/2gdeltaE
[m] [m]Sf=v^2n^2/R^1.33
meanSf

3.20000
3.10000
3.00000
2.90000
2.80000
2.70000
2.60000
2.50000
2.40000
2.30000
2.20000
2.10000
2.00000
1.90000
1.80000
1.70000
1.60000
1.50000
1.40000
1.30000
1.20000
1.10000
1.00000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.50000
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000

46.72000
44.33000
42.00000
39.73000
37.52000
35.37000
33.28000
31.25000
29.28000
27.37000
25.52000
23.73000
22.00000
20.33000
18.72000
17.17000
15.68000
14.25000
12.88000
12.74000
10.32000
9.13000
8.00000
6.93000
5.92000
4.97000
4.08000
3.25000
2.48000
1.77000
1.12000
0.53000

25.48000
24.84000
24.20000
23.56000
22.92000
22.28000
21.64000
21.00000
20.36000
19.72000
19.08000
18.54500
17.80000
17.16000
16.52000
15.88000
15.24000
14.60000
13.96000
13.32000
12.68000
12.04000
11.40000
10.76000
10.12000
9.48000
8.84000
8.20000
7.56000
6.92000
6.28000
5.64000

1.83359
1.78462
1.73554
1.68633
1.63700
1.58752
1.53789
1.48810
1.43811
1.38793
1.33753
1.27959
1.23596
1.18473
1.13317
1.08123
1.02887
0.97603
0.92264
0.95646
0.81388
0.75831
0.70175
0.64405
0.58498
0.52426
0.46154
0.39634
0.32804
0.25578
0.17834
0.09397

2.24425
2.16469
2.08567
2.00720
1.92929
1.85194
1.77515
1.69893
1.62327
1.54819
1.47368
1.38919
1.32639
1.25360
1.18139
1.10975
1.03868
0.96816
0.89820
0.94237
0.75988
0.69150
0.62361
0.55620
0.48924
0.42273
0.35668
0.29113
0.22624
0.16236
0.10039
0.04272

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

3.20000
3.10000
3.00000
2.90000
2.80000
2.70000
2.60000
2.50000
2.40000
2.30000
2.20000
2.10000
2.00000
1.90000
1.80000
1.70000
1.60000
1.50000
1.40000
1.30000
1.20000
1.10000
1.00000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.50000
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000

-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000
-0.10000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

S0 -meanSfdeltA x [m]x =Sum dx [m]

BED Level [m] Water Surface Level [m]
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000

-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000
-0.02000

0.00000
-0.02000
-0.04000
-0.06000
-0.08000
-0.10000
-0.12000
-0.14000
-0.16000
-0.18000
-0.20000
-0.22000
-0.24000
-0.26000
-0.28000
-0.30000
-0.32000
-0.34000
-0.36000
-0.38000
-0.40000
-0.42000
-0.44000
-0.46000
-0.48000
-0.50000
-0.52000
-0.54000
-0.56000
-0.58000
-0.60000
-0.62000

100.00000
99.90000
99.80000
99.70000
99.60000
99.50000
99.40000
99.30000
99.20000
99.10000
99.00000
98.90000
98.80000
98.70000
98.60000
98.50000
98.40000
98.30000
98.20000
98.10000
98.00000
97.90000
97.80000
97.70000
97.60000
97.50000
97.40000
97.30000
97.20000
97.10000
97.00000
96.90000

REFERENCES
1. CHADWICK, A., MORFETT, J.& BORTHWICK, M.(2004) Hydraulics in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, 4th ed, London and New York, Spon.
2. MASSEY, B.S. (1989) Mechanics of Fluids, 6th ed, London, Chapman and hall.
3. HAMILL L ,(2001), Understanding hydraulics, 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan

26

103.20000
103.00000
102.80000
102.60000
102.40000
102.20000
102.00000
101.80000
101.60000
101.40000
101.20000
101.00000
100.80000
100.60000
100.40000
100.20000
100.00000
99.80000
99.60000
99.40000
99.20000
99.00000
98.80000
98.60000
98.40000
98.20000
98.00000
97.80000
97.60000
97.40000
97.20000
97.00000