World Trade Indicators- User Guide

December 2008
 Table of Contents

Introduction 3

1. Trade Policy Definitions 4

2. External Environment Definitions 14

3. Institutional Environment Definitions 19

4. Trade Facilitation Definitions 21

5. Trade Outcome Definitions 24

6. Trade-At-A-Glance (TAAG) Definitions 29

Appendices 30

A. Non-Tariff Measure Data Availability 31

B. Regional and Income Groupings 33

C. Sectoral Descriptions and Hierarchical

Disaggregation for Trade Outcome 37
Indicators

2
Introduction
The World Trade Indicators (WTI) database contains about 300 trade-related policy and
outcome indicators for 210 countries. It is organized around five thematic categories,
namely (i) Trade Policy, (ii) External Environment, (iii) Institutional Environment, (iv)
Trade Facilitation and (v) Trade Outcome. Each category contains a main (default)
indicator and other additional indicators. Whenever the data are available, the database
contains annual data for 1995-2008. .
Indicators for specific countries can be accessed either individually or in relation to pre-
defined country groupings to which individual countries belong. Such groupings are
offered in terms of Region or Income level, according to the standard World Bank
definition, or Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) for merchandise trade, according to the
WTO definition.

In the publication and country Trade-At-A-Glance (TAAG) tables, simple averages of the
indicators for the periods 1995-99, 2000-04, 2005-06, and latest year are presented. In
the online update, the period averages are 1995-99, 2000-04, 2005-07, as well as a 2006-
2008 latest year category are included. The latter captures either the 2008 data, or the
2006 or 2007 data if 2008 data is not available Online users will be able to generate such
averages for any customized periods and country groupings.

World Bank sources of data include:

1. Development Economics Research Group (DECRG)
2. Development Economics Data Group (DECDG): responsible for the World
Development Indicators (WDI) Database and the Development Data Platform
(DDP).
3. Development Economics Prospects Group (DECPG): responsible for forecasts
as reported in the Global Economic Prospects publication and website.

3
1. Trade Policy

Trade (MFN)1 Tariff Restrictiveness Index (TTRI)

Definition This index summarizes the impact of each country's non-
discriminatory trade policies on its aggregate imports. It is the
uniform equivalent tariff that would maintain the country’s aggregate
import volume at its current level (given heterogeneous tariffs). It
captures the trade distortions that each country’s MFN tariffs impose
on its import bundle using estimated elasticities to calculate the
impact of a tariff schedule on a country’s imports. These measures
are based on actual or current trade patterns and thus do not capture
restrictions facing new or potential trade. They also do not take into
account domestic subsidies or export taxes. Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 2001, 2005- 2007
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD
TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated
based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows.

Trade Tariff Restrictiveness Index (TTRI)

Definition This index summarizes the impact of each country's trade policies on
its aggregate imports. It is the uniform equivalent tariff that would
maintain the country’s aggregate import volume at its current level
(given heterogeneous tariffs) and including preferential tariffs. It
captures the trade distortions that each country’s tariffs impose on its
import bundle using estimated elasticities to calculate the impact of a
tariff schedule on a country’s imports. These measures are based on
actual or current trade patterns and thus do not capture restrictions
facing new or potential trade. They also do not take into account
domestic subsidies or export taxes. Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 2006, 2007
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD
TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated
based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows.

1
MFN is an acronym for Most Favored Nation.

4
Overall (MFN) Trade Restrictiveness Index (MFN-OTRI)
Definition This index summarizes the impact of each country's non-
discriminatory trade policies on its aggregate imports. It is the
uniform equivalent tariff that would maintain the country’s aggregate
import volume at its current level (given heterogeneous tariffs) and
including non-tariff measures. It captures the trade distortions that
each country’s MFN tariffs impose on its import bundle using
estimated elasticities to calculate the impact of a tariff schedule on a
country’s imports. These measures are based on actual or current
trade patterns and thus do not capture restrictions facing new or
potential trade. They also do not take into account domestic subsidies
or export taxes. Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.

Please see Non-Tariff Measure Frequency Ratio for a more complete

description of NTMs. Latest year of NTM data availability can be
found in Appendix A.
Available Years 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD
TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated
based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows.

Overall Trade Restrictiveness Index (OTRI)

Definition This index summarizes the impact of each country's trade policies on
its aggregate imports. It is the uniform equivalent tariff that would
maintain the country’s aggregate import volume at its current level
(given heterogeneous tariffs) and including preferential tariffs and
non-tariff measures. It captures the trade distortions that each
country’s tariffs impose on its import bundle using estimated
elasticities to calculate the impact of a tariff schedule on a country’s
imports. These measures are based on actual or current trade patterns
and thus do not capture restrictions facing new or potential trade.
They also do not take into account domestic subsidies or export taxes.
Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.

Please see Non-Tariff Measure Frequency Ratio for a more complete

description of NTMs. Latest year of NTM data availability can be
found in Appendix A.
Available Years 2006, 2007
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD

5
 TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated
based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows.

MFN Applied (AV-only) Tariff

Definition This indicator is calculated as the average of the MFN ad valorem
(AV)-only tariff rates that a country applies to its trading partners
available at HS 6-digit product level in a country’s customs schedule.

This indicator is also disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods.

Reported as a simple average (includes lines where there are no trade

flows), a trade weighted average (weighted by trade import values per
HS 6-digit line), dispersion (coefficient of variation), and maximum
rate.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS tariff database through WITS until 2004, then
ITC database for 2005-08. For the trade weighted average we used
2006 COMTRADE data, reported and mirror data have been used
through 2006. (2006 trade flows were used for the estimation of
2007 data).

MFN Applied Tariff

Definition This indicator is calculated as the average of the MFN applied tariff
rates (includes ad valorem and ad valorem equivalents of specific
tariffs) that a country applies to its trading partners, available at HS 6-
digit product level in a country’s customs schedule.

This indicator is disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods.

Reported as a simple average (includes lines where there are no trade

flows), a trade weighted average (weighted by trade import values per
HS 6-digit line), dispersion (coefficient of variation), and maximum
rate.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS tariff database through WITS until 2004, then
ITC database for 2005-08. For the trade weighted average we used
2006 COMTRADE data, reported and mirror data have been used
through 2006. (2006 trade flows were used for the estimation of
2007 data).

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Applied Tariff
Definition This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates
including preferential rates that a country applies to its trading
partners available at HS 6-digit product level in a country’s customs
schedule.

This indicator is also disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods

Reported as a simple average (includes lines where there are no trade

flows), a trade weighted average (weighted by trade import values per
HS 6-digit line), production weighted (weighted by production level
based on the value added of 42 GTAP goods sectors, service sectors
are excluded), dispersion (coefficient of variation), and maximum
rate.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS tariff database through WITS until 2004, then
ITC database for 2005-08. For the trade weighted average we used
2006 COMTRADE data, reported and mirror data have been used
through 2006. (2006 trade flows were used for the estimation of
2007 data).

MFN-0 Import Value (% of total imports)

Definition This indicator is the percentage of total imports that are subject to
MFN zero duty rates in a country’s HS 6-digit tariff schedule by
value.

This indicator is also disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods.

If an HS 8-digit tariff line has both non-duty free rates and duty free
rates at an HS level greater than 8-digits, then all imports in that 8-
digit line were treated as non-duty free.
Available Years 1995-2006
Source Until 2004 UNCTAD TRAINS and UN COMTRADE database
through WITS; for a number of countries, WITS uses mirror data
from COMTRADE for estimating MFN-0 imports/exports. From
2005-2007 we used ITC database. ITC linked tariffs and trade at the
tariff line level when data were available for the same year.

Share of Tariff Lines with MFN-0 (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s tariff
schedule that are duty free. Expressed as a percentage of total lines.

These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.

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Available Years 1995-2007
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS and UN COMTRADE database through WITS
until 2004, then ITC database (2005-07).

Share of Tariff Lines with Domestic Peaks (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s MFN
tariff schedule with the value above 3 times the simple average tariff.
Expressed as a percentage of total lines.

These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2004, then ITC
database .

Share of Tariff Lines with International Peaks (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s MFN
tariff schedule with the number of tariffs at the tariff line level whose
value is above 15 percent. Expressed as a percentage of total lines.

These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2006, then ITC
database (2007).

Share of Tariff Lines Bound (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s tariff
schedule bound subject to WTO Negotiation Agreements. Expressed
as a percentage of total lines.

These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 1999-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2006, then ITC
database (2007).

Tariff Overhang (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the percentage difference (overhang) between
the average bound rate and the average MFN applied rate at the HS 6-
digit tariff line level in a country’s customs schedule. It is equivalent
to subtracting the average of all MFN applied rates from the average

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 of all bound rates for each country.

Overhang can be negative as a result of: 1) It is final bound minus the

current tariff (which may or may not be below the bound which has
yet to be implemented) or 2) Both are simple averages and, after
averaging, the averaged bound could fall below the averaged tariff as
some tariffs may or may not have a bound.

This indicator is also disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2004, then ITC
database (2005-08).

Non-tariff Measure Frequency Ratio (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the degree of non-tariff measures in a country’s
tariff lines. It is calculated by taking the simple average of the
percentage of tariff lines (at the HS 6-digit level) affected by at least
one non-tariff measure. The non-tariff measures cover only those
NTMs which include various price control measures, variable
charges, anti-dumping and countervailing actions, quantitative
restrictions, non-automatic licensing, or other prohibitions. NTMs
include non-protectionist measures such as technical barriers to trade
(TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) that though
they may also raise the restrictiveness of trade policy may have
legitimate consumer-protection or public health rationales.
Available Years See table. Most recent data is 2001 or older.
Source . UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS.

Specific Tariff Frequency Ratio (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of Harmonized Schedule (HS)
tariff lines with at least one specific tariff as a percentage share of the
total number of HS tariff lines. A specific tariff is a tariff that does
not vary with price, but is based on quantity.

This indicator is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. WTO
IDB database through WITS through 2004. ITC database 2005-08.

Applied Tariff Escalation

Definition These indicators are calculated as (i). the percentage point difference
between the applied tariffs for finished (or fully processed) goods and
the applied tariffs for raw materials (or primary products) and (ii). the
percentage change between the applied tariffs for finished (or fully

9
 processed) goods and the applied tariffs for raw materials (or primary
products).

This indicator is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 2002-2008
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. Until
2004 UNCTAD TRAINS through WITS using WTO classification of
tariff lines for primary, intermediate, and finished product categories;
ITC database for 2005-07.

Customs and Other Import Duties (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the importance of a country’s customs and
other import duties, evaluated in local national currency. Calculated
as the sum of total import duties divided by either the sum of the
value of all imports or the sum of all government revenues.

Reported as a percentage of imports and as a percentage of total

revenues.
Available Years 1995-2007
Source World Bank WDI database and IMF Government Finance Statistics
database.

WTO Dispute Ruling (as defendant)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of dispute rulings in which a
member economy served as a defendant at the time the data was
collected.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source WTO Trade Profiles

WTO Notifications Outstanding

Definition This indicator reflects the number of a member economy’s
outstanding WTO notifications at the time the data was collected.
This number covers all the cases where no information has been
received by WTO's Central Registry of Notifications. According to
the WTO, Members are required to notify their trade measures (e.g.
anti-dumping, safeguards and subsidies, and countervailing measures)
to the relevant WTO body, especially if those measures might affect
other members. This figure is based on the information made
available to relevant WTO committees by member economies.
Available Years 2005-2007
Source WTO Trade Profiles

WTO Anti-dumping Cases (number of measures in force)

Definition WTO rules allows duties to be imposed on goods that are deemed to
be dumped and causing injury to producers of competing products in
the importing country. These duties are equal to the difference

10
 between the goods’ export price and their normal value. Specifically,
this indicator reflects the number of antidumping measures imposed
by a WTO importing member economy against another country’s
exports at the time the data was collected. The figure is based on the
information made available to relevant WTO committees by member
economies.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source WTO Trade Profiles

WTO Countervailing Duties (number of measures in force)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of countervailing duty measures
imposed by a WTO importing member economy, usually in the form
of increased duties, to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters
in the exporting country. This indicator reflects measures that were in
force at the time the data was collected. The figure is based on the
information made available to relevant WTO committees by member
economies.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source WTO Trade Profiles

WTO Safeguards (number of measures in force)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of safeguard measures imposed by
a WTO member, usually in the form of temporary restriction of
imports of a specific product. Members impose this restriction in
order to protect a specific domestic industry from an increase in
imports which can cause injury to that industry. This indicator
reflects measures that were in force at the time the data was collected.
The figure is based on the information made available to relevant
WTO committees by member economies. There is no obligation on
WTO members to notify the expiry or termination of safeguard
measures.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source WTO Trade Profiles

GATS Commitments Index (0-100, most liberal)

Definition This indicator measures the extent of GATS commitments for all 155
services sub-sectors as classified by the GATS and in the four modes
of the GATS. Each entry in the country’s schedule is assigned scores
based on its relative restrictiveness, using a criteria set out by Bernard
Hoekman’s methodology*.

That resulted in 1,240 scores, ranging from 0 (unbound or no

commitments) to 100 (completely liberalized), with an intermediate
value of 50 for partial commitments. A simple average of the sub-
sectoral scores were used to generate aggregate sectoral scores (for
the 12 main services sectors as classified by the GATS), modes
scores, and market access and national treatment scores. The overall

11
 GATS commitment index is a simple average of the sectoral indices.

Disaggregated indices are available for Market Access and National

Treatment and for twelve subsectors: business services,
communication services, construction and engineering services,
distribution services, educational services, environmental services,
financial services, health services, tourism services, recreational and
cultural services, transport services, and other services.
Available Years 2007
Source GATS commitment schedules in the WTO, as scored by the World
Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. Scoring and Sectoral weights follow
Bernard Hoekman, Tentative First Steps: An Assessment of the
Uruguay Round Agreement on Services. Finance and Private Sector
Development Team- Technical Department, ECA/MNA Regions,
Presented at a World Bank Conference, The Uruguay Round and the
Developing Economies, January 26-27, 1995.

USITC Banking GATS Commitment Index (0-100, most liberal)

Definition In this sector specific index developed by the U.S. International Trade
Commission, each country is assigned scores based on the extent of
liberalization in a country’s commitments under the GATS. Relative
restrictiveness in market access and national treatment were
determined using criteria defined by the OECD
(TD/TC/WP(99)58/Final); possible scores assigned are {0, 0.25, 0.50,
0.75, 1} where 0 indicates unbound or no commitment and 100
indicates fully liberalized under the GATS. The scores were added
then divided by the theoretical score assuming market access and
national treatment were unbound.
Available Years 1999, 2005, 2007 for overall score. 2007 for each subcategory.
Source U.S. International Trade Commission.

ITU Foreign Participation/Ownership in Telecommunications Sector (%)

Definition This indicator is based on the 2007 ITU private sector participation
survey which measures the maximum foreign participation or
ownership allowed in a country’s telecom sector based on eight
subcategories: facilities-based operators, spectrum-based operators,
local-service based operators, long distance service operators,
international service operators, value-added service providers,
internet service providers, and a residual category. Each sub-
indicator is evaluated separately and assigned a percentage from 0 to
100 (with the higher value representing greater foreign competition in
the market) reflecting the percent of allowed foreign
participation/ownership in the country’s telecom sector. The overall
score reported is a simple average of the eight subcategories. This
indicator has ceased to be calculated.
Available Years 2004-2007
Source International Telecommunications Union

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ITU Competition in Telecommunications Sector (0-2, fully competitive)
Definition This indicator reflects the level of competition in a country’s
telecommunications sector for international long distance calls,
mobile phones and internet service providers. Based on the most
recent industry competition level (monopoly, partial competition, or
competition), each sub-sector is assigned a value of 0 to 2 (with 0
being a monopoly, 1 partial competition and 2 full competition). The
index is then calculated as the simple average of the three sub-sector
indicator values.
Available Years 2004-2007
Source International Telecommunications Union

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2. Market Access

Market Access – Trade Tariff Restrictiveness Index (MA-TTRI)

Definition This index summarizes the impact of other countries' trade policies
on each country's exports, including preferential rates. It is a uniform
equivalent tariff that would maintain a country’s aggregate export
volume at its current level (given heterogeneous tariffs). It captures
the trade distortions that the rest of the world tariff policies impose on
the export bundle of each country using estimated elasticities to
calculate the impact of a trading partner’s tariff schedule on a
country’s exports. These measures are based on actual or current
trade patterns and thus do not capture restrictions facing new or
potential trade. Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 2005-2006
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD
TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated
based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows

Market Access – Overall Trade Tariff Restrictiveness Index (MA-OTRI)

Definition This index summarizes the impact of other countries' trade policies
on each country's exports, including preferential rates and non-tariff
measures. It is a uniform equivalent tariff that would maintain a
country’s aggregate export volume at its current level (given
heterogeneous tariffs). It captures the trade distortions that the rest of
the world tariff policies impose on the export bundle of each country
using estimated elasticities to calculate the impact of a trading
partner’s tariff schedule on a country’s exports. These measures are
based on actual or current trade patterns and thus do not capture
restrictions facing new or potential trade. Expressed as a tariff rate.

This index is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and

non-agricultural goods.

Please see Non-Tariff Measure Frequency Ratio for a more complete

description of NTMs. Latest year of NTM data availability can be
found in Appendix A.
Available Years 2005-2006
Source Calculated by World Bank research unit DECRG using UNCTAD
TRAINS and COMTRADE through WITS. See Kee, Nicita and
Olarreaga, 2008,( http://go.worldbank.org/C5VQJIV3H0). The latest
available TRIs were published in December 2008 but were calculated

14
 based mostly on 2007 tariff information and 2006 trade flows.

MFN-0 Export Value (% of total exports)

Definition This indicator is the percentage of goods total exports that are subject
to MFN zero duty tariff rates in a trading partner’s HS 6-digit tariff
schedule by value.

This indicator is also disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-

agricultural goods.

If an HS 8-digit tariff line has both non-duty free rates and duty free
rates at an HS level greater than 8-digits, then all exports in that 8-
digit line were treated as non-duty free.
Available Years 1995-2006
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. Until
2004 UNCTAD TRAINS and UN COMTRADE database through
WITS; for a number of countries, WITS uses mirror data from
COMTRADE for estimating MFN-0 imports/exports. From 2005 to
2006 we used ITC database. ITC linked tariffs and trade at the tariff
line level when data were available for the same year. Trade comes
from ITC database. But when trade data were not available at the
tariff lines level ITC also used COMTRADE data.

Rest-of-the-World Applied Tariff (%)

Definition This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates,
including preferential rates that the rest of world applies to each
country, available at HS 6-digit product level in a country’s customs
schedule.

This indicator is reported as a simple average (includes lines where

there are no trade flows), a trade weighted average (weighted by trade
volume per line), dispersion (coefficient of variation), and maximum
rate.

This indicator is also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods

and non-agricultural goods.
Available Years 1995-2006
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.
UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2006 at the 8-digit
level for simple average and 6-digit-level for the weighted average
where export flows are taken from COMTRADE. The online
database for the WTI 2008 website includes also the most recent
estimates (as of March 13) from the ITC about 2007 market access
tariffs. For the 2007 trade weighted average ITC used 2006 trade
export values at HS 6 digit from COMTRADE (reported and mirror
data).

15
Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) (%, + = appreciation)
Definition The real effective exchange rates are calculated using geometric
weighted averages of the seasonally adjusted consumer price index
and the exchange rate index, US dollar per national currency, period
average. It is calculated for those countries having consumer prices
data. Countries with high inflation rates are not seasonally adjusted.
The formula is:

n
EREERj = ( PCPIj * ERIj ) / Exp ∑ (WTji * Ln( PCPIi * ERIi)) * 100
i =1

where,
EREER is the calculated real effective exchange rate
PCPI represents the consumer price index
ERI represents the index form of the period average of the exchange
rate, US dollar per national currency
j = the reporting country
n = number of partner countries to j
i = index of partner country, i=1,….,n
WT ji = the weight that country j attaches to partner country i

If the value of index is positive (or negative), it reflects the

appreciation (or depreciation) of the currency.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source Compiled by the IMF Information Notice System (INS).

WTO Dispute Ruling (as complainant)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of dispute rulings in which a
member economy served as a complainant during the year the data
was collected.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source WTO Trade Profiles

Number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs)

Definition This indicator is the total number of reciprocal preferential trade
agreements (regional and bilateral) in merchandise notified to the
GATT/WTO and in force by WTO provision. It includes all notified
free trade agreements and customs unions, even if it is not yet fully
implemented on the ground.
Available Years As of 20078
Source 2008 WTO World Trade Profile.

Number of Economic Integration Agreements (EIAs)

Definition This indicator is the total number of reciprocal preferential trade
agreements (regional and bilateral) in services notified to the WTO

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 and in force under Article 5 of the GATS. In many cases RTAs
overlap with the EIAs.
Available Years 2008
Source 2008 WTO World Trade Profile

Share of Trade with Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) Partners (%)

Definition This indicator is the ratio of the total value of merchandise
exports/imports with RTA partners to the total value of
exports/imports. Expressed as a percentage of exports only or
imports only. This was calculated according to the year each country
accessed to the RTA.
Available Years 1999, 2004-2006.
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. WTO
Regional Trade Agreements Division, WTO website, and
COMTRADE

Preferences (EU+US) Actual Value (% of beneficiary country exports to US and EU)

Definition The actual preference value is the value of realized tariff savings
from actually utilized US and EU preferences, expressed as a share of
the value of the beneficiary country's exports to the US and EU.
Preferential tariff savings are measured as : (MFN duty rate -
Preferential duty) * value of exports that claimed a preference when
they entered the US and EU.

Calculated at the HS-8 digit level. It is also reported disaggregated

for E.U. only and U.S. only exports for each country.
Available Years 2005-2007
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. USITC
Trade Data Web and USITC Tariff Database Tables for U.S. imports;
UNCTAD TRAINS and Comext for E.U. imports.

Preferences (EU+US) Potential Value ((% of beneficiary country exports to US and EU)
Definition The potential preference value is the potential tariff savings from US
and EU preferences, if all potentially eligible beneficiary exports had
been able to claim and actually claimed preferences; expressed as a
share of total exports of the beneficiary country. Potential tariff
savings is calculated as
(MFN duty rate - Preferential duty) * value of exports in product
categories that could have been eligible (subject to rules of origin) for
preferential duties when entering the US and EU. It differs to actual
tariff savings in that it also includes the possible tariff savings of
products that did not/could not utilize available preferences.

Calculated at the HS-8 digit level. It is also calculated disaggregated

for E.U. only and U.S. only exports for each country.
Available Years Not reported, used in calculation of Preferences Utilization Rate
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. USITC

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 Trade Data Web and USITC Tariff Database Tables for U.S. imports;
UNCTAD TRAINS and Comext for E.U. imports.

Preferences (EU+US) Utilization Rate (%)

Definition This indicator reflects a country’s use of preferences in bilateral trade
with the U.S. and E.U. It is calculated as the ratio between the actual
value (US$) of all preferences and the potential value (US$) of all
preferences ( expressed in percentage terms)

Calculated at the HS-8 digit level. It is also reported disaggregated

for E.U. only and U.S. only exports for each country.
Available Years 2005-2007
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. USITC
Trade Data Web and USITC Tariff Database Tables for U.S. imports;
UNCTAD TRAINS and Comext for E.U. imports.

Preferences (EU+US) Take-up Rate (%)

Definition This indicator reflects a country’s use of preferences in bilateral trade
with the U.S. and E.U. The take-up rate of preferences is calculated
as the ratio of the value of export products to the US and EU that
claimed preferences, and the value of exports to the US and EU that
were potentially eligible for US and EU preferential duty rates.

Calculated at the HS-8 digit level. It is also reported disaggregated

for E.U. only and U.S. only exports for each country.
Available Years 2005-2006
Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. USITC
Trade Data Web and USITC Tariff Database Tables for U.S. imports;
UNCTAD TRAINS and Comext for E.U. imports.

18
3. Institutional Environment

Ease of Doing Business (rank 1-178, worst)

Definition The Ease of Doing Business rank represents a country’s overall
business climate based on seven indicators, three of which are also
reported in the WTI database: Starting a Business, Enforcing
Contracts, and Closing a Business, each ranked out of 178 countries.
Available Years 2006-2008
Source World Bank Doing Business Report.

Doing Business - Starting a Business rank (1-178, worst)

Definition The Starting a Business rank reflects the bureaucratic and legal
hurdles an entrepreneur must overcome to incorporate and register a
new firm. In particular, the procedures, time, and cost involved in
launching a commercial or industrial firm with up to 50 employees
and a start-up capital of 10 times the economy's per-capita gross
national income (GNI) are examined. A higher rank is associated
with a more favorable environment for establishing such a firm.
Available years 2006-2008
Source World Bank Doing Business Report.

Doing Business - Closing a Business rank (1-178, worst)

Definition The Closing a Business rank reflects the existing bankruptcy law
and the main procedural and administrative bottlenecks in the
bankruptcy process. It covers the time, cost and the recovery rate
(recorded as cents on the dollar) recouped by creditors through the
bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. A higher Closing a
Business rank is associated with a more favorable environment for
closing a business.
Available years 2006-2008
Source World Bank Doing Business Report.

Doing Business - Enforcing Contracts rank (1-178,worst)

Definition The Enforcing Contracts rank reflects the efficiency of the
country’s contract enforcement processes by following the
evolution of a sale of goods dispute and tracking the time, cost, and
number of procedures involved from the moment the plaintiff files
the lawsuit until its conclusion (as either an actual payment or non-
payment). A higher rank is associated with a better contract
enforcement environment.
Available years 2006-2008
Source World Bank Doing Business Report.

19
World Governance Indicators (WGI)
Definition These four indicators reflect a country’s governance quality in
government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control
of corruption (the WGI indicators are also available in two additional
categories available on the WGI website). Each category is evaluated
using a methodology detailed in the paper by Kaufmann, Kraay, and
Mastruzzi (2008). The Governance Group of the World Bank
Institute has created an index value for each of these categories based
on several hundred individual variables from the survey, measuring
perceptions of governance, drawn from various data sources and
organizations. The value of each of these indicators ranges from -2.5
to 2.5, with a higher value indicating a better level of governance for
each category.
Available Years 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002-2006, 2007
Source World Bank World Governance Indicators. See paper by Kaufmann,
Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2007)

20
4. Trade Facilitation

Logistics Performance Index (LPI) (1-5, best)

Definition The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) reflects the overall perception
of a country’s logistics based on over 1,000 responses to a survey of
logistics performance evaluated in seven key subcategories. These
categories include: efficiency of customs and other border
procedures, quality of transport and IT infrastructures, international
and domestic transportation costs, ease of shipments and logistics
competence, and tracking ability and timeliness of shipments. The
value of the index ranges from 1 to 5, with a higher score
representing a better performance.
Available Years 2006
Source Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade.

Doing Business – Trading Across Borders (rank 1-178, worst)

Definition The Ease of Doing Business – Trading Across Borders subcategory
rank represents a country’s trade facilitation capabilities based on six
indicators: Number of documents for import/export, Time (in days)
for import/export, Cost (US$ per container) to import/export. A
higher rank is associated with a more favorable environment for
trading across borders.
Available Years 2005-2008
Source World Bank Doing Business, various years.

Total Freight Costs to U.S. (% of import value)

Definition This indicator reflects the ratio of total freight charges and insurance
costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports. This is
calculated at the origin of US ports and is reported as a percentage of
total import value. This includes all shipments through air, maritime
and land freights but excludes domestic transportation costs between
cities.
Available Years 1996-2007
Source U.S. International Trade Commission

Air Freight Costs to U.S. (% of import value)

Definition This indicator reflects the ratio of total air freight charges and
insurance costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports. This
is calculated at the origin of US gateways, and is reported as a
percentage of total imports. The average air freight rate reflects the
costs of transport from the US main ports to the foreign countries at
the US customs procedure.
Available Years 1997-2007
Source U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau.
U.S. Imports of Merchandise, December 2007.

21
Air Freight Costs from U.S. (US$)
Definition This indicator reflects the DHL international United States outbound
worldwide priority express rate for a 1 pound air packages in current
US Dollars. Additional service charges, shipment value protection,
and other surcharges are excluded.
Available Years 2006, 2008
Source DHL Published Tariff Guide on Domestic and International Shipping
Services

UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (0-100, best)

Definition This indicator is a computed average index which combines the
available information about a country’s maritime transport. For
comparison purpose, the maximum value of the LSCI is set to 100
which represents the highest efficiency in the shipping capacity.
Calculated as the un-weighted average of five components: ships,
TEUs, companies, services, and maximum vessel size. Each one of
the five components is indexed to assume a maximum value of 100 in
2004. Average of the five indexed components is again indexed so
that its maximum value for 2004 is 100.
Available Years 2004-2008
Source UNCTAD Transport Newsletter, No. 29, 3rd Quarter 2007

Pump Price of Diesel Fuel (US$ per Liter)

Definition This indicator reflects the prices at the pump of the most widely sold
diesel fuel within the country. Prices have been converted from the
local currency to US dollars.
Available Years 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006
Source International Fuel Prices 2005 or World Bank WDI database

Electricity Cost for Industry (US$ per kilowatt hour)

Definition This indicator is based on the information posted by the Energy
Information Administration of the US Department of Energy on the
industry electricity prices per kilowatt-hour from 1997 to 2005 (in US
Dollars). The per kilowatt-hour prices are based on the energy end-
use prices including taxes, and are converted into US Dollars using
the average exchange rate for the given years.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source International Energy Agency for all years, and the Energy
Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy for
some additional countries in 20042.

2
These include: Antigua and Barbuda, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, Channel Islands, China, Congo,
Rep., Croatia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Arab Rep., Greenland, Guam, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Haiti, Italy, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Sudan, Tonga, and the United
States.

22
Telephones (fixed +mobile) per 100 inhabitants (%)
Definition This indicator reflects the total number of fixed telephone mainlines
connecting a subscriber to the telephone exchange equipment and
cellular mobile phone subscribers to a public mobile telephone
service using cellular technology, measured per 1000 people.
Available Years 1995-2007
Source World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union
(ITU) database

Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to U.S. (US$)

Definition This indicator reflects the average cost of a peak rate 3-minute with
the fixed line call from the country to the USA, in current US Dollars.
Available Years 1995-2005
Source World Bank WDI database or International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) database

Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of self-contained computers
designed for individual users, measured per 1000 people.
Available Years 1995-2006
Source World Bank WDI database or International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) database

Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the number of people with access to the
worldwide network through dial-up, leased, or broadband connection,
measured per 1000 people.
Available Years 1995-2007
Source World Bank WDI database or International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) database

Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross)

Definition This indicator reflects the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age,
to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the
level of education shown.
Available Years 1998-2007
Source World Bank WDI database

Tertiary School Enrollment (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age,
to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the
level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an
advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum
condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the
secondary level.
Available Years 1999-2007
Source World Bank WDI database

23
5. Trade Outcome

Real Growth in Total Trade (%)

Definition It is calculated as the average annual growth rate of the total exports
and imports in goods and services (Balance of Payments), deflated by
import and export prices maintained by DECPG. 2000. This indicator
reflects the trade expansion of a country over the period.

Also reported are disaggregated growth rates for exports and imports,
which are further disaggregated into merchandise and services.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years 1995-2008
Source World Bank DECPG

Nominal Growth in Total Trade (%)

Definition It is calculated as the average annual growth rate of the total exports
and imports in goods and services at nominal U.S. dollars. This
indicator shows the trade expansion of a country over the period.

Reported data is disaggregated by imports and exports, with each

further disaggregated for merchandise and services. The merchandise
subcategory and the services subcategories are each disaggregated
into three sectoral specific subcategories.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2008; all subsectors are
only available 1995-2007.
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2007. DECPG estimates
(as of December 2008) were used for 2008. Missing year values in
the DECDG series were interpolated using DECPG estimates.
However, subsectors were based on the series from the U.N.
Statistical Division and reported by DECDG in the DDP; available
for 1995-2007 only.

Trade Integration Ratio (%)

Definition This indicator is the sum of exports and imports in goods and services
expressed as a percentage of GDP in current U.S. dollars.

Reported data is disaggregated by imports and exports, with each

further disaggregated for merchandise and services. The merchandise
subcategory and the services subcategories are each disaggregated
into three sectoral specific subcategories.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

24
Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2008; all subsectors are
only available 1995-2007.
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2007. DECPG estimates
(as of December 2008) were used for 2008. Missing year values in
the DECDG series were interpolated using DECPG estimates.
However, subsectors were based on the series from the U.N.
Statistical Division and reported by DECDG in the DDP; available
for 1995-2007 only.

Sectoral Share of Total Exports (%)

Definition These indicators reflect the disaggregated share of exports expressed
as a percentage of total exports.

Reported data is disaggregated by merchandise and services. The

merchandise subcategory and the services subcategories are each
disaggregated into three sectoral specific subcategories.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2008; all subsectors are
only available 1995-2007.
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2007. DECPG estimates
(as of December 2008) were used for 2008. Missing year values in
the DECDG series were interpolated using DECPG estimates.
However, subsectors were based on the series from the U.N.
Statistical Division and reported by DECDG in the DDP; available
for 1995-2007 only.

Trade Balance (% of GDP)

Definition This indicator reflects the difference between the export and import
shares of goods and services in the current GDP. Expressed as a
percentage of GDP.

Also reported disaggregated as the merchandise trade balance,

expressed as a percentage of GDP.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2008; all subsectors are
only available 1995-2007
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2007. DECPG estimates
(as of December 2008) were used for 2008. Missing year values in
the DECDG series were interpolated using DECPG estimates.
However, subsectors were based on the series from the U.N.
Statistical Division and reported by DECDG in the DDP; available
for 1995-2007 only.

25
Trade Share of World Market (%)
Definition This indicator reflects the trade market share of a country, expressed
a percentage of total world trade.

Reported data is disaggregated by imports and exports, with each

further disaggregated for merchandise and services. The merchandise
subcategory and the services subcategories are each disaggregated
into three sectoral specific subcategories.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2007; all subsectors are
only available 1995-2006.
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2006. DECPG estimates
(as of December 2007) were used for 2007. Missing year values in
the DECDG series were interpolated using DECPG estimates.
However, subsectors were based on the series from the U.N.
Statistical Division and reported by DECDG in the DDP; available
for 1995-2006 only.

Trade Share Growth of World Market (%)

Definition This indicator reflects the average annual growth rate of the market
share of trade in the global markets in nominal terms.

Reported data is disaggregated by imports and exports, with each

further disaggregated for merchandise and services. The merchandise
subcategory and the services subcategories are each disaggregated
into three sectoral specific subcategories.

See Appendix C for further description of subsectors.

Available Years Merchandise and services are available 1995-2007
Source For merchandise and services, data was taken from World Bank
DECDG as reflected in the DDP through 2007. DECPG estimates
were used for 2007. Missing year values in the DECDG series were
interpolated using DECPG estimates. However, subsectors were
based on the series from the U.N. Statistical Division and reported by
DECDG in the DDP, available for 1995-2006 only.

Share of Top Five Merchandise Imports/Exports (%)

Definition This indicator is calculated as the quotient of the total value of the top
five major imports/exports of a country (measured at the SITC 4-digit
level in Revision 2) and its total merchandise imports/exports.
Available Years 2007
Source U.N. COMTRADE database as calculated by the World Bank
Institute WTI 2008 team using WITS.

26
Top Five Export (Merchandise) Product List
Definition This lists the top five merchandise products exported for each country
and the percentage of each product’s share of total merchandise
exports, defined at the SITC 4-digit level in Revision 2.
Available Years 2007
Source U.N. COMTRADE database as extracted by the World Bank Institute
WTI 2008 team using WITS.

Number of Merchandise Products Imported/Exported

Definition This indicator is calculated at the 3-digit SITC, Revision 2 level. The
total number of products exported includes only those products
whose value exceeds $ 100,000 or 0.3 percent of the country's total
exports, whichever one is smaller. The maximum number of 3-digit
products that could be exported is 261.
Available Years 1995-2007
Source UNCTAD Statistical Office, also reported in the UNCTAD
Handbook of Statistics, various issues.

Import/Export (Merchandise) Product Concentration Index

Definition This index, also called the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index, is
⎡ ⎛ ⎞
2 ⎤
⎢ X 1⎥
⎢ ∑
⎜ ij
⎟ −
⎜
i ⎝ X j ⎠
⎟ n⎥
calculated as H ij = 100 * ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 1− ⎥
⎢ n ⎥
⎣ ⎦
where X ij is the country j’s exports of product i (at SITC 3-digit level
where the total number of products imported/exported includes only
those products whose value exceeds $ 100,000 or 0.3 percent of the
country's total imports/exports, whichever one is smaller. The
maximum number of 3-digit products that could be
imported/exported is 261) and X j is country j’s total exports; and n
is the total number of 3-digit products. Note that this type of
concentration indicator tends to be quite vulnerable to cyclical
fluctuations in relative-prices, in a way that commodity price rises
make commodity exporters look more concentrated.

Available Years 1995-2006

Source UNCTAD Statistical Office, also reported in the UNCTAD
Handbook of Statistics, various issues.

27
Import/Export (Merchandise) Destination Index
Definition This index, also called the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index, is
⎡ ⎛ X ij ⎞ ⎤
2

calculated as H ij = 100 * ⎢ ∑ ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ j ⎝ X i ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
where X ij is the country i’s exports to country j (at SITC 3-digit
level) and X i is country i’s total exports to all trading partners. Note
that this type of concentration indicator tends to be quite vulnerable
to cyclical fluctuations in relative-prices, in a way that commodity
price rises make commodity exporters look more concentrated.

Available Years 1995-2006

Source As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team using UN
COMTRADE database.

FDI Inflows (%)

Definition This indicator reflects a country’s net foreign direct investment (FDI)
inflows. FDI includes net inflows of investment to acquire cross-
border investment flows involving equity participation, reinvestment
earnings, and other long-term and short-term capital recorded in the
balance of payments.

Reported as (i) a percentage of GDP; (ii) as a percentage of exports;

(iii) as a percentage of total FDI to developing countries (low and
middle income); (iv) as a percentage of total FDI to developing
countries (low and middle income) not including India and China.
Available Years 1995-2008
Source IMF.

Remittances (%)
Definition This indicator reflects a country’s receipts of remittances ,
compensation of employees, and migrant transfers. Reported as (i) a
percentage of GDP; (ii) as a percentage of exports; (iii) as a
percentage of imports (iv) as a percentage of total FDI
Available Years 1995-2008
Source World Bank

28
6. Trade-At-A-Glance Data

GDP
Definition This indicator reflects a country’s total national income.
Also reported in per capita terms.
Available Years 2008
Source DECPG provisional estimates

Trade Per Capita

Definition This indicator reflects a country’s total trade in US$ on a per capita
basis.
Available Years 2008
Source DECPG provisional estimates

29
Appendices

30
 Appendix A
Non-Tariff Barrier Data Availability
Source: UNCTAD TRAINS

Country Year of Data

Albania 1997
Algeria 2001
Argentina 2001
Australia 1999
Bahrain 1999
Bangladesh 2000
Belarus 1996
Bhutan 1999
Bolivia 2001
Brazil 2001
Brunei 2001
Burkina Faso 1997
Cameroon 1997
Canada 2000
Central African Republic 1997
Chad 1997
Chile 2001
China 2001
Colombia 2001
Costa Rica 1998
Cote d' Ivoire 2001
Ecuador 2001
Egypt 2001
El Salvador 1997
Ethiopia 1995
European Union 1999
Gabon 1994
Ghana 1995
Guatemala 1998
Guinea-Bissau 1998
Honduras 1998
Hong Kong, China 1994
India 1997
Indonesia 1999
Israel 1996
Japan 2001
Jordan 2001
Kazakhstan 1999
Kenya 1993
Korea Republic 1998
Kyrgyz Republic 1998
Lao PDR 2001
Lebanon 1999

31
Madagascar 1995
Malawi 1996
Malaysia 2001
Mali 1995
Mauritius 1995
Mexico 2001
Moldova 1995
Morocco 2001
Mozambique 1994
Nepal 1998
New Zealand 1999
Nicaragua 2001
Nigeria 2001
Norway 1996
Oman 1999
Pakistan 1998
Papua New Guinea 1997
Paraguay 2001
Peru 2001
Philippines 2001
Russian Federation 1997
Rwanda 1994
Saudi Arabia 1999
Senegal 2001
Singapore 2001
South Africa 1999
Sri Lanka 1994
Sudan 2001
Switzerland 1996
Taiwan, China 2001
Tanzania 2001
Thailand 2001
Trinidad and Tobago 1992
Tunisia 1999
Turkey 1997
Uganda 1993
Ukraine 1997
United States 1999
Uruguay 2001
Venezuela 2001
Zambia 1993
Zimbabwe 1997

32
 Appendix B
Region and Income Groupings

Regions (as of July 2008)

East Asia and Pacific
American Samoa Malaysia Philippines
Cambodia Marshall Islands Samoa
China Micronesia, Fed. Sts Solomon Islands
Fiji Mongolia Thailand
Indonesia Myanmar Timor-Leste
Kiribati Northern Mariana Islands Tonga
Korea, Dem. Rep. Palau Vanuatu
Lao PDR Papua New Guinea Vietnam

Europe and Central Asia

Albania Kazakhstan Russian Federation
Armenia Kyrgyz Republic Serbia
Azerbaijan Latvia Slovak Republic
Belarus Lithuania Tajikistan
Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia, FYR Turkey
Bulgaria Moldova Turkmenistan
Croatia Montenegro Ukraine
Georgia Poland Uzbekistan
Hungary Romania

Latin America and the Caribbean

Argentina Ecuador Panama
Belize El Salvador Paraguay
Bolivia Grenada Peru
Brazil Guatemala St. Kitts and Nevis
Chile Guyana St. Lucia
Colombia Haiti St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Costa Rica Honduras Suriname
Cuba Jamaica Uruguay
Dominica Mexico Venezuela, RB
Dominican Republic Nicaragua

Middle East and North Africa

Algeria Jordan Syrian Arab Republic
Djibouti Lebanon Tunisia
Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya West Bank and Gaza
Iran, Islamic Rep. Morocco Yemen, Rep.
Iraq Oman

33
South Asia
Afghanistan India Pakistan
Bangladesh Maldives Sri Lanka
Bhutan Nepal

Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola Gabon Niger
Benin Gambia, The Nigeria
Botswana Ghana Rwanda
Burkina Faso Guinea São Tomé and Principe
Burundi Guinea-Bissau Senegal
Cameroon Kenya Seychelles
Cape Verde Lesotho Sierra Leone
Central African Republic Liberia Somalia
Chad Madagascar South Africa
Comoros Malawi Sudan
Congo, Dem. Rep. Mali Swaziland
Congo, Rep Mauritania Tanzania
Côte d'Ivoire Mauritius Togo
Equatorial Guinea Mayotte Uganda
Eritrea Mozambique Zambia
Ethiopia Namibia Zimbabwe

Income Groups (as of July 2008)

Low Income
Afghanistan Haiti Rwanda
Bangladesh Kenya São Tomé and Principe
Benin Korea, Dem Rep. Senegal
Burkina Faso Kyrgyz Republic Sierra Leone
Burundi Lao PDR Solomon Islands
Cambodia Liberia Somalia
Central African Republic Madagascar Tajikistan
Chad Malawi Tanzania
Comoros Mali Togo
Congo, Dem. Rep Mauritania Uganda
Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Uzbekistan
Eritrea Myanmar Vietnam
Ethiopia Nepal Yemen, Rep.
Gambia, The Niger Zambia
Ghana Nigeria Zimbabwe
Guinea Pakistan
Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea

34
Lower Middle Income
Albania Georgia Nicaragua
Algeria Guatemala Paraguay
Angola Guyana Peru
Armenia Honduras Philippines
Azerbaijan India Indonesia Samoa
Bhutan Iran, Islamic Rep. Sri Lanka
Bolivia Iraq Sudan
Bosnia and Herzegovina Jordan Swaziland
Cameroon Kiribati Syrian Arab Republic
Cape Verde Lesotho Thailand
China Macedonia, FYR Timor-Leste
Colombia Maldives Tonga
Congo, Rep. Marshall Islands Tunisia
Djibouti Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Turkmenistan
Dominican Republic Moldova Ukraine
Ecuador Mongolia Vanuatu
Egypt, Arab Rep. Morocco West Bank and Gaza
El Salvador Namibia

Upper Middle Income

American Samoa Jamaica Romania
Argentina Kazakhstan Russian Federation
Belarus Belize Latvia Serbia
Botswana Lebanon Seychelles
Brazil Libya South Africa
Bulgaria Lithuania St. Kitts and Nevis
Chile Malaysia St. Lucia
Costa Rica Mauritius St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Croatia Mayotte Suriname
Cuba Mexico Turkey
Dominica Montenegro Uruguay
Fiji Palau Venezuela, RB
Gabon Panama
Grenada Poland

High Income
Andorra French Polynesia New Caledonia
Antigua and Barbuda Germany New Zealand
Aruba Greece Northern Mariana Islands
Australia Greenland Norway
Austria Guam Oman
Bahamas, The Hong Kong, China Portugal
Bahrain Hungary Puerto Rico
Barbados Iceland Qatar
Belgium Ireland San Marino
Bermuda Isle of Man Saudi Arabia

35
Brunei Darussalam Israel Singapore
Canada Italy Slovak Republic
Cayman Islands Japan Slovenia
Channel Islands Korea, Rep. Spain
Cyprus Kuwait Sweden
Czech Republic Liechtenstein Switzerland
Denmark Luxembourg Trinidad and Tobago
Equatorial Guinea Macao, China United Arab Emirates
Estonia Malta United Kingdom
Faeroe Islands Monaco United States
Finland Netherlands Virgin Islands (U.S.)
France Netherlands Antilles

High Income OECD

Australia Greece New Zealand
Austria Hungary Norway
Belgium Iceland Portugal
Canada Ireland Slovak Republic
Czech Republic Italy Spain
Denmark Japan Sweden
Finland Korea, Rep. Switzerland
France Luxembourg United Kingdom
Germany Netherlands United States

High Income Non-OECD

Antigua and Barbuda French Polynesia New Caledonia
Aruba Greenland Northern Mariana Islands
Bahamas, The Guam Oman
Bahrain Hong Kong, China Puerto Rico
Barbados Isle of Man Qatar
Bermuda Israel San Marino
Brunei Darussalam Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Cayman Islands Liechtenstein Singapore
Channel Islands Macao, China Slovenia
Cyprus Malta Trinidad and Tobago
Equatorial Guinea Monaco United Arab Emirates
Estonia Netherlands Antilles Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Faeroe Islands

36
 Annex C

Description of Categorical Subsectors and Hierarchical Disaggregation

for Trade Outcome Indicators
Sources: World Bank DECDG (through 2007 and interpolated for missing years) as
reported in the Development Data Platform (DDP) for all series; World Bank DECPG for
2008 and missing years only for merchandise and services aggregates (not sub-sectors)

Merchandise
Any goods that enter or leave the country that effectively increase or decrease a country’s stock
of material resources. Goods in transit, imported temporarily, or withdrawn (except for goods
that are undergoing inward or outward processing) are not included. (Balance of Payments)

Agricultural goods
Merchandise goods defined as agricultural raw materials and all food categories. (UN
Statistical Division as reported by World Bank’s DECDG in DDP)

Non-agricultural goods
A residual of all merchandise goods less agricultural goods.

Manufactures
Non-agricultural goods that are comprised of chemicals, basic manufactured
goods, machinery and transport equipment, and miscellaneous manufactured
goods. It excludes non-ferrous metals. (UN Statistical Division – DECDG)

Mining, Fuels, and Other

A residual capturing non-agricultural goods less manufactures

Services
A country’s services including transport, travel, insurance and financial, information,
communication, technology and other commercial services. (Balance of Payments- DECDG )

Transport
All transportation services carried out by residents of one economy for those of another,
that involve the carriage of passengers, freight, rentals of carriers with crew, and related
services. (Balance of Payments, -DECDG)

Travel
Travel is not a specific type of services, but an assortment of goods and services, those
products the traveler decides to consume. Excluded from travel is international carriage
of travelers, which is covered under transportation. Typical goods and services entered in
travel are lodging, food and beverages, transportation within the visiting country,
souvenirs, and gifts. A traveler is an individual staying for less than a year in an economy
in which he is not resident (there are some exceptions), the travel might be for the
purpose of either business or pleasure. (Balance of Payments, -DECDG )

Other Services
A residual of all services less transport and travel including construction, financial
services, insurance services, professional services, IT, and IT enabled services.

37