1

AE 321 Solution of Homework #4

1. First construct Mohrs circle. At stresses at the given element are
x
= -20 MPa,
y
= 90 MPa,

xy
= 60 MPa. On Mohrs circle, we have A(-20,-60), B(90,60), C(35,0). The convention to
determine the positive shear stress on Mohrs circle is clockwise rotation on the physical plane.
















Then, by applying the Pythagorean theorem in the shaded triangle we find the circle radius as
2 2
60 (20 35) 81.4 R MPa = + + =
This is also the maximum in-plane shear stress.
max
=81.4MPa.

At this shear stress we still have normal stresses which are equal to

ave
= (90 +(-20))/2 = 35 MPa =
x
=
y


Note: The only time
ave
= 0 at
max
is when the initial state of stress is that of two equal in value,
but opposite sign,
x
and
y.
81.4 MPa
35 MPa
35 MPa
X
X
Y
21.3
C
(-20,-60) A
B (90,60)
20 MPa 35 MPa

xy
(MPa)
(MPa)
2
p

max

4 POINTS
4 POINTS


2
The angle of rotation on Mohrs circle is CCW and so is the angle of rotation of the original
element at A. The angle itself is
1 1
20 90 110
2 tan tan 42.5
2 60 120
s
u

| | | |
= = =
| |
-
\ \ . .

=>
s
u =21.3.



Will this slab fail under this applied load? Yes, because
max
>
fail
=80 MPa
The shear stress
max
found on Mohrs circle has negative sign, therefore, it will cause CCW
rotation on the element at the XYplane.


2. (10 POINTS)
(a.1) Principal stresses of the stress tensor
The principal stresses are determining by solving the equation
( ) 0 =
i ij j ij
n n o o , (1)
A nontrivial solution for equation (1) is obtain if the following is satisfied
0 =
ij ij
o o (2)
substituting known values in (2)
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2
3 1 1
1 2 0
1 2
3 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 1 2 0

+ + = + + = + = (


Therefore the principal stresses are
2 POINTS
1 POINT


3
KPa
KPa
KPa
2
1
4
3
2
1
=
=
=

(a.2) Principal directions
The principal directions are determined by substituting the principal stresses in Equation (1) and
solving for the unit normal vectors. In addition the property of unit vectors should be used
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + + = - n n n n n

(3)
(i)
1
= o
1
= 4 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
4 2 1
2 4 1
1 1 1
3
2
1
n
n
n

0 4 2
0 2 4
0
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
= + +
n n n
n n n
n n n

After solving these equations, we obtain the corresponding unit normal vector
| | ( )
3 2 1
2
6
1
e e e n

+ + =
(ii)
2
= o
2
= 1 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
1 2 1
2 1 1
1 1 2
3
2
1
n
n
n

0 1 2
0 2 1
0 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
= + +
n n n
n n n
n n n

Unit normal vector:
| | ( ) | | ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1
3
1
or
3
1
e e e n e e e n

+ + = =
(iii)
3
= o
3
= -2 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
2 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 5
3
2
1
n
n
n

0 2 2
0 2 2
0 5
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
= + +
n n n
n n n
n n n

After solving these equations we obtain
| | ( ) | | ( )
3 2 3 2
2
1
or
2
1
e e n e e n

+ = =
|
|


4
Therefore,
Principal Stresses Corresponding Principal Directions
KPa 4
1 1
= = o
| | ( ) | | ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1
2
6
1
or 2
6
1
e e e n e e e n

+ + = + + =
KPa 1
2 2
= = o
| | ( ) | | ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1
3
1
or
3
1
e e e n e e e n

+ + = =
KPa 2
3 3
= = o | | ( ) | | ( )
3 2 3 2
2
1
or
2
1
e e n e e n

+ = =

(b) Magnitude and orientation of the absolute maximum shear stress at point P.
The maximum shear stress is obtained from the principal stresses using the following relation
o
ns
max
=
1
2
o
* max
o
*min
( )=
1
2
o
1
o
3
( ) (4)
after substituting the known values we obtain o
ns
max
=
1
2
4 + 2 ( ) = 3 KPa.
The maximum shear stress acts on the plane that bisects the planes of the maximum and
minimum principal stress. Therefore, the unit vector normal to this plane given as function of the
principal axes is
( )
*
3
*
1
2
2
e e n

+ =



3. (10 POINTS)

Given state of stress at point P as a function of the (x, y, z) coordinate frame
| | KPa
ij
(
(
(

=
100 20 30
20 150 40
30 40 120
o

(a) Determine the stress components with respect to a rotated frame (x, y, z) for which the
matrix of direction cosines is


5
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0
2
1
2
3
0
2
3
2
1
ij
o

The components of stress tensor is obtained using the following transformation law
| | | || || |
T
ij lj ki kl
R R or o o o o o o = = ' ' (1)
Then
KPa
kl
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0
2
1
2
3
0
2
3
2
1
100 20 30
20 150 40
30 40 120
1 0 0
0
2
1
2
3
0
2
3
2
1
' o
After performing the multiplication, we found that the stress tensor in the rotated frame is
| | KPa
kl
(
(
(

=
100 98 . 35 32 . 2
98 . 35 13 . 162 99 . 32
32 . 2 99 . 32 85 . 107
' o
(b.1) Principal stress using the reference frame, i.e. (x, y, z):
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
120 40 30
40 150 20 0
30 20 100
120 150 100 400 40 40 100 600 30 800 30 150 0

+ = ( ( (


After simplifying the characteristic equation to solve is given by
0 1505000 42100 370
2 3
= +
The roots of the characteristic equation are


6
1 2 3
*
190.4 , 102.42 and 77.17
190.4 0 0
0 102.42 0
0 0 77.17
ij
KPa KPa KPa
KPa

o
= = =
(
(
( =

(
(


(b.2) Principal stress using the rotated frame, i.e. (x, y, z):
0
100 98 . 35 32 . 2
98 . 35 13 . 162 99 . 32
32 . 2 99 . 32 85 . 107
=

.
The simplified characteristic equation is given by
0 6 . 1504754 4 . 42095 98 . 369
2 3
= +
The roots of the characteristic equation are
1 2 3
*
190.4 , 102.42 and 77.17
190.4 0 0
0 102.42 0 as was expected!
0 0 77.17
ij
KPa KPa KPa
KPa

o
= = =
(
(
( =

(
(


(c) Orientation of the principal planes with respect to the reference frame.
Substituting the known values in equation (3) and solving for the unit normal vector for every
principal stress
(i)
1
= o
1
= 190.4 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
4 . 90 20 30
20 4 . 40 40
30 40 4 . 70
3
2
1
n
n
n
.
Solving the system in conjunction with Equation (5), we find the corresponding unit normal
vector is given by


7
( )
z y x
e e e n

353 . 0 741 . 0 571 . 0 + + =
(ii)
2
= o
2
= 102.42 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
42 . 2 20 30
20 58 . 47 40
30 40 58 . 17
3
2
1
n
n
n

In this case, the corresponding unit normal vector is given by
z y x
e e e n 587 . 0 651 . 0 481 . 0 =

(iii)
3
= o
3
= 77.17 KPa
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
0
83 . 22 20 30
20 83 . 72 40
30 40 83 . 42
3
2
1
n
n
n

after solving we find that the corresponding unit normal vector is
z y x
e e e n 739 . 0 167 . 0 674 . 0 =

(d) Stress invariants, Q
i
, in both frames
The stress invariants are found using the following relations

Q
1
= o
ii
= tr

o = o
11
+ o
22
+ o
33
(8a)

Q
2
=
1
2
o
ii
o
jj
o
ij
o
ij
( )
=
1
2
tr

o ( )
2
tr

o
2
( )
| |
=
o
11
o
12
o
12
o
22
+
o
11
o
13
o
13
o
33
+
o
22
o
23
o
23
o
33
(8b)

Q
3
= c
ijk
o
1i
o
2 j
o
3k
= det

o =
o
11
o
12
o
13
o
12
o
22
o
23
o
13
o
23
o
33
(8c)

(d.1) Stress invariants in reference frame
Q
1
=120 +150 + 100 = 370 (9a)
Q
2
= 120 150 ( ) 40
2
| |+ 120 100 ( ) 30
2
| |+ 150 100 ( ) 20
2
| |= 42100 (9b)


8
Q
3
= 120 150 100 ( ) 20
2
| |
40 40 100 ( ) 30 20 ( )
| |
+ 30 40 20 ( ) 30 150 ( )
| |
=1505000 (9c)

(d.2) Stress invariants in rotated frame
98 . 369 100 13 . 162 85 . 107 '
1
= + + = Q (10a)
Q'
2
= 107.85 162.13
( )
32.99
2
| |
+ 107.85 100
( )
2.32
2
| |
+ 162.13 100
( )
35.98
2
| |
= 42095.4
(10b)
Q'
3
= 107.85 162.13 100 ( ) 35.98
2
| |
+ 32.99 32.99 100 ( )+ 2.32 35.98 ( )
| |
2.32 32.99 35.98
( )
+ 2.32 162.13 ( )
| |
= 1504754.64
(10c)

The difference between Q
i
(Equations (9)) and Q
i
(Equations (10)) is because of the truncation
error during the calculations, otherwise they are independent of coordinate system.