1

AE 321 Solution of Homework #8

Problem #1.


Formulate the problem: Traction BVP
First apply static equilibrium to find all forces applied to this beam. A reaction force T is
required to be applied at surface #1 to maintain force equilibrium. At the same surface, a
moment, M, is needed to counteract the moment due to the vertical force, T, at the beam free
end. Here, we will only use the force T at surface #1 to compute the surface stresses since we
have not talked about the use of moment boundary conditions yet. [As we just saw in class the
moment, M, will result in an axial stress that varies linearly through the beam thickness.]

First we apply Cauchys formula on each beam surface to find the surface stresses from the given
tractions:
Surface #1 for T
i
=0 and n={-1,0,0}:
0
0
0
0
x
y
z
T
x xx x xy y xz z xx
T T
i ij j y yx x yy y yz z yx
T
z zx x zy y zz z zx
T n n n
T n T n n n T
T n n n
o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o
=
=
=

= + + =

= = + + =

= + + =

Surface #2 for T
i
=0 and n={0,cos,sin} where the unit vector is defined in the schematic below
(for simplicity we used a circular cross-section but this is not necessary.):
Surface #1
Surface #2
Surface #3
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M
T
2

0
0
0
cos sin 0
cos sin 0
cos sin 0
0
0
0
x
y
z
T
x xx x xy y xz z xy xz
T
i ij j y yx x yy y yz z yy yz
T
z zx x zy y zz z zy zz
xy xz
yy yz
zy zz
T n n n
T n T n n n
T n n n
o o o uo uo
o o o o uo uo
o o o uo uo
o o
o o
o o
=
=
=

= + + + =

= = + + + =

= + + + =

= =

= =

= =

Surface #3 for T
i
=-Te
y
and n={1,0,0}:
0
0
0
0
x
y
z
T
x xx x xy y xz z xx
T T
i ij j y yx x yy y yz z yx
T
z zx x zy y zz z zx
T n n n
T n T n n n T
T n n n
o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o
=
=
=

= + + =

= = + + =

= + + =

Given the above BCs this is tractions BVP and we will start with equilibrium equation assuming
that body forces are negligible:

, ,
0 0
ij j i ij j
f o o + = =

We then use the stress-strain relations to compute the strains for an isotopic and homogeneous
beam:

x
3
x
2
n

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3

1
2 2 (2 3 )
ij ij ij kk

c o o o

=
+


At this point we check for compatibility:

11,22 22,11 12,12 12,13 13,12 23,11 11,23
22,33 33,22 23,23 23,21 21,23 31,22 22,31
33,11 11,33 31,31 31,32 32,31 12,33 33,12
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
c c c c c c c
c c c c c c c
c c c c c c c
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ = + =


Finally, we compute the beam displacements by integrating the 6 strain-displacement equations
for infinitesimal strain:

( )
, ,
1
2
ij i j j i
Infinitesimal strain: u u c = +


This completes the formulation of this problem. No need to solve the equations.






Problem #2.
This is a 2D problem by assuming that the beam has unit thickness in the z direction.
a) First, formulate the problem. Identify all tractions and unit normals on all surfaces. Then,
apply Cauchys formula on each surface.
Surface #1 for T
i
=Te
x
and n={1,0,0}:
0
0
x
y
T T
x xx x xy y xx
i ij j
T
y yx x yy y yx
T n n T
T n
T n n
o o o
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at x=:
( , )
( , ) 0
xx
yx
x l y T
x l y
o
o
= =
= =


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4


Surface #2 for T
i
=0 and n={0,1,0}:
0
0
0
0
x
y
T
x xx x xy y xy
i ij j
T
y yx x yy y yy
T n n
T n
T n n
o o o
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at y=c
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
xy
yy
x y c
x y c
o
o
= =
= =

Surface #3 for T
i
=-Te
x
and n={-1,0,0}:
0
0
x
y
T T
x xx x xy y xx
i ij j
T
y yx x yy y yx
T n n T
T n
T n n
o o o
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at x=-
( , )
( , ) 0
xx
yx
x l y T
x l y
o
o
= =
= =

Surface #4 for T
i
=0 and n={0,-1,0}:
y
x
T
T
Surface 3 Surface 1
Surface 2
Surface 4
2
2c
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0
0
0
0
x
y
T
x xx x xy y xy
i ij j
T
y yx x yy y yy
T n n
T n
T n n
o o o
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at y = -c:


Now that we found the stresses at the beams boundaries, we can proceed to make an assumption
for the likely stress field. Starting from equilibrium equations:
, ,
, ,
0
0
xx x xy y
xy x yy y
o o
o o
+ =
+ =

The applied stress is uniform and there is no shear component of stress. So we can safely say:
, ,
0 0
xy xy x xy y
o o o = = =
Then:
, 1
, 2
0
0
xx x xx
yy y yy
C
C
o o
o o
= =
= =

Then apply the BCs to determine the constants.
At x=:
1
( , )
xx
x l y T C T o = = =

At y=c:
2
( , ) 0 0
yy
x y c C o = = =

Finally the stress tensor is:
0
( , )
0 0
ij
T
x y o
(
=
(


( , ) 0
( , ) 0
xy
yy
x y c
x y c
o
o
= =
= =
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b) The stresses have been defined in part (a). The strains can be calculated by the following
expression:
1
(1 )
ij ij ij kk
E
c v o vo o ( = +


where E and are constants. Expanding the above expression results in:
1
1
1
(1 ) 0
xx xx yy
xx yy xx
xy xy
T
E E
T
E E
E
c o vo
v
c o vo
c v o
( = =

( = =

( = + =


The displacements are determined by:
, ,
1
2
ij i j j i
u u c ( = +


which for i=j=x becomes:
, , ,
1
( ) ( )
2
xx x x x x x x x xx x
T
u u u u dx f y u x f y
E
c c ( = + = = + = +
}

Similarly,
( )
y
T
u y g x
E
v
= +


Need to determine f(x) and g(y), so use the expression for shear strain:
| |
, ,
1 1
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( )
2 2
xy x y y x
u u f y g x f y g x c o o ' ' ' ' ( = + = + = =



Integrate to find f(y) and g(x):
1
1
( ) 0 ( )
( ) 0 ( )
f y f y y
g x g x x
o o
o
' = = +
' = = +

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The first terms in the above expressions correspond to Rigid Body Rotations and the second
terms to Rigid Body Translations.
Finally, the displacement field will have the following form:
1
1
( , )
( , )
x
y
T
u x y x y
E
T
u x y y x
E
o o
v
o
= + +
= +

c) The rigid body terms are eliminated by assuming that the center of the beam undergoes no
rotations about the z axis and no translations on x and y directions. Thus:
( , )
( , )
x
y
T
u x y x
E
T
u x y y
E
v
=
=

d) The choice of boundary conditions (any equivalent BCs obeying St. Venants principle)
affects the stress/strain distribution in the bar at a length that is ~5-10 times the characteristic
length were the BC is applied, in this case the beam thickness that is equal to 2c. Thus if we
assume a 5 times factor:
2
(2) 5 10
2
l l
c c
> >

Note: an answer where the transient region is 10 times the characteristic length will also be
taken as correct, namely:
2
(2) 10 20
2
l l
c c
> >
Such answer is more conservative.

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Problem #3.

a) For x= the resultant of the forces can be estimated by using the definition of traction:
0
lim
i i
i i i ij j
S
S S S
F
T TdS dF F TdS F TdS F n dS
S
o
A
A
= = = = =
A
} } }

Assume unit thickness and also from the schematic we have T
x
= 0, T
y
= -wl. Thus:
1 3
0 (1) ( 1) ( , ) 0
c
x x x x
S S c
T dS dS x l y dy o o o

= = = = =
} } }

1 3
(1) ( 1) ,
: ( , )
y xy y xy
S S
c
xy
c
T wl dS and T wl dS
Thus x l y dy wl
t t
t

= = = =
= =
} }
}


The moment for beam unit thickness is given by:
( , ) 0
c
x x
c
M T ydy x l y ydy o

= = =
} }

y
x
w
Surface 3 Surface 1
Surface 2
2
2c
wl
wl
Surface 4
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b) Apply Cauchys formula on surfaces #2 and #4:
Surface 2 for T
i
= and n={0,1,0}:
0
0
0
0
x
y
T
x xx x xy y xy
i ij j
T
y yx x yy y y
T n n
T n
T n n
o t t
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at y=c:
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
yx
yy
x y c
x y c
t
o
= =
= =

Surface 4 for T

= we
y
and n={0,-1,0}:
0
0
x
y
T
x xx x xy y xy
i ij j
T w
y yx x yy y y
T n n
T n
T n n w
o t t
o
o o o
=
=

= + =

= + =

Therefore at y=-c
( , ) 0
( , )
xy
yy
x y c
x y c w
t
o
= =
= =

Similarly to part a), we solve for surface 1 and surface 3:
( , ) 0
( , )
( , ) 0
c
x
c
c
xy
c
c
x
c
x l y dy
x l y dy wl
x l y ydy
o
t
o

= =
= =
= =
}
}
}

c) Impose the boundary conditions on the stress functions to find the unknown constants:
For y=-c
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( )
2
2
21 23 21 23
3
20 21 23
3
20 21 23
( , ) 0 2 6 0 3 0
( , ) 2 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2
xy
yy
x y c A x A x c A A c
x y c w A A c A c w
w
A A c A c
t
o
= = = + =
= = + + =
=


For y=c

( )
2
2
21 23 21 23
3
20 21 23
3
20 21 23
( , ) 0 2 6 0 3 0
( , ) 0 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0
0
xy
yy
x y c A x A x c A A c
x y c A A c A c
A A c A c
t
o
= = = + =
= = + + =
+ + =


By solving the system of equations above:
20 21 23
3
3
, ,
4 8 8
w w w
A A A
c c
= = =

By substituting the stress field in the expressions for the resultant force and the resultant shear
force, the expressions are satisfied trivially. By substituting in the expression for the resultant
moments, A
03
can be determined:
2
03
2
2
8 5
w l
A
c c
| |
=
|
\ .

In order to derive the displacement field, the strain tensor must be defined. The stress tensor as
found in part c) is:
2
2 3 2
2 3 3
2 3
3 3
3 2 3 2 3 3
4 5 4 3 4 4
( , )
3 3 3
4 4 2 4 4
ij
w l w w w
y x y y x xy
c c c c c
x y
w w w w w
x xy y y
c c c c
o
(
| |
| |
+
( | |
\ .
\ .
(
=
(
+ + (


To check the validity of the expression, the stress tensor must satisfy equilibrium and the
boundary conditions.
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11
Then, use the constitutive equation to calculate the strains:
1
(1 )
ij ij ij kk
E
c v o vo o ( = +


where E and are constants. Specifically:
2
2 3
2 3 3 3
2
2 3
2 3 3 3
2
3
1 3 2 3 3
2 4 5 4 4 2 4
1 3 3 2 3
2 4 4 5 4 4 2
(1 ) 3 3
4 4
xx
yy
xy
vw w l w w w w
y x y
E c c c c c c
w w w l w w w
y x y
E c c c c c c
w w
xy x
E c c
v v
c
v v v
c
v
c
(
(
| |
(
= + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


(
(
| |
(
= + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


+
(
=
(


The displacements can be derived from:
, ,
1
2
ij i j j i
u u c ( = +


For i=j=x the above expression gives:
, , ,
2
3 3
2 3 3 3
1
( )
2
3 2 1 3 1
( )
2 2 5 2 2 2
xx x x x x x x x xx
x
u u u u dx f y
w l
u vx y x x x y x f y
E c c c c c c
c c
v v
( = + = = +

(
(
| |
(
= + + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


}

Similarly,
2 4
2 2
2 3 3 3
3 3 2 3 1
( )
2 4 4 5 4 2 4 2
y
w l y
u y y x g x
E c c c c c c
v v
(
(
| |
(
= + + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .




In order to define f(y) and g(x), we substitute in the expression below:
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2
, ,
3
2
3 2 2
2 3 3 3 3
2 3
2 2
1 (1 ) 3 3
2 4 4
3 2 1 3 1 3
3 ( ) ( )
4 2 5 2 8 2 2
( ) 0
3 1
( )
4 5 2 2 6
xy x y y x
w w
u u xy x
E c c
w l w
x x x y x f y xy g x
E c c E c c c c c
f y
w l x
g x x
Ec c c
v
c
v v v
v
+
(
( = + =
(

(
(
| |
( (
' ' = + + + + +
(
( |
( (

( \ .


' =

( (

' =
(
(

Integrate the last to find f(y) and g(x):
1
2
2 4
1
2 2
( )
3 1
( )
4 2 5 2 2 24
f y
w l x x
g x
Ec c c
o
v

=
(
(
= +
(
(



Finally, the displacement field will be:
2
3 3
1
2 3 3 3
2 4
2 2
2 3 3 3
2 4
2
1
2 2
3 2 1 3 1
2 2 5 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 1
2 4 4 5 4 2 4 2
3 1
8 2 5 2 12
x
y
w l
u vx y x x x y x
E c c c c c c
w l y
u y y x
E c c c c c c
w l x
x
Ec c c
v v
o
v
v

(
(
| |
(
= + + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


(
(
| |
(
= + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


(
(
+
(
(



e) Assuming u(0,y) = v(,0)=0 the rigid body terms are:
1
2 4
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
0
3 1
8 2 5 2 12
3 5 1
8 12 5 2
w l l
l
Ec c c
w l
l
Ec c
o
v

v
=
(
(
= +
(
(


(
(
=
(
(



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13
and the displacement field is reduced to:
2
3 3
2 3 3 3
2 4
2 2
2 3 3 3
2 4 2
2
2 2 2
3 2 1 3 1
2 2 5 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 1
2 4 4 5 4 2 4 2
3 1 3 5 1
8 2 5 2 12 8 6 5 2
x
y
w l
u vx y x x x y x
E c c c c c c
w l y
u y y x
E c c c c c c
w l x w l
x
Ec c c Ec c
v v
v
v v
(
(
| |
(
= + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


(
(
| |
(
= + + +
(
( |
(

( \ .


(
(
+
(
(


2
l
(
(
(
(




Now we can draw a qualitative schematic of the deformed beam over a schematic of the
undeformed beam using the simplification in part (d). To do so think of the following:
How do the four corners of the deformed beam compare to the originally right angles of the
undeformed beam?
Do you have shear strains at the top and bottom beam corners?
(NOTE THIS PART WAS NOT REQUIRED IN YOUR ANSWERS)

The deformed shape is shown below. The corner angles remain 90 as no shear strains are
present at the beam corners. The sides will be curved though because the u displacement is not a
linear function of y.

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14
f) Because of partial symmetry in the way the beam is loaded, the maximum vertical
displacement is along the vertical centerline. Then, the derivative of the displacement in the y
direction wrt. x at y=0 is:
2
3
2 3
2 2
3
2 2
3 1 4
2 0 0
8 2 5 2 12
y
u
w
y x
x E c
w l x
x x
Ec c c
v
c
(
(
=
(
(
c


(
(
= =
(
(



The point of maximum vertical displacement will be the (0,0). The maximum vertical
displacement will be given by:
( )
2
2
2
max
3 5 1
8 6 5 2
y
w l
u l
Ec c
v
(
(
=
(
(





NOTE: Maximum vertical displacement does not mean that the point (0,0) will be the lowest
point in the deformed beam. It means it is the point that is displaced vertically the most among
all other points in the beam. This makes sense as the vertical stress changes from the maximum
compressive value at the top of the beam (namely all points are pushed down) to zero at the
bottom of the beam, i.e. those points do not feel any stress in the y-direction.
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