1

AE321 - Solutions for Homework 9

Solution #1
a) Since we have only body forces, this is a traction prescribed BVP.
0,
x y z
f f f g = = =

We start with equilibrium equations. Of the three equations, only one remains:
, ,
0
z z z z z
f g o o + = =

Since the effect of gravity is in z-direction,
ij
=0 for i3 and j3. Integrate equilibrium equation:
, z z z z
g gdz gz o o o = = =
}

b) Use the constitutive equations to find strains:
1
( )
0
0
1
( )
1
( )
0
zz
zz zz xx yy
xz
xz
yz
yz
zz
xx xx yy zz
zz
yy yy xx zz
xy
xy
gz
E E E
E
E
gz
E E E
gz
E E E
E
o
c o v o o
o
c
o
c
vo v
c o v o o
vo v
c o v o o
o
c
( = + = =

= =
= =
( = + = =

( = + = =

= =

All the strains are 1
st
order functions, thus compatibility is satisfied.

Then solve for the displacements using the strain-displacement relations.
Note: the easiest way to solve such problems is to find the displacements by solving the expressions for
normal strains, and then substitute the displacements derived from normal strains into the equations that
relate shear strains and displacements.
1 POINT
2 POINTS
1 POINT
3 POINTS
1 POINT
2

( )
2
,
2
, , , , ,
,
( , )
2
1
0 0 ( , )
2 2
( , ) ( , )
( , )
( , )
0 ( , )
zz z z z z
xz x z z x x z z x x z
x z x
yz y
gz gz gz gz
u u dz u f x y
E E E E
gz
u u u u u f x y
x E
f x y f x y
u u z h x y
x x
f x y
u z g x y
y

c

c
c
= = = = +
| | c
= + = = = +
|
c
\ .
c c
= = +
c c
c
= = +
c
}

,
2
2
2
2
( , , )
2
1 2
3 4
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , )
0
( , )
2
( , )
xx x x
must
satisfy
for
all
x y z
y
gz gz f x y gz
u z h x y
E E x x E
f x y g
f x y h x y gz
x E
z
x x E h x y
x
gx
f x y C x C
E
h x y C y C
Similarly
v v v
c
v
v
v
c
c c | |
= = + =
|
c c
\ .
c
=

c c
c
+ =

c c c

= + +

= +

2
5 6
7 8
( , )
2
( , )
y
gy
f x y C y C gz
E
E
g x y C x C
v
v

= + +
=

= +

Then, the unknown functions have the form:
( )
2 2
1 5 2 6
7 8
3 4
( , )
2
( , )
( , )
g
f x y x y C x C y C C
E
g x y C x C
h x y C y C
v
= + + + + +
= +
= +

After substituting the functions above into the expressions for the displacements:
1 3 4
5 7 8
x
y
gx
u z C C y C
E
gy
u z C C x C
E
v
v
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
3 POINTS
2 POINTS
3

Use the relationship for shear strain to determine a relationship between the constants:
( )
, , 3 7
1
0 0
2
xy x y y x
u u C C c = + = =

Finally, the displacements are:
( ) ( )
3 1 4
3 5 8
2 2 2
1 5 9
2
x
y
z
g
u xz C y C z C
E
g
u yz C x C z C
E
g
u z x y C x C y C
E
v
v

v
= + + +
= + +
= + + + + +


where C
9
=C
2
+C
6
and
3 1 4
3 5 8
1 5 9
0
0 ,
0
C C C
RBR w C C RBT C
C C C
( (
( (
= = =
( (
( (



c) If we assume that point A(0,0,) is fixed (no rotations and not displacements):
( )
( )
( )
, , 3
, , 1
, , 5
4
8
2
9
1
(0, 0, ) 0 0 0
2
1
(0, 0, ) 0 0 0
2
1
(0, 0, ) 0 0 0
2
(0, 0, ) 0 0
(0, 0, ) 0 0
(0, 0, ) 0
2
xy x y y x
xz x z z x
yz y z z y
x
x
x
u u C
u u C
u u C
u C
u C
g
u C
E
e
e
e

= = =
= = =
= = =
= =
= =
= =

Substituting the above into the expressions for displacements:
2 POINTS
3 POINTS
1 POINT 1 POINT
3 POINTS
3 POINTS
4

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
x
y
z
g
u xz
E
g
u yz
E
g
u z x y
E
v
v

v
=
=
= + +

(d-e) The deformed and undeformed shapes are shown below. The deformed shape can be constructed by
placing a number of points in the expressions for displacements. For instance, the displacements will be
identically zero at point A, as it was found in part (c). At point 0, the will be a displacement only in z-
direction, where elongation takes place: u
z
=-g
2
/2E. At corner B, the body will contract the most by u
x
=-
gw/2E, the width of the bar is w, as the upper face will bear all the beam weight. The angles at the
beam corners will remain 90, as there are no shear stresses at the corners. Finally, if the bar was colored
with vertical stripes, the stripes would be tilted according to the equation for u
y
(evaluated at constant y
and at different z), but they will remain straight, as shown below:

y
z
Right angles remain right
l
B
A
x
0
C
g
3 POINTS
3 POINTS
1 POINT
5

(f) A fragile plate (panel) can carry axial loads but not bending loads. Hence, we should bond this flat
panel to a surface that remains flat. In this case, we can bond it to any of the vertical planes that is
either y-z or x-z.
(g) Maximum critical length is given by
f
cr
l
g
o

= , where
f
, and g are the failure stress, the density of
the material and the acceleration due to gravity, respectively.
If the bar is 1.2 l
cr
long, failure occurs in the region where
zz
is greater than the failure stress,
f
. In
this case, failure occurs in the shaded region shown in the figure below.







(h) While designing a space cable, the stress in the cable reaches its maximum strength (for a given
cross section) at l
cr
. As the length of cable increases beyond l
cr
, the cross sectional area should
also increase so that the stress at any section does not exceed its failure stress
f
as shown below:









0.2l
cr

l
cr

zz
>
f

dz
l
cr

z
A(z)
1 POINT
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
1 POINTS
6

The stress at any section that is at a distance z from origin is given by
Force
Area
. The force applied on a
cross section with thickness dz is the weight of the cable hanging below it. Since cross section and gravity
are functions of z, we calculate the resulting force by integration. The gravity of the earth g(z) varies as
2
9.8(1 )
Re
z
, where z is the distance from origin and Re is radius of the earth (6,400 km). Since the
problem asks us to minimize the material needed, we design the cable with minimum cross sectional area
(A
min
) till it reaches l
cr
and then we increase the cross sectional area to prevent failure.
0
2
( ) (1 )
( ) ( )
z
e
f
z
A z dzg
R F mg
A A z A z

o o

= = =
}

min
0 0
2
min min
2 2 2
( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) (1 )
2
( ) ( ) (1 )
cr
cr
cr
l z z
f f
e e e l
z
f
cr
cr
e e l
z z z
A z A z dz A z A dz A z dz
g R g R R
l z
A z A l A A z dz
g R R
o o

o

= = +
= + +
} } }
}

Differentiating both sides, we have:
( ) 2 ( ) 2
( )(1 ) (1 )
( )
f f
e e
dA z z dA z z
A z dz
g dz R g A z R
o o

= =
2
(Re 2 )
( ) exp( )
4Re
z
A z const
o
= - where
f
g
o
o
=
At z=l
cr
, we have A(z) = A
min
min
2
(Re 2 )
exp( )
4Re
cr
A
const
l o
=


2
min
2
2 2
min
(Re 2 )
( ) exp( )
(Re 2 ) 4Re
exp( )
4Re
(Re 2 ) (Re 2 )
( ) exp( )
4Re 4Re
cr
cr
z A
A z
l
z l
A z A
o
o
o o

= -


= + -

(i) If the space cable if made of steel,
f
=900 MPa, =7800 Kg/m
3
.
We know that:
f
cr cr
l l
g
o

= = 11.77 km. Substituting the values of l

cr
, A
min
and Re in the expression
for A(z), we can calculate the cross sectional area at z=2,000 km to be 1.5131e+44 m
2
. The radius of the
cable = 6.9418e+21 meters, which of course is quite impractical.
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
1 POINT
1 POINT
7

Problem 2:


Assuming that the curve segment with length dx is approximately linear:

(a) tan
u
y
u = , for small angles, u y u = (1)

(b)
dv
u y y
dx
u = = (2)
2
2 xx
du d v y
y
dx dx R
c = = = (3)

Therefore, R=curvature=
1
2
2
d v
dx

| |
|
\ .
, for 1
dv
dx
<<
If not,
3/ 2
2
2
2
1
/ 1
d v dv
R dx dx
(
| |
| |
= +
(
| |
\ .
( \ .

(4)

Using constitutive equations, ''
xx
Ev y o = (5)
x
y
Before
After
Angle
Neutral axis
x
y
dx
dv

2 POINTS
1 POINT
1 POINT
NOT GRADED
1 POINT
8

(c) Applied moments (M):
2
'' ''
h
xx
h
h
h
M w y dy
M Ev w y dy EIv
o

=
= =
}
}


where,
2
h
h
I w y dy

=
}


'' M EIv = (Euler Bernoulli equation) (6)
Then: '' ( '' )
y xx
M
M EIv M I Ev y y
I
o = = = (7)
(d) Assumptions:
- Plane sections remain plane
- There is a neutral axis
- The beam maintains its thickness in the y direction

(e) The boundary conditions are:
(a) Surface 2:
2
2
12 22 32
(0, 1, 0)
0
0
n
i
n
T
t t t
=
=
= = =


(b) Surface 3:
3
3
13 23 33
(0,0, 1)
0
0
n
i
n
T
t t t
=
=
= = =


(c) On surface 1:

1 1
1
1
1
1
2 3
2 12
3 13
1 11
( 1,0,0)
, 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
n n
n
n
n
n
T T
T
T
T
t
t
t
=
=
= =
= =
= =


w
dy
x
y
M
M
x,u
y,v
z,w
w
l
M
M
2 POINTS
1 POINT
2 POINTS
3 POINTS
1 POINT
1 POINT
1 POINT
9

Therefore, we have traction boundary conditions. Next solve for stresses -> strains -> displacements.
(f) We saw that using a pure geometrical description of beam bending:
xx
M
y
I
o =
Lets use this as a starting point to try the following solution:

, 0
( , 2,3)
xx ij
y
i j
o o t = =
=
(8)
Check for equilibrium conditions:
11,1 12,2 13,3 1
21,1 22,2 23,3 2
31,1 32,2 33,3 3
0
0
0
f
f
f
t t t
t t t
t t t
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

Assuming no body forces, we see that all the equilibrium equations are satisfied.
Check compatibility: We can use the Beltrami Michelle compatibility equations which are satisfied
trivially as second order derivative of stress relations is zero.

Therefore, (8) is a solution to this problem.
Next, find the strains:
| |
11 11 22 33
1
( )
y
E E
o
c o v o o = + = (9)
22 33
y
E
vo
c c

= = (10)
( ) 0
2
ij
ij
i j
o
c

= = = (11)
Next, solve equations (9-11) for displacements (HANDOUT GIVEN IN CLASS):

11
du y
dx E
o
c
=
= (12)
12
0
du dv
dy dx
c
| |
= + =
|
\ .
(13)
13
0
du dw
dz dx
c
| |
= + =
|
\ .
(14)
22
dv y
dy E
vo
c
=

= (15)
1 POINT
1 POINT
1 POINT
3 POINTS
10

33
dw y
dz E
vo
c
=

= (16)
23
0
dv dw
dz dy
c
| |
= + =
|
\ .
(17)
Solving for u,v,w from above equations:
( ) (12) ,
xy
u f y z
E
o
= + (18)
( ) ( )
2
, ,
(13) ( , )
2
df y z df y z dv x
v x x g y z
dx E dy E dy
o o
= = + (19)
( ) ( ) , ,
(14) ( , )
df y z df y z dw du
w x h y z
dx dz dz dz
= = = + (20)
( )
2
2
, ( , )
(15)
d f y z dv dg y z y
x
dy dy dy E
vo
= + = (21)
( )
2
2
, ( , )
(16)
d f y z dw dh y z y
x
dz dz dz E
vo
= + = (22)
(10) and (11) hold for all x:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2
, ,
0 ( , )
d f y z d f y z
f y z a z b y c yz d
dy dz
= = = + + + (23)
Also, (21) + (23):
2
0
( , )
( , ) ( )
2
dg y z y y
g y z V z
dy E E
vo vo
= = + (24)
And (22) + (23):
0
( , )
( , ) ( )
dh y z y yz
h y z W y
dz E E
vo vo
= = + (25)
Summary:
2
2
1 1 0
1 1 0
( , , ) ( ) ( )
2 2
( , , ) ( ) ( )
y
v x y z x x b c z V z
E E
yz
w x y z x a c y W y
E
o vo
vo

= + +
= + +
(26)
From (17) and (26),
' '
23 1 0 1 0
0 ( ) ( ) 0
dv dw z
xc V z xc W y
dz dy E
vo
c
| |
= + = + + =
|
\ .

The last is true for any x, y, z:
11

1
'
0 1
'
0 1
0
( )
( )
c
z
V z R
E
W y R
vo
=
=
=

By integrating, we obtain:
2
0 1 2
0 1 3
( )
2
( )
z
V z R z d
E
W y R y d
vo
= + +
= +
(27)
where R
1
is a constant.
If we substitute
M
I
o = , then we have:

1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 2
1 1 3
0
0
2 2 2
0
M
xy
EI
u b y a z d
M M M
v x y z b x R z d
EI EI EI
w a x R y d
M
yz
EI
v v
v
(

(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
= + + +
( ( (
(
( ( (
(

(

(28)
Notes:
(a) If I fix the body at (0,0,0), (d
1
,d
2
,d
3
)=(0,0,0)

(b) The matrix:
1 1
1 1
1 1
0
0
0
b a
b R
a R
(
(

(
(

is skew-symmetric

(c) From v in (28), we can calculate ' v and '' v
In general, curvature = R
-1
=
3/ 2
2
2
2
/ 1
d v dv
dx dx
(
| |
| |
+
(
| |
\ .
( \ .


For ' v <<1 , = R
-1
=
2
2
''
M d v
M EIv
EI dx
| |
= = =
|
\ .
(Euler Bernoulli equation)


RBR RBT
NOT GRADED
4 POINTS
12

(g) To remove the effect of RBR and RBT, consider no rotations and no rigid body translations at
(x,y,z)=(0,0,0):
0
0
u v w
dv dw dw
dx dx dy
= = =
= = =

By substituting the BCs, we see that constants in RBR and RBT become zero.

(h) A saddle forms at the top of the beam where we have compressive deformation and the curvature is
called anti-elastic curvature.

Next, consider any cross section x= constant. After deformation, the points on this cross section will be
' ( )
M
x x u c u c cy
EI
= + = + = +
This means under pure bending the cross-section remains plane, i.e. the location of the deformed points is
only a function of y.
Next, consider the beam sides z b =


z,w
y,v
Right angles remain right
z
y
At x=C
2h
2b
2 POINTS
1 POINT
3 POINTS
2 POINTS
13

After bending, we have:
' (1 )
M
z b w b y
EI
v
= + = +

Thus, the beam sides are a linear function of y after the beam deforms and, therefore, become inclined,
as shown in the figure in the previous page.

The top and bottom sides of the beam at y h = are:
2 2 2
' [ ( )]
2
M
y h v h c h z
EI
v = + = + +
This is the equation of a parabola.

If we take a cut such that y = f = constant and v = g = constant, then we find:

2 2 2 2 2
[ ]
2 2
M M
g x z f x z
EI EI
v
v v = + = constant, which describes hyperbolas with asymptotes:
2 2
0 x z v =

(i) The figure below shows how vertical stripes could change upon beam bending. On the x-y plane
vertical stripes would become tilted according to the equation for u
x
(evaluated at constant x and for
different y), but they will remain straight. Similarly, on y-z plane, the stripes would become tilted
according to the equation for u
z
(evaluated at constant z and for different y), but they will remain
straight.




x
y
z,w
y,v
Right angles remain right
NOT GRADED
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS
2 POINTS