ELECTRICITY FOR

ELECTRICITY FOR
HEATING
HEATING
by
by
Engr
Engr
. Alexis T.
. Alexis T.
Belonio
Belonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
Iloilo City
atbelonio@yahoo.com
atbelonio@yahoo.com
Introduction
Introduction

Heat is a form of energy. It is the energy

Heat is a form of energy. It is the energy
possessed by a body due to the internal
possessed by a body due to the internal
motion of the bodys molecules.
motion of the bodys molecules.

Temperature
Temperature

it is the measure of the

it is the measure of the
intensity of heat not the quantity of heat or
intensity of heat not the quantity of heat or
the speed of the bodys molecules. It is
the speed of the bodys molecules. It is
measured in degrees Fahrenheit,
measured in degrees Fahrenheit,
Centigrade,
Centigrade,
Rankine
Rankine
, or Kelvin
, or Kelvin

Molecular
Molecular
motion at higher
motion at higher
temperature is
temperature is
faster than at
faster than at
lower
lower
temperature
temperature

Heated medium is
Heated medium is
lighter than cold
lighter than cold
medium
medium

Heat moves from

Heat moves from
higher temperature to
higher temperature to
lower temperature
lower temperature
Temperature Conversion
Temperature Conversion
From From To To Use Use
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Centigrade Centigrade C = [5/9] F C = [5/9] F 32 32
Centigrade Centigrade Fahrenheit Fahrenheit F = [9/5] C + 32 F = [9/5] C + 32
Centigrade Centigrade Kelvin Kelvin K = C K = C
Centigrade Centigrade Rankine Rankine R = [4/5] C R = [4/5] C
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Kelvin Kelvin K = 1.8 F K = 1.8 F
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Rankine Rankine R = [4/9] F R = [4/9] F - - 32 32
Quantity of Heat
Quantity of Heat

The quantity of heat is measured in British

The quantity of heat is measured in British
thermal Unit (BTU)
thermal Unit (BTU)

BTU is the quantity or heat required to

BTU is the quantity or heat required to
raise the temperature of one pound of
raise the temperature of one pound of
water one degree Fahrenheit. In metric
water one degree Fahrenheit. In metric
system it is 1 kilo calories per kilogram
system it is 1 kilo calories per kilogram
degree Centigrade.
degree Centigrade.
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer

Convection
Convection

heat is
heat is
transferred by the
transferred by the
movement of the heated
movement of the heated
medium.
medium.

Conduction
Conduction

heat is
heat is
transferred by means of
transferred by means of
molecular vibration.
molecular vibration.

Radiation
Radiation

heat
heat
movement from one place
movement from one place
to another is
to another is
accomplished by means
accomplished by means
of waves in the medium
of waves in the medium
which fills all the space.
which fills all the space.
Advantages of Electric
Advantages of Electric
Heating
Heating

Low initial cost for equipment

Low initial cost for equipment

Easy to install the equipment

Easy to install the equipment

Infrequent and inexpensive repairs

Infrequent and inexpensive repairs

Healthy type of heat

Healthy type of heat

Safety
Safety

Cleanliness
Cleanliness

Quiteness
Quiteness

Compactness of equipment
Compactness of equipment

Portability
Portability

Absence of residue
Absence of residue

Accurate and remote control

Accurate and remote control

Automatic regulation by a variety of controls

Automatic regulation by a variety of controls
Disadvantages of Electric
Disadvantages of Electric
Heating
Heating

High operating cost

High operating cost

Loss of heat in case of a power failure

Loss of heat in case of a power failure
Electric Heating
Electric Heating
Elements
Elements

Open, Immersion, and Strip Heaters

Open, Immersion, and Strip Heaters

Open type heating element is better adapted

Open type heating element is better adapted
to room and small
to room and small
-
-
work space heating than to
work space heating than to
general farm use.
general farm use.
Nichrome
Nichrome
wire or ribbon
wire or ribbon
which has the higher resistance per foot of
which has the higher resistance per foot of
length is used for the heat source.
length is used for the heat source.

Immersion heating elements are designed for

Immersion heating elements are designed for
heating liquids. The
heating liquids. The
nichrome
nichrome
wire enclosed
wire enclosed
in a seamless tube is used.
in a seamless tube is used.

Strip heater are used or certain farm

Strip heater are used or certain farm
application such as drying and curing. The
application such as drying and curing. The
element are available from 150 to 1350 watts.
element are available from 150 to 1350 watts.

Infrared Lamps
Infrared Lamps

Infrared lamps radiate heat in the

Infrared lamps radiate heat in the
form of infrared energy. They are
form of infrared energy. They are
designed to fit the standard lamp
designed to fit the standard lamp
socket.
socket.

Infrared lamps are available in 125

Infrared lamps are available in 125
-
-
,
,
250
250
-
-
, 375
, 375
-
-
, and 500
, and 500
-
-
watt sizes.
watt sizes.

Infrared energy does not warm the air

Infrared energy does not warm the air
but warms the objects which absorb
but warms the objects which absorb
the radiated waves.
the radiated waves.

It is a quick source of heat and is

It is a quick source of heat and is
used for many applications such as
used for many applications such as
drying paint, warming hands, tools,
drying paint, warming hands, tools,
and machinery parts, brooding, and
and machinery parts, brooding, and
thawing water pipes.
thawing water pipes.

Heating Cable
Heating Cable

Some of the most popular used of heating

Some of the most popular used of heating
cables includes hotbeds, brooders, preventing
cables includes hotbeds, brooders, preventing
the freezing of water pipes, melting ice, cold
the freezing of water pipes, melting ice, cold
frames and moisture removal.
frames and moisture removal.

Heating cables available in sizes ranging from

Heating cables available in sizes ranging from
109 ft (300 watts) to 1090 ft (3,000 watts).
109 ft (300 watts) to 1090 ft (3,000 watts).

Maximum surface temperature ranges from

Maximum surface temperature ranges from
160 to 190 F.
160 to 190 F.
Band Heater
Band Heater

Band heater are

Band heater are
designed for specialized
designed for specialized
constructions, and are
constructions, and are
ideal for every type of
ideal for every type of
plastics processing
plastics processing
equipment.
equipment.

Typical watt densities

Typical watt densities
ranged from 8.5 to 35.7
ranged from 8.5 to 35.7
Watts/cm
Watts/cm
2 2
and maximum
and maximum
operating temperature of
operating temperature of
480 to 760 C.
480 to 760 C.
Cable Heater
Cable Heater

The cable heater can be

The cable heater can be
formed into a variety of
formed into a variety of
shapes as dictated by its
shapes as dictated by its
many applications. These
many applications. These
small diameter, high
small diameter, high
performance units are fully
performance units are fully
annealed and readily bent
annealed and readily bent
to the desired
to the desired
configuration.
configuration.

Typical density is 4.6

Typical density is 4.6
watt/cm
watt/cm
2 2
with maximum
with maximum
operating temperature of
operating temperature of
650 C.
650 C.

Applications includes food

Applications includes food
processing and air
processing and air
heating.
heating.
Ceramics Heater
Ceramics Heater

It integrate a high temperature

It integrate a high temperature
iron
iron
-
-
chrome
chrome
-
-
aluminum (ICA)
aluminum (ICA)
heating element wire with
heating element wire with
ceramic fiber insulation. Its
ceramic fiber insulation. Its
insulation isolates the high
insulation isolates the high
temperatures inside the heated
temperatures inside the heated
chamber from the outside. The
chamber from the outside. The
heaters are low mass, fast
heaters are low mass, fast
heating, with high insulation
heating, with high insulation
values and self
values and self
-
-
supported
supported
heating elements that offer
heating elements that offer
some of the highest
some of the highest
temperature heating
temperature heating
capabilities.
capabilities.

Typical watt density is 1.5

Typical watt density is 1.5
watt/cm
watt/cm
2 2
at max temperature of
at max temperature of
1205 C.
1205 C.
Flexible Heater
Flexible Heater

Flexible heaters are thin,

Flexible heaters are thin,
bendable and shaped to fit
bendable and shaped to fit
equipment. It can be
equipment. It can be
applied in most complex
applied in most complex
shapes geometries without
shapes geometries without
sacrificing efficiency or
sacrificing efficiency or
dependability.
dependability.

Typical density of
Typical density of
application ranged from
application ranged from
1.7 to 17.0 watts/cm
1.7 to 17.0 watts/cm
2 2
with
with
maximum operating
maximum operating
temperature of 120
temperature of 120
-
-
595 C.
595 C.
Multi
Multi
-
-
Coil Heater
Coil Heater

It combines multiple
It combines multiple
coils and
coils and
thermocouples, creating
thermocouples, creating
a tubular heater with
a tubular heater with
precise temperature
precise temperature
measurement and quick
measurement and quick
installation. This type
installation. This type
can can be formed into
can can be formed into
most configurations to
most configurations to
fit your heating
fit your heating
requirement.
requirement.

Sheath temperatures can

Sheath temperatures can
vary up to 648C
vary up to 648C
(1200F) with maximum
(1200F) with maximum
watt densities up to 9.3
watt densities up to 9.3
W/cm
W/cm
2 2
(60 W/in
(60 W/in
2 2
).
).
Strip Heater
Strip Heater

Strip heaters are the

Strip heaters are the
versatile solution for a
versatile solution for a
number of applications.
number of applications.
They can be bolted or
They can be bolted or
clamped to a solid surface
clamped to a solid surface
for freeze and moisture
for freeze and moisture
protection, food warming
protection, food warming
and other applications.
and other applications.
They are commonly used
They are commonly used
for air heating, drying
for air heating, drying
ovens, and space heaters.
ovens, and space heaters.

They are available from 7.8

They are available from 7.8
to 15.5 Watts/cm
to 15.5 Watts/cm
2 2
with
with
maximum operating
maximum operating
temperature of 480
temperature of 480
-
-
760 C
760 C
Tubular Heater
Tubular Heater

Tubular heater elements are

Tubular heater elements are
designed primarily for direct
designed primarily for direct
immersion in liquids such as
immersion in liquids such as
water, oils, solvents and process
water, oils, solvents and process
solutions, molten materials as
solutions, molten materials as
well as air and gases. By
well as air and gases. By
generating all the heat within the
generating all the heat within the
liquid or process, these heaters
liquid or process, these heaters
are virtually 100 percent energy
are virtually 100 percent energy
efficient. These versatile heaters
efficient. These versatile heaters
can also be formed and shaped
can also be formed and shaped
into various geometries for
into various geometries for
radiant heating and contact
radiant heating and contact
surface heating applications.
surface heating applications.

Typical watt density is 18.6

Typical watt density is 18.6
W/cm with sheath temperature
W/cm with sheath temperature
of 400
of 400
-
-
815 C.
815 C.
Applications of Electric Heating
Applications of Electric Heating
Elements
Elements

Animal Brooding
Animal Brooding
such as chicks, litter,
such as chicks, litter,
etc.
etc.

Poultry Incubation
Poultry Incubation
for hatching eggs
for hatching eggs

Electric Furnace
Electric Furnace

Electric Dryer
Electric Dryer

Water Heating
Water Heating

Space Heating
Space Heating
Wattage Requirement for Farm Heating
Wattage Requirement for Farm Heating
Application
Application
Application Application Outside Temperature Outside Temperature
above 30 F above 30 F
Outside Temperature Outside Temperature
below 30 F below 30 F
Brooding chicks, Brooding chicks,
infrared infrared
2.5 2.5- -3 watts per chick 3 watts per chick 3 3- -4 watts per chick 4 watts per chick
Brooding chicks, Brooding chicks,
underheat underheat
1.5 1.5- -2 watts per chick 2 watts per chick 2 2- -2.5 watts per chick 2.5 watts per chick
Pig Brooder Pig Brooder 250 watts per litter 250 watts per litter 250 watts per litter 250 watts per litter
Hotbeds Hotbeds 9 9- -10 watts per sq ft 10 watts per sq ft 9 9- -10 watts per sq ft 10 watts per sq ft
Stock watering Stock watering 1 watt per gal 1 watt per gal
Control for Electric Heating
Control for Electric Heating

Thermostat
Thermostat

It is a device that is
It is a device that is
automatically switch off the heating
automatically switch off the heating
element after a certain temperature level is
element after a certain temperature level is
reached.
reached.
Bellow-Type Wafer-Type
Sample Installation of Thermostat
Heat Conversion
Heat Conversion
1 kW = 3412.2 BTU/ hr
= 859.87 Kcal/ hr
1 kW = 3600 kJ / hr
= kJ / sec
1 BTU = 251.98 Cal
= 1.055 kJ
1 kCal = 4.1668 kJ
1 W = 860 Cal/ hr
1 BTU/ hr-ft-F = 1.488 kCal/ hr-m-C
= 0.0173 Watts/ cm-C
An electric dryer requires a heat energy of 5,000 BTU/hr.
If the drying system efficiency is 46%, what is electrical
energy to be supplied in the dryer?
Given: Heat required- 5,000 BTU/ hr
Drying system efficiency 46%
Required: Electrical heat energy required
Solution: Qe = Qh / d
= [5,000 BTU/ hr]/ 0.46
= 10,869 BTU/ hr /
3412.2 BTU/ hr-kw
= 3.186 kW
Heat Energy Required to Raise
Heat Energy Required to Raise
the Temperature of a Liquid
the Temperature of a Liquid
Qs = m cp [Tf Ti] / t
where:
Qs - sensible heat, kcal/hr
m - mass of liquid, kg
cp - specific heat of a liquid, kcal/kg-C
Tf - final temperature of liquid, C
Ti - initial temperature of liquid, C
t - time, hr
Ten kg of water initially from 27 C will be boiled
to 100 C in 10 minutes. What is the electrical
energy needed in watts to raise the temperature
of water.
Given: weight of water - 10 kg
initial water temperature - 27 C
final weight of water temperature - 100 C
time to heat water - 10 min
Required: Electric energy requirement
Solution: Qh = 10 kg[1kCal/ kg-C][100C-27C]/ 10min
= 73 kCal/ min x 60min/ hr
= 4380 kCal/ hr
Qe = [4380 kCal/ hr] / [859.87 Kcal/ hrkW]
= 5.09Kw
Heat Energy Required to
Heat Energy Required to
Vaporize Liquid
Vaporize Liquid
Qe = Wf x Hfg
where:
Qe - heat energy to vaporize liquid, kCal/hr
Wf - weight of fluid, kg/hr
Hfg - heat of vaporization of liquid, kCal/kg
Hfg for water= 540 kCal/kg
Five kilograms of water is to be boiled from 27 C to 100 C in
10 minutes. Of the total volume of water 60% will be
successively evaporated in 20 minutes. What is the
electrical heat energy in watts required to raise the
temperature successively evaporate the water?
Given: Weight of water- 5 kg Weight to evaporate - 60%
Initial temp - 27 C Time to evaporate - 20 min
Final temp - 100 C
Time to boil - 10 min
Required:Electrical heat energy to boil and evaporate the water
Solution:
Qb = [(5kg)(1kCal/ kg-C)(100C-27C)]/
[10 min(60min/ hr) 859.87 Kcal/ hr-kW]
= 2.547 kW
Qe = [5 kg (0.6)540 kCal/ kg (60 min/ hr)/ [10 min
(859.87 kCal/ hr-kW)]
= 11.30 kW
Determine the electrical wattage requirement of an incubator
whose dimension is 2 ft W x 4 ft L x 1.5 ft H. The incubator
uses a 10 mm thick plywood (K=0.129 kCal/ hr-m-C) Assume
20% heat loss due to infiltration on walls and doors of the
incubator.
Given: Dimension - 2 ft w x 4 ft L x 1.5 ft H
Wall thickness - 10 mm
Material - plywood with K = 0.129 kCal/ hr-m-C
I nfiltration - 20%
Incubator Temp - 37.5 C
Ambient Temp - 28 C
Required: Electrical wattage requirement
Solution:
Qk = A K [Ti To] / x
A = 2[2x4]+2[1.5x4]+2[1.5x2] = [16ft
2
+12ft
2
+6ft
2
= 34 ft
2
x [3.28 ft/ m]
2
= 3.16 m
2
Qk = 3.16 m
2
x 0.129 kCal/ hr-m-C(37.5C-28C)/ 0.01 m
= 387.258 kCal/ hr
Qt = 387.258 kCal/ hr (1.20) = 464.71 kCal/ hr
Electrical Wattage = 464.71 kCal/ hr/ 859.87 kCal/ hr-kW
= 0.540 kilowatts
References:
References:

Brown, R. 1956. Farm Electrification. McGraw

Brown, R. 1956. Farm Electrification. McGraw
-
-
Hill
Hill
Book Company. New York. 367pp.
Book Company. New York. 367pp.

Jakob
Jakob
, M and G. A. Hawkins. 1956. Elements of Heat
, M and G. A. Hawkins. 1956. Elements of Heat
Transfer. 3
Transfer. 3
rd rd
Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
York. 317pp.
York. 317pp.