Chapter 1: Respiration

The human breathing mechanism

• The gas exchange in lung is called breathing.
• Allows for gas exchange with the external environment
Nasal Cavity
• Exposed to air through nostrils
• Lined with ciliated (hairs) mucous membrane
Function: ____________________________
On to the Pharynx
• Where the oral and nasal cavity meet.
• Epiglottis _____________________________
Larynx
• Between the Pharynx and your Trachea is you larynx
or voice box
From the Pharynx to the Trachea
• Trachea
• Conducts air between the pharynx and bronchi
• Kept open by partial rings of ____________
• Line with a ciliated mucous membrane
Bronchi (Bronchus)
• Trachea splits into two (2) bronchus
• Same composition as trachea
Bronchioles
• Bronchi split up into many bronchiole:
• lined mucous membrane but lack cartilage
Alveoli
• Bronchioles terminate at the alveoli:
• Thin, moist, and surrounded by capillaries
• This is where _________takes place between the outside and the blood

Adaptation of the alveoli for efficient gas exchange

1. ____________________
The lungs have millions of alveoli to provide a large
surface area for gas exchange
2. ____________________
The wall of each alveolus is one-cell thick to provide
a very short distance for the diffusion of gasses
3. ___________________
The inner surface of each alveolus is moist so that
oxygen can dissolve in the moisture before across
the alveolus wall.
4. __________________________________________
The blood capillaries help to transport gasses to and from the alveoli quickly.
Inhalation and Exhalation
• Caused by changing pressure in the chest cavity

Inhalation
Diaphragm muscle ________
Diaphragm __________
Intercostals muscles __________
Ribcage move _______________
Volume of thoracic cavity ____________
Air pressure surrounding the lung _________
Air flows into the lung
Exhalation
Diaphragm muscles ________
Diaphragm ___________
Intercostals muscle ________
Ribcage moves _______________
Volume of thoracic cavity ___________
Air pressure surrounding the lung _______
Air forced out of the lung

Content Inhalation air Exhalation air Alveolar air

Oxygen 21% 16% 14%
Carbon dioxide 0.04% 4% 6%
Nitrogen 79% 79% 80%
Water vapour Variable Saturated Saturated
Temperature Variable 34oC 37oC
The transport of oxygen in the human body
• Diffusion is the movement of materials from a _______to a
______concentration.
In Alveoli
Oxygen concentration in alveoli is____, so
oxygen diffuses from the ______ to the
______.

Carbon dioxide concentration in _______ is

greater than in ________, so carbon dioxide
diffuses from the _______into the ________

In cell
Oxygen concentration in cells is____, so
oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells
when it reaches the capillaries.

Carbon dioxide concentration in metabolically

active cells is _____greater than in capillaries,
so carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into
the capillaries
What happens to the oxygen in blood?
Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in a cell called oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin + oxygen à

Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma of the blood in the form of a bicarbonate ion.

Effects of harmful substance on the respiration system

Cigarette:
Chemical substance Effect on the body
nicotine damages heart, blood vessels, nerves
tar causes cancer
carbon monoxide stops haemoglobin in blood carrying oxygen
hydrogen cyanide irritate lungs and air passages
ammonia irritate lungs and air passages
butane irritate lungs and air passages
Factories: SO2 (damage lung)
:CO (easier to combine with hemoglobin)
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Asthma narrows the airways by causing an allergy-induced spasms of
surrounding muscles or by clogging the airways with mucus.
• Bronchitis is an inflammatory response that reduces airflow and is caused by
long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollutants, or
allergens.
• Cystic fibrosis is a genetic defect that causes excessive mucus production that
clogs the airways.