The Effects of Material Properties On Rebound Characteristics of Deris in Automobile Crash

Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering DOI No.: 10.
5963/CISME0110005
CISME Vol.1 No.10 2011 PP.22-26 www.jcisme.org C 2011 World Academic Publishing

- 22 -

The Effects of Material Properties on Rebound
Characteristics of Deris in Automobile Crash
Zhan-yu Wang
1
, Xue-jing Du
1
, Hong-guo Xu
2

1
College of Traffic, Northeast Forestry University, China
2
College of Transportation, J iLin University, China
1
zywang77@yahoo.com.cn; duxuejing@yahoo.com.cn;
2
xhgsl@public.cc.jl.cn

Abstract-In order to study the effects of material
properties on rebound characteristics of debris in different
thrown condition, and promote the dynamic behavior
model of debris further in automobile crash, the dynamic
rule of elastic and elastic-plastics rebound parameters
vary with thrown condition are obtained by kinetic
simulation analysis. The rebound parameters indexes are
vertical rebound coefficient, horizontal rebound
coefficient, angle lost coefficient. The effects of rebound
characteristics on dynamic behavior after collision are
discovered. The trend curves of different material nature
varying with rebound parameters are given by combing
qualitative analysis with quantitative calculation. The
abnormal phenomena of debriss motion just like breaking
rebound, is expounded. The results of simulation tests
show that the rebound parameters of elastic-plastic debris
vary with thrown velocity and thrown angle in non-linear,
but in linear with thrown height. Sometimes the rebound
parameters of elastic-plastic debris are higher than 1.
Then, the rebound parameters of elastic debris vary with
thrown height in non-linear, and the change trends is
closed. The vertical rebound coefficient, the horizontal
rebound coefficient, and the rebound coefficient of elastic
debris vary with thrown angle upward with small change
ranges, but big change ranges in downward.
Keywords-automobile crash; thrown debris; rebound
character; dynamic simulation
I. INTRODUCTION
Debris in automobile crash implies much information
about traffic accident. The rebound parameters indexes are
vertical rebound coefficient
n
e , horizontal rebound
coefficient
t
e , angle lost coefficient
a
f that can not only
connection collision velocity with collision deformation,
impact force, and energy loss but also reflect the internal
relation among factors in the process of traffic accident. As
well as Rebound parameters are convenient to solve collision
parameters and are often used as the criterion of controlling
and verifying for accident reconstruction [1]. The classical
collision theory of Newton has laid foundation for collision
velocitys solving [2]. With the constantly rising of traffic
accident rate and the improvement of technology requirement
for accident reconstruction, impact test of real car is taken as
method to study rebound characteristics of automobile in
crash [3]. However, experiment data obtained from real car
collision is limited by experiments quantity. At present, some
mathematical models of collision are used to describe the
relationship between rebound parameters, the value and
direction of relative velocity, as well as collision angle [4,5].
But the effect of thrown condition on rebound characteristics
of debris in crash has no reported. Based on this status, the
relationship between rebound characteristics and thrown
condition is studied through the test performed by dynamic
simulation model built with Ansys/Ls-Dyna. Based on the
results of test, rebound parameters in different thrown
condition are calculated, trend curves of rebound parameters
varying with thrown condition are obtained by discovering the
rule of rebound characteristics of elastic-plastic debris, which
is significant for the better accuracy dynamic behavior model
of debris in automobile crashs establishing, and traffic
accidents reconstructing.
II. SIMULATION MODEL
A. Kinetic Simulation Model
At the moment of collision, debris dropped from vehicle
has independent motion each other. Based on this status,
taking single independent elastic, elastic-plastic, plastic debris
as study object, which diameter is from 1.0 centimeter to 2.5
centimeter. The kinetic simulation model is established by the
method of transient dynamic analysis with Ansys/Ls-Dyna,
which includes two parts. One is elastic-plastic debris left in
automobile crash made up of exhibition 3D Solid 164 in
DYNA. The other is target surface, with which debris contact
non-line is rigid pavement. Figure 1 is kinetic simulation
model of debris in automobile crash.

Figure 1. Kinetic Simulation Model of Debris
B. Model Reliability
The reliability of Ansys/Ls-Dyna models has been verified
by real engineering cases before [6]. However,
Ansys/Ls-Dyna model applied on analyzing dynamic
behavior has never been reported. Take massive consolidation
clay given in the essay [7] as study object to verify the
effectiveness of kinetic simulation model of debris in
Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering DOI No.: 10.5963/CISME0110005

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automobile crash by simulating test, whose parameters of test
reference the value given by Lin Qingfeng. Then, Static and
dynamic friction coefficient of asphalt pavement is 0.2,
Youngs modulus of massive consolidation clay is 46Mpa,
Damping coefficient is 1, Density is 2200kgm
-3
, and
Poisson's ratio is 0.3. In a certain condition just as thrown
velocity is 19.4kmh
-1
, thrown height is 0.7m, thrown angle is
zero degree, simulation value of thrown distance obtained by
Ansys/Ls-Dyna is 2.52m, which is consistent with the test
value of average thrown distance 2.45m obtained by
simulating crash device over 10 times. Varying the
corresponding speed, the thrown distance error value between
simulation test and real collision is less than 9.07%. It can be
seen that the kinetic simulation model of debris built by
Ansys/Ls-Dyna is reliable.
III. INFLUENCE OF THROWN CONDITION ON REBOUND
PARAMETERS
A. Rebound Parameters
The rebound parameters indexes are vertical rebound
coefficient
n
e , horizontal rebound coefficient
t
e , angle lost
coefficient
a
f of debris impacting on ground.
Not sticking on the ground debris will be bounce after
impact on the ground. Figure 2 illustrates the relationship
between collision velocity
i
V , rebound velocity
r
V , incident
angle , and rebound angle .
i
V
r
V
nr
V
ni
V
tr
V ti
V

Figure 2. Relationship between Collision Velocity and Rebound Velocity
There,
ni
V is vertical incident velocity,
ti
V is horizontal
incident velocity,
nr
V is vertical rebound velocity,
tr
V is
horizontal rebound velocity.
According to relationship between collision velocity and
rebound velocity showed in Figure 2, rebound parameters
calculating formulas from (1) to (4) were obtained.
ni
nr
n
V
V
e = 1
There,
n
e is vertical rebound coefficient,
nr
V is vertical
rebound velocity,
ni
V is vertical incident velocity.
ti
tr
t
V
V
e = 2
There,
t
e is horizontal rebound coefficient,
tr
V is
horizontal rebound velocity,
ti
V is horizontal incident
velocity.
i
r
V
V
e = 3
There, e is rebound coefficient,
r
V is rebound velocity,
i
V
is incident velocity.
= f 4
There,
a
f is angle lost coefficient, is incident angle,
is rebound angle.
B. Simulation Test
With air drag taking single sphere elastic-plastic debris as
study object to perform simulation test. According to the real
friction coefficient of pave, the static and dynamic friction
coefficient in kinetic simulation model is defined as 0.2. The
rule of rebound parameters varying with thrown velocity,
thrown height, thrown angle in three types of test are
discussed. Firstly, thrown velocity varies from 32.1 km.h
-1
to
41.5 km.h
-1
with a certain thrown height and thrown angel.
Secondly, thrown height varies from 0.8 m to 2.0m with a
certain thrown velocity and thrown angle. Thirdly, thrown
angle varies from -70 to 70 with a certain thrown height and
thrown velocity.
Table 1, 2, 3 are tables of rebound parameters varying with
thrown condition, which obtained by simulation test.
TABLE 1. REBOUND PARAMETERS VARYING WITH THROWN
VELOCITY OF ELASTIC AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEBRIS
v /
(ms
-1
)
material
n
e
t
e e
i
V /
(ms
-1
)
r
V /
(ms
-1
)
/() /()
f

8.92
elastic 0.256 0.894 0.835 6.671 5.572 21.934 6.574 0.3
elastic-
plastic
0.170 0.873 0.773 6.798 5.254 28.38 5.98 0.211
9.64
elastic 0.247 0.903 0.851 7.142 6.076 20.357 5.802 0.285
elastic-
plastic
0.047 0.895 0.799 7.244 5.789 26.49 1.49 0.056
9.67.
elastic 0.246 0.903 0.851 7.161 6.097 20.300 5.756 0.284
elastic-
plastic
0.036 0.896 0.803 7.245 5.816 26.42 1.13 0.043
10.30
elastic 0.452 0.909 0.877 10.803 9.477 17.618 8.977 0.509
elastic-
plastic
0.068 0.899 0.815 7.626 6.220 25.01 2.02 0.081
10.80
elastic 0.191 0.921 0.879 7.854 6.907 17.64 3.766 0.214
elastic-
plastic
0.043 0.906 0.828 7.934 6.572 23.970 1.200 0.050
11.50
elastic 0.360 0.917 0.887 8.286 7.353 15.988 6.421 0.402
elastic-
plastic
0.164 0.902 0.835 8.364 6.981 22.680 4.340 0.191

HEIGHT OF ELASTIC AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEBRIS
h /(m) material
n
e
t
e e
i
V /
(ms
-1
)
r
V /
(ms
-1
)
/() /()
f
0.80
elastic 0.530 0.942 0.931 3.179 2.960 10.327 5.857 0.567
elastic-
plastic
0.427 0.729 0.597 4.897 2.923 44.290 29.930 0.676

- 24 -

0.89
elastic 0.191 0.842 0.628 4.870 3.060 43.130 12.011 0.279
elastic-
plastic
0.424 0.704 0.575 4.948 2.845 46.320 32.210 0.695
0.10
elastic 0.435 0.873 0.809 3.344 2.706 25.740 13.492 0.524
elastic-
plastic
0.308 0.685 0.508 5.016 2.549 48.590 27.010 0.556
0.11
elastic 0.497 0.930 0.913 2.640 2.412 13.006 7.028 0.540
elastic-
plastic
1.875 0.834 0.977 2.700 2.638 17.660 35.590 2.015
0.15
elastic 0.107 0.785 0.544 3.939 2.142 46.682 8.241 0.177
elastic-
plastic
0.359 0.603 0.447 5.335 2.386 56.580 42.090 0.744
0.20
elastic 0.486 0.492 0.487 5.658 2.757 62.251 61.946 0.995
elastic-
plastic
0.220 0.577 0.333 5.647 1.879 62.130 35.820 0.577

ANGLE OF ELASTIC AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEBRIS
/() material
n
e
t
e e
i
V /
(ms
-1
)
r
V /
(ms
-1
)
/() /()
f
70
elastic 6.679 1.001 6.621 4.758 31.505 82.388 88.853 1.079
elastic-
plastic
0.459 1.770 0.509 4.786 2.435 82.650 63.570 0.769
60
elastic 0.886 0.338 0.829 0.711 0.590 67.568 81.045 1.200
elastic-
plastic
0.151 0.658 0.197 4.812 0.948 78.650 48.920 0.622
45
elastic 0.068 0.514 0.203 3.755 0.760 67.990 18.100 0.266
elastic-
plastic
1.070 0.544 0.927 1.795 1.665 54.600 70.140 1.285
30
elastic 0.536 0.653 0.586 3.027 1.773 50.509 44.872 0.888
elastic-
plastic
1.043 0.633 0.838 2.276 1.906 41.460 55.490 1.338
15
elastic 2.053 0.910 0.947 2.347 2.223 8.265 18.157 2.197
elastic-
plastic
0.391 0.632 0.493 4.676 2.303 52.890 39.320 0.743
0
elastic 0.274 0.858 0.654 4.869 3.184 43.082 16.652 0.387
elastic-
plastic
0.424 0.704 0.575 4.948 2.845 46.320 32.210 0.695
-15
elastic 0.085 0.979 0.971 3.246 3.150 7.636 0.669 0.088
elastic-
plastic
0.440 0.710 0.589 5.308 3.124 45.520 32.250 0.709
-30
elastic 0.088 0.807 0.560 5.387 3.016 46.432 6.518 0.140
elastic-
plastic
0.922 0.725 0.791 3.972 3.142 33.870 40.480 1.195
-45
elastic 0.133 0.737 0.491 4.472 2.197 49.252 11.811 0.240
elastic-
plastic
0.395 0.582 0.456 5.807 2.647 57.740 47.050 0.815
-60
elastic 0.080 0.699 0.423 2.952 1.248 53.277 8.656 0.163
elastic-
plastic
0.459 0.368 0.447 5.933 2.650 67.540 71.650 1.061
-70
elastic 0.105 0.378 0.144 5.891 0.850 74.194 44.564 0.601
elastic-
plastic
0.431 0.139 0.575 5.979 2.497 74.840 85.010 1.136
C. Results Analysis
From figure 3 to figure 14 are curves of rebound
parameters varying with thrown condition.
Figure 3. Vertical rebound coefficient vary with
thrown velocity
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
8.92 9.64 9.67 10.3 10.8 11.5
Velocity/(ms-1)
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
elastic-plastic
elastic

Figure 4. Horizontal rebound coefficient vary with
thrown velocity
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
8.92 9.64 9.67 10.3 10.8 11.5
Velocity/(ms-1)
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

Figure 5. Rebound coefficient vary with thrown
velocity
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
8.92 9.64 9.67 10.3 10.8 11.5
Velocity/(ms-1)
R
e
b
o
u
n
d

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

Figure 6. Angle lost coefficient vary with thrown
velocity
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
8.92 9.64 9.67 10.3 10.8 11.5
Velocity/(ms-1)
A
n
g
l
e

l
o
s
t

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
elastic-plastic
elastic


- 25 -

thrown height
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.8 0.89 1 1.1 1.5 2
Height/(m)
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

thrown height
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.8 0.89 1 1.1 1.5 2
Height/(m)
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

height
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.8 0.89 1 1.1 1.5 2
Height/(m)
R
e
b
o
u
n
d

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

height
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.8 0.89 1 1.1 1.5 2
Height/(m)
A
n
g
l
e

l
o
s
t

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

thrown angle
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
70 60 45 30 15 0 -15 -30 -45 -60 -70
Angle/()
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

thrown angle
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
70 60 45 30 15 0 -15 -30 -45 -60 -70
Angle/()
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

r
e
b
o
u
n
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

angle
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
70 60 45 30 15 0 -15 -30 -45 -60 -70
Angle/()
R
e
b
o
u
n
d

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic

angle
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
70 60 45 30 15 0 -15 -30 -45 -60 -70
Angle/()
A
n
g
l
e

l
o
s
t

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
elastic
elastic-plastic


- 26 -

From figure 3 to figure 6 are curves of rebound parameters
varying with thrown velocity. It can be seen that the rebound
parameters of elastic-plastic debris vary with thrown velocity
in non-linear, the trend curve and the value of vertical rebound
coefficient and angle lost coefficient are proximity about 0.2,
the trend curve of horizontal rebound coefficient and rebound
coefficient is close, which illustrates that horizontal rebound
coefficient is the key factors affecting rebound coefficient.
However, the rebound parameters of elastic debris vary with
velocity in linear slowly. The vertical rebound coefficient is
low in the scope of [0.1, 0.5]. The horizontal rebound
coefficient and the rebound coefficient change around 0.9.
parameters varying with thrown height. It can be seen that the
rebound parameters of elastic-plastic debris are decreased
with thrown height rising, angle lost coefficient trends to be
stable range from 0.56 to 0.75. Dynamic behavior value is in
status of instability accompany breaking rebound. Then, the
rebound parameters of elastic debris vary with thrown height
in non-linear, and the change trends is closed. When thrown
height is 1.5m, the rebound parameters are in the lowest
value.
parameters varying with thrown angle. It can be seen that the
rebound parameters of the elastic-plastic debris vary with
thrown angle in non-linear. The change of vertical rebound
coefficient is the key factors affecting rebound parameters and
angle lost coefficient. Sometimes angle lost coefficient is
higher than 1. The vertical rebound coefficient, the horizontal
rebound coefficient, and the rebound coefficient of elastic
debris vary with thrown angle upward with small change
ranges from o.1 to 1.0, but big change ranges in downward.
The rebound parameters of elastic appear variation value,
when thrown angle is 15or 70.
IV. CONCLUSION
The rebound parameters of elastic and elastic-plastic
debris in automotive crash varying with thrown condition are
analyzed as followed:
(1) The rebound parameters of elastic-plastic debris vary
with thrown velocity in non-linear, but in linear slowly of
elastic.
(2) The rebound parameters of the elastic-plastic debris
decrease linearly with the increasing of thrown height.
Sometimes the vertical rebound coefficient e
n
and the angle
lost coefficient f
a
are higher than 1. Then, the rebound
parameters of elastic debris vary with thrown height in
non-linear, and the change trends is closed.
(3) The rebound parameters of elastic-plastic debris vary
with thrown angle in non-linear. Sometimes angle lost
coefficient f
a
is higher than 1. The rebound velocity is
constant about 3.0 ms
-1
. The vertical rebound coefficient, the
horizontal rebound coefficient, and the rebound coefficient of
elastic debris vary with thrown angle upward with small
change ranges, but big change ranges in downward.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is supported by Natural Science Foundation of
Heilongjiang (Grant No. E200943) and National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51108068) and the
S&T Plan Projects of Heilongjiang Provincial Education
Department (Grant No. 11553025).
REFERENCES
[1] Xu Hong-guo. Automobile Accident Project. BeiJing: China
Communication Press, 2004.
[2] Goldsmith W. The Theory and Physical Behaviour of Colliding Solids.
London: Edward Arnold, 1960.
[3] Vincent W. Antone. Estimating the Coefficient of Restitution of Vehicle
to Vehicle Bumper Impacts, SAE1998-01-0553, 1998.
[4] Peter M. Burkhard. V, BEV and Coefficient of Restitution
Relationships as Applied to the Interpretation. SAE2001-01-0499, 2001.
[5] J oel W. Cannon. Dependence of a Coefficient of Restitution on
Geometry for High Speed Vehicle Collisions. SAE2001-01-0892, 2001.
[6] Lei Zheng-bao, Zhong Zhi-hua, Li Guang-yao, et al. Finite element
method for the evaluation of dynamic effects of thin-walled structure in
impacting processes. Chinese J ournal of Applied Mechanics. vol. 32, pp.
70-77, January. 2000.
[7] Lin Qing-feng. Dynamics simulations and experimental study of debris
in automotive crashes. Changchun: College of Automotive Engineering,
J ilin University, 2006.

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