1.

Historical underpinnings & evolution

Critically examine the birth of collegium system in India and its merits and demerits.
The Hindu
Ans:
Overt interference by government in appointment of CJIs in 1973 and 1977 by overlooking
seniority principle raised concerns about politicisation of judiciary. This concern was later
deliberated upon by SC in a series of three cases, regarding appointment of judges in
supreme court and high courts, as follows:
1)First Judges case(1982) upheld primacy of executive in appointment of judges.
2)Second Judges case1993 changed the meaning of consultation in art 124 and 217 to
mean effectively concurrence with CJI.Thus was borne the idea of participative
consultation through collegium system for appointment of judges.
3) Third Judgescase 1998 gave concrete shape to collegium directing that CJI must consult
his four seniormost colleagues in case of selecting SC judges and two seniormost
colleagues in case of HC judges.
Thus collegium system curtailed executives role to mere consultation.
Proponents of this mechanism cite many advantages like:
* it has checked politicisation of judiciary and helped maintain its independence from
executive .
*it has provided an institutional mechanism to appoint judges and minimise arbitrariness
of process.Also the mechanism says that even if two judges oppose any candidate that
name should not be recommended.
*Moreover, collegium comprising of judges can better evaluate a candidates knowledge
than layman executive.
But an analysis of functioning of collegium system has exposed its faults too like:
*the selection process is not transparent with no information on criteria adopted and
reasons for choice in the public domain.
*there are not any time schedules in selection process.
*allegations of bias, nepotism and yielding to political pressures have surfaced eroding the
credibility of process.
*increasing incidences of misconduct of judges raises doubts about quality of
appointments made.
*the process is also criticised for being an armchair exercise as collegium members
primarily from SC do not have adequate firsthand information regarding credentials of
candidates.
Due to these reasons clamour for replacement of collegium by JAC has increased.
However, an institution (with or without executive participation) by itself is not panacea
rather it is only the extent of transparency and accountability of procedure which can
redeem the process of judicial appointments.


Collegium system is a unique contribution of Indian judiciary that has no parallel in the
world. It implies that judges appoint their brother judges without executive interference.
Evolution of collegium system has it roots in emergency period when the concept of
commited judiciary evolved. Judges not toeing the executive line were discriminated in
appointments and promotions. To correct this malise in the Second Judge Case Justice J S
Verma put collegium sytem of appointment of judges. The collegium consisting of two
senior most judges of Supreme court and Cheif justice of India whos role was primal
without executive interference. The Third Judge Case expanded collegium to have
plurality of 4 senior most judges along with Cheif Justice of India. President was reduced as
a mere approver.
The collegium system restored the independence of judiciary. It insulated judiciary from
executive intrusion. Plurality insured objectivity in selection.This was necessary to restore
the health of democracy.
The collegium system is vehemently debated on the issues of lack of transparency and
accountability. Collegium system is insulated from RTI. Thus, rarely anything is know about
such a vital organ of democracy. Complete exclusion of executive has purged any
accountability in the process. P D Dinakaran and Soumitra Sen appointment and elevation
has corraborated the claims of lack of transparency. Recently, revelations by Justice Katju
and removal of Gopal Subramaniam has brought fore the covert intrusion and pressure
casted by executives. Thus collegium is failing the basic purpose of its creation.
Independence of judiciary is vital for democracy and is also a basic structure of
Constitution. The present state of malise in executive machinery demands continuation of
collegium system. To bring accountability Collegium process should be brought under the
ambit of RTI. This will preserve the integrity of the institution.

2. Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure

Q--Critically comment on how freedom of expression in India has been used,
misused and curtailed post Independence.
The Hindu
Freedom of expression is the life blood for any democracy . In the view of this
founding principle of a democracy , the founding fathers of the constitution of India
made the freedom of expression as a fundamental right as mandated by the article
19(1)(a) of the constitution . The use of this freedom is clearly visible in the form of a
proliferating media (89000 newspapers) . The presence to a varied range of literature
from extreme right(religious organization) to extreme left(communists) is also proof
of the same fact.
But to preserve the unity , integrity ,harmony and security of the nation this right was
not made absolute. There have been implementation of several laws for the same .
The most important being IT Act and Section 153 and 295 of the IPC act . Though
limitation to the freedom of expression was put with a benign intention , but the
following incidence shows that it is not always so :
1. India was the first nation to ban Salman Rushdies Satanic verses.
2. M.F Hussein was forced to live in exile because of opposition of his paintings by
some religious fanatics.
3. Arrest of the two young girls,under IT Act, in Palghar because they made a
comment in social media about some leader.
4. Arrest of a cartoonist because of his alleged disrespect to the constitution.
5. Withdrawal of Wendy Dognier book because of alleged hurt of religious
sentiments.
The above incidents and many more like them have made the liberals to term the
respective laws as draconian . But this is one side of the story , on the other side there
has been gross misuse of the freedom of expression to perpetuate the feeling of fear
,hatred and estrangement among the masses.
Mass exodus of the north eastern people from bangalore in 2012 showed the
potential of the internet to spread unrest in the country.
Various hate speeches given by the politicians to incite religious ,regional , and caste
sentiments .
The above points show that the laws like IT Act ,or section 153 and 295 of the IPC are
not only relevant but in fact needed . But more often than not these laws are used to
suppress right expressions and fail to fulfill their mandate . Thus it is up to judiciary to
make proper distinction between use and misuse of free speech, and fulfill its
constitutional mandate of the ultimate protectors of the fundamental rights(in this
case article 19(1)).

But the constitution also mentions that these rights are subject to restrictions that
threaten the security of the nation.This is an important clause as absolute freedom in
a diverse society divided on lines of caste, class and religion can be harmful. This has
been manifested in a number of communal riots the nation has seen both during and
post independence.
The constitution also went to the extent of granting power to the state to restrict the
freedom of expression in case of national emergency. This was done in a non
democratic manner during the national emergency during 1975-77. This resulted into
a heavy blow to Indian democratic governance.
Today, when internet has become a raison detre of freedom of speech, Section 66A
of Indian IT act has been used by the state to amass draconian powers and is not
healthy for democracy. Though important to have control over hate messages over
the internet, it is not advisable to use the powers of the state in a biased manner.
Freedom of expression is very important for healthy human development. It
strengthens the roots of democracy and enables minorities to feel safe in any nation.
Given the diversity of India, freedom of expression is extremely important. The state
must therefore use its powers to strengthen democracy.

Q--Do you agree with the view that the Section 66-A of the Information Technology Act is
unconstitutional? Critically comment.
The Hindu
Section 66A of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 prohibits the sending
of offensive messages though a communication device (i.e. through an online medium).
The section has come to much focus to its misuse recently on citizens like, a cartoonist,
two girls and a professor for expressing their views on social media.
Constitutionality of the act:
Many terms in part (a) of Section 66A like grossly offensive or menacing are
ambiguous and open to interpretation. The term offensive is also cast so wide that it can
snare almost anything. It clearly much more than the reasonable restrictions imposed on
freedom of expression under Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
Secondly part (b) makes no distinction being made between messages that cause
annoyance, inconvenience which are surely not necessarily criminal in nature with those
that cause injury, danger, criminal intimidation or enmity which in any case are covered
under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)).
The crime under the act is made cognisable, non-bailable, and the police have power to
arrest without a warrant and the punishment of imprisonment(upto 3 years) cannot be
toned down, even by the court.

What one can say in defence of the Section is that the anonymity of the online world
necessitates some form of checks. Also the words persistent and intended to cause
insults as contained in the Section are important and usually get overlooked when
criticising the provision.
However the real devil lies in its implementation. Most arrests under section 66(a) have
been politically motivated and stink of highhandedness. Moreover despite numerous
examples of the utterances of leaders of political parties and vigilante groups that spewed
hatred, it has been difficult, almost impossible, to actually prosecute them.
The provisions in the section need to be toned downed but the real remedy lies
elsewhere- reforms in police and criminal justice system. As Google chairman Eric Schimdt
once observed, the answer to bad speech, Schmidt said, was more speech, not a ban on
speech altogether.


Q---Why does the Constitution of India make provisions regarding ineligibility of
certain categories for further employment under the government of India? With
examples, critically comment.
Business Standard
Ans. Independence and impartiality are two major requirements of any important
public office and to uphold these values, the Constitution of India provides for some
restrictions on the further employment of these officeholders after completing their
term in the office.
There are offices like the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Chairman and
members of UPSC, Election Commission which plays in an important role upholding
public trust in democratic values of the country and hence it is essential that the
incumbent in these offices work without any fear or favour. A restriction on further
public employment will enable the officeholders to work independently from the
executive and act in an impartial manner.
However, sometimes these restrictions causes the country to forego the service of
excellent public officials who can work more towards the betterment of the nation
through the skills that they have acquired while in office. A long term in a public office
bring enriching experience and all this goes waste since they are not allowed to work
further in the service of Govt. of India.
But when seen in a broader context, the advantages of having restrictions on further
public employment far outweighs their disadvantages in terms of maintaining the
office free from undue fear or favor and hence this system is necessary for the
democratic machinery to work in an efficient and impartial manner. However, some
relaxation can be made where the service of such individuals can be taken as advisor
to the Government or in some exceptional cases, even for an executive post under
the Govt.


Independence and fairness are the hall marks of an effective and efficient
Bureaucracy . Whether its in providing free and fair advice without fear to the political
executive for policy formulation or for effective policy implementation .
This also help in maintaining an inflow of new talent into the bureaucracy and
maintains the innovativeness required for policy formulation in an complex and ever
changing realities .
The only loss that accrues from this is the loss of the vast experience and expertness
in administration of these seasoned bureaucrats . For minimizing such losses these
bureaucrats can be made part of think tanks which assists the Government in its
capacity of a staff agency . Thus effectively balancing the bureaucracys independence
with the utilization of the ex bureaucrats experience .


Q===Does India need Uniform Civil Code? Critically comment.
The Hindu
uniform civil code means one national civil code will be applicable to all the citizens
irrespective of their religion
it is based on the premise that there is necessarily no connection between religion and
personal law in a civilized society
Covers areas like marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption. These matters
are of secular nature and hence can be regulated by a uniform law
Arguments in favour
It will enhance the status of women and so-called lower castes as many personal laws
are biased against them
Many provisions are violations of human rights
Article 25 and 26 guarantee freedom of religion and UCC is not opposed to secularism
Modern, liberal and gender-sensitive civil code is need of the hour
A sign that the Nation has moved away from caste and religion considerations
Will help in reducing vote bank politics that most political parties indulge in during
elections
Will help in National integration
Arguments against
Change in laws in favour of women like Hindu inheritance Act has neither brought about
any change in the percentage of property held by women nor in their status
Some sections in Minorities claim it is a way of imposing majority views on them

Hurdles in implementation
Lack of political will
Complexity and sensitivity of the issue
Misinformation about UCC
Content of UCC has not been spelt out leading minorities to believe that it is a way of
Hinduise them
Different religious communities have different personal laws
Politicization
Due to these, UCC has become next to impossible
Way forward
We should ask all communities to suggest reforms within personal laws on modern and
liberal lines
Communities should be convinced that UCC is to bring reforms not suppress them
May be a piecemeal reform rather than a holistic reform starting with what minorities
are most comfortable of doing away with


3. Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of
federal structure

Q---Critically comment on the constitutional provisions and the actual procedures adopted
for the appointment and removal of Governors in India. Also explain the opinion of the
Supreme Court in this matter.
The Hindu
Removal of Governors: What does the law say?


In the last few weeks, after the 16
th
Lok Sabha election, there has been some debate
around powers of the central government to remove Governors. News reports have
suggested that the central government is seeking resignations of Governors, who were
appointed by the previous central government. In this blog, we briefly look at the key
constitutional provisions, the law laid down by the Supreme Court, and some
recommendations made by different commissions that have examined this issue.
What does the Constitution say?
As per Article 155 and Article 156 of the Constitution, a Governor of a state is an appointee
of the President, and he or she holds office during the pleasure of the President. If a
Governor continues to enjoy the pleasure of the President, he or she can be in office for
a term of five years. Because the President is bound to act on the aid and advice of the
Council of Ministers under Article 74 of the Constitution, in effect it is the central
government that appoints and removes the Governors. Pleasure of the President merely
refers to this will and wish of the central government.
The Supreme Courts interpretation
In 2010, a constitutional bench of the Supreme Court interpreted these provisions and laid
down some binding principles (B.P. Singhal v. Union of India). In this case, the newly
elected central government had removed the Governors of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Haryana and Goa in July, 2004 after the 14
th
Lok Sabha election. When these removals
were challenged, the Supreme Court held:
1. The President, in effect the central government, has the power to remove a Governor
at any time without giving him or her any reason, and without granting an
opportunity to be heard.
2. However, this power cannot be exercised in an arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable
manner. The power of removing Governors should only be exercised in rare and
exceptional circumstances for valid and compelling reasons.
3. The mere reason that a Governor is at variance with the policies and ideologies of the
central government, or that the central government has lost confidence in him or her,
is not sufficient to remove a Governor. Thus, a change in central government cannot
be a ground for removal of Governors, or to appoint more favourable persons to this
post.
4. A decision to remove a Governor can be challenged in a court of law. In such cases,
first the petitioner will have to make a prima facie case of arbitrariness or bad faith on
part of the central government. If a prima facie case is established, the court can
require the central government to produce the materials on the basis of which the
decision was made in order to verify the presence of compelling reasons.
In summary, this means that the central government enjoys the power to remove
Governors of the different states, as long as it does not act arbitrarily, without reason, or
in bad faith.
Recommendations of Various Commissions
Three important commissions have examined this issue.
The Sarkaria Commission (1988) recommended that Governors must not be removed
before completion of their five year tenure, except in rare and compelling
circumstances. This was meant to provide Governors with a measure of security of tenure,
so that they could carry out their duties without fear or favour. If such rare and
compelling circumstances did exist, the Commission said that the procedure of removal
must allow the Governors an opportunity to explain their conduct, and the central
government must give fair consideration to such explanation. It was further
recommended that Governors should be informed of the grounds of their removal.
The Venkatachaliah Commission (2002) similarly recommended that ordinarily Governors
should be allowed to complete their five year term. If they have to be removed before
completion of their term, the central government should do so only after consultation with
the Chief Minister.
The Punchhi Commission (2010) suggested that the phrase during the pleasure of the
President should be deleted from the Constitution, because a Governor should not be
removed at the will of the central government; instead he or she should be removed only
by a resolution of the state legislature.
The above recommendations however were never made into law by
Parliament. Therefore, they are not binding on the central government.







4. Devolution of powers and finances to local levels; challenges therein


5. Separation of Powers (between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms,
institutions)

Q-Write a critical note on the Mullaperiyar dam controversy.
The Hindu

The Mullaperiyar Dam was costructed by British during 1887-1895 on the Periyar river
in the then Travancore State. The dam provides for diversion of water through a
tunnel into the Vaigai basin in Tamil Nadu for irrigation purposes. A 999-year lease
was made at that time and since then Tamil Nadu government is monitoring and
operating the dam. The Periyar Power Station uses the water for power generation.
The areas of conflict between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on this dam are:
1. Kerala govt. says that the dam is 115 years old and it is not safe. In the case of a
disaster the dam might be broken and the downstream areas of Idukki, Kolamavu,
Cheruthoni etc will be drowned where huge population is living. It proposed to
decommission the dam and construct a new dam in its place.
2. The Tamil Nadu government contends that if the dam is demolished then there will
be water scarcity. It wants to raise the level of storage in the dam from 136 ft to 142
ft. Few renovation measures have been taken by the Tamil Nadu government like
injecting cement solutions to plug the seepages in the dam during 1930s.
Consequently, Committee was setup by the Supreme Court to look into the safety
issue of the dam. The committee reported that the dam is structurally and
hydrologically safe and TN govt can raise water level.
3. In 2006, Supreme Court allowed the Tamil Nadu government to increase the height
of the dam to 142 ft.
Later, Kerala government has passed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation
(Amendment) Act through which a Dam Safety Authority was set up to suspend or or
restrict functioning or decommission any dam if public safety is endangered.
Tamil Nadu government approached Supreme Court fearing that the act is aimed at
decommissioning the dam despite its judgement.
Supreme Court gave the judgement that the 2006 act of Kerala is unconstitutional and
said Legislature could only amend a law but could not invalidate a judgement or
decree passed by the court. and allowed the Tamil Nadu govt to raise the dam level to
its full capacity.



The Mullaperiyar Dam is a masonry gravity dam built over the river Periyar in 1895
during the British colonial rule to divert water towards the Madras presidency area.

River water disputes are there in the entire sub continent. The Mullaperiyar is a small
dispute compare to Cauvery and Sutlej disputes and can be easily solved. Proper
scientific study should be done and appropriate decisions at all possible levels should
be made and implemented. If an earthquake causes the dam to collapse, it can
threaten the lives of 3.5 million people downstream. The issue needs to be looked at
as a national problem, not as a dispute between two states.

Q--Explain the rationale behind constituting Polavaram Project Authority (PPA). Comment
on the controversy related to the project.
The Hindu
Indira Sagar (Polavaram) Project is a multi-purpose irrigation project across the Godavari
River in India. It aims to transfer large surplus water from the Godavari River basin to the
Krishna River basin as a part of river linking project. According to the Water Resources
Ministry, works for Polavaram dam project commenced in October 2004 and is
programmed to be completed by 2018
There has been a controversy on this project since the initiation of the project in 2004. The
environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the project says 276 villages will be affected and
an estimated more than 2 lakh people will be displaced. Tribal constitute 50% of such a
displaced population.
Some activist pointed out that this interlinking of the rivers will harm the interests of the
new Telangana state and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The project not only will
displace several thousands of families, it will also submerge several archaeological sites,
coal deposits, a wildlife sanctuary and several hectares of farm land.
The neighboring state of Orissa also expressed its concern on the submerging of its land.
The Polavaram dam involves a huge cost but its benefit will be limited as 70% of the
proposed irrigation area in the project detail report (PDR) is already under irrigation cover.
Also there is problem to fund this huge costly project without private investors.
Recently passed the Andhra Pradesh (Reorganization) Act, 2014 states that the Union
would take the regulation and development of the Polavaram project under its control. To
resolve any inter-State water dispute, the government can resort to conflict resolution
through the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956, apart from regular dialogue and
negotiation.
So GoI passed proposal to constitute the Polavaram Project Authority (PPA). The purpose
of the PPA is to overcome the projects hurdles and generate investment. But the PPA
cant be effective in solving the matter until the riparian states and Supreme Court
approves the project. There are many river water disputes in all over India. The
government must find a long-term approach within its Department of Water Resource to
deal with such skirmishes in the near future.

6. Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries'
Q--Compare and contrast the grounds and procedure involved in the impeachment of the
Presidents of USA and India respectively.
The Hindu
a) Indian President can be impeached for violation of constitution Whereas USA
President can be impeached for Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and
Misdemeanors.
b) In India, the process can be initiated by either of the houses with charges signed by
1/4th members of the house framing the charges. 14 day notice should be given to the
president whereas in USA The House of Representatives starts the impeachment process
by publicly investigating the charges and holding hearings.
c) In India, after the bill is passed by a majority of 2/3rd of total membership of the house,
it is sent to the other house for investigation of the charges while in USA, if the House of
Representatives votes for Impeachment by a simple majority, the Articles of Impeachment
are imposed and trials are held in US Senate. The President has now been officially
impeached per the United States.
d) Indian President has the right to appear and represent himself at such investigations
while the USA President is represented by his lawyers.
e) In India, if the other house also sustains the charges and passes the bill by majority of
2/3rd of the total membership, then president stands removed from his office while in
USA 2/3 votes of the Senate results in conviction.
f) No Indian President has been impeached yet. US president Andrew Jhonson became the
first to be impeached.


7. Union and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers &
privileges; issues therein)

Q--Critically analyze various formulae put forward by many stakeholders to resolve the
Kashmir problem.
The Hindu
The ongoing territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the status of the
contested areas of Jammu and Kashmir is well known to everyone. When redrawing the
borders is not a solution, India and Pakistan will have to look for ideas that are practical,
workable and acceptable to resolve the Kashmir issue.
There have been many suggestions to solve this issue like-
1) Accepting the Line of Control After three wars and long periods of disagreements, it is
essential that any agreement must ensure that the Line of Control is like a border between
any two normal states. India would formally give up the regions that it still shows in its
map and Pakistan can fully integrate its part of Kashmir.
2) UN controlled Kashmir Valley- Let India and Pakistan give up their control of the valley
and make the valley region (about 5% of the disputed area) into a quasi-independent
nation with UN control or guarded neutrality (similar to Switzerland). This could act as a
sort of buffer state.
3) Kashmiris right to decide through Plebiscite- let the people decide which nation they
want to go with. However with change in demography through trans border
terrorism...India does no favor this.
4) The Chenab formula- suggested in the 1960s, that Kashmir is divided along the line of
the River Chenab. This would give the vast majority of land to Pakistan. The Muslim
majority population of the valley and Jammu would be brought within Pakistans borders.
5) Independent Kashmir Valley- has been considered by some as the best solution because
it would address the grievances of those who have been fighting against the Indian
Government since the insurgency began in 1989. But critics say that, without external
assistance, the region would not be economically viable.
India- Pakistan had Shimla peace conference, Agra peace conference and many bilateral
dialogues, but there has not been any solution till now. It is not easy to specify the outlines
of a solution. However the history shows that the Kashmir issue cant be settled by war,
force or violence.
A solution of the Kashmir issue will enhance Indias security, strengthen the prospects for
durable peace and stability in the region and enable India to focus more on rapidly
emerging long-term geopolitical challenges.


Q--Discuss the procedure involved in selecting the Leader of the Opposition Lok Sabha.
Also examine his/her position an duties in Loksabha.
The Hindu
Leader of the largest opposition party is chosen as the Leader of opposition, provided that
largest opposition party has at least 10% of the total seats in the house. Thus the figure
stands at 55 members for Lok Sabha and 25 members for Rajaya Sabha. There is no formal
process adopted, it is based on the recognition accorded by Speaker in Lok Sabha and
Chairman in Rajya Sabha upon the leader of such party in opposition. However an alliance
of parties cannot be considered as a party for the determination of LoP.
Leader of Opposition represents the entire opposition in the house and voices his dissent
and opposition on issues in the house. He/she is accorded rank of a cabinet minister and is
eligible for perks, salaries and allowances of the same.
LoP plays important role in appointment of CVC, CBI director, Lokpal, NHRC chairman and
members, CIC and secretary general of Lok Sabha.

Helps in Floor management,
in 2nd house - Rajyasaha


8. Executive (structure, organisation, functioning)
Q---Critically comment on how the role of the Prime Ministers Office has changed during
past twenty years.
The Hindu
The role of PMO has been as dynamic as the person who holds the chair of the PM.
Traditionally PMO has been the life and soul of the Prime Minister. It helps the PM in his
daily working from scheduling his meetings, press conferences to important matters like
updating on national and international affairs. This helps PM take informed decisions and
implement policies speedily.
During the last twenty years, the PMO has not been as powerful as it used to be. This can
be attributed to the coalition politics that is evident at the central government, which has
infact curtailed the powers of the Prime Minister.
In the coalition era, the PM has not been as dynamic as he used to be earlier. The agenda
of the government is pre decided in the form of a common minimum program that the
ruling party has to stick to. The reduced power of the PM has had an adverse impact on
the PMO.

Due to the decline of the Congress party in 1990s and the emergence of regional political
parties has lead to the era of coalition politics at the national level. Coalition governments
were formed not based on the common ideologies but based on the necessities of the
time. Every coalition had the leader of the stature of the Prime Minister, which has led to
the dispersion of power among the various ministries. Prime Ministers office has been
relegated to the status of primus inter pares i.e. first among equals from the most
powerful status.
This process has been intensified during the period of UPA government. The power to take
decision has been completely taken away from the Prime Minister,and it was vested in
some extra constitutional and unaccountable persons and the PM had no say in the policy
of the Government. For Example when the government decided to pass an ordinance to
nullify the apex court verdict on section 8(4) of RPA, due to pressure from the Congress
partys vice president the ordinance was withdrawn hurriedly.
Only a strong PMO can help PM fulfill his/her role in the most effective manner.

Q--Examine the functions of the Prime Ministers Office. Do you think a powerful PMO
diminishes the role of cabinet and cabinet ministries? Comment.
The Hindu
The PMO provides secretarial assistance to the PM. The PM through his office coordinates
with all central council of ministers, governors and ministers of state govts. It plays an
important role on important policy issues, which the minister concerned feels should be
submitted to the PM for orders or information, and PMO provides the requisite facts and
information to PM regarding such policy matters leaving the ultimate decision making at
the discretion of the PM based on these facts and information.
PMO administers the ministries in which PM is the minister-in-charge under his guidance.
Also since PM is the chairman of planning commission, relevant files are forwarded to the
PMO for his comments and clearance. PM national relief fund (PMNRF) and National
defence fund (NDF) is operated directly from the PMO.
Functions of PMO:-
1. Provide secretarial assistance to PM.
2. Coordinate between PM and various ministries and with states on
issues/projects/policies that are deemed important by PM. Thus, it has an important
federal coordination role.
3. Facilitate speedy implementation and monitoring of any project that has been assigned
importance by PM.
4. Advise PM on various policy issues and keeping him/her updated on issues of national
and international importance.
In a vast country like ours, there are various issues that central govt. has to deal with.
While PMO is required to coordinate with various ministries while at the same time
conveying PMs views on various policy issues, the importance of cabinet is not lost as
various ministries are required to provide specialized focus to sector issues. Thus, cabinet
performs a significant role. In fact, a PMOs power increases if it provides certain level of
autonomy and demands accountability from cabinet ministries. Thus, a powerful PMO and
cabinet are complementary and not antithetical.

Q---Critically comment on the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister
as envisaged in the Constitution.
The Hindu

under article 78, president has right to be informed of affairs of the union, PM under this
provision is the principal channel of communication between president and council of
minister.he advises the president with regard to appointment of important officials like
attorney general, CAG, EC etc.
although the president is nominal executive authority. but as first citizen of India, he act as
symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of nation.he is embodiment of ultimate authority
of constitution, which moves only on threat to constitution government.

Q--A recognised leader of the opposition (LoP) is necessary for the proper and harmonious
functioning of Parliament and for the working of several of the recently enacted laws. In
the light of the statement critically comment on the selection procedure of LoP and the
importance of this position in the Parliament and outside.
The Hindu
The party with the second highest seats with at least ten percent of seats of the house can
claim to the post of the Leader of Opposition of that house. The LoP leads his party in the
house and plays crucial role in functioning of house as well as government.
With the new set of rules of recent decades the LoP in Loksabha plays crucial role in
appointment of CVC, CIC, Director of CBI, Lokapal and members of NHRC. Apart from this
the party in opposition provides constructive feedbacks to the government policies and
criticizes all poor steps of the government. It also poses a potential alternative to the
government in case of crisis to the government.
The opposition party with leadership of LoP is crucial for better functioning of government.
But the changing political scenario and rising regional parties may lead to lack of adequate
strength for any party to form opposition party . So the rules needs to be changed as per
the changing political environment and the procedures should be designed in such a way
that there always remains an opposition and an LoP. May be cabinet post not given, but
surely need participation in crucial appointments.


9. Judiciary (structure, organisation functioning)

Q-Do you think the appointment of the Chief Justice of India should be solely based on
seniority alone? Critically comment.
The Hindu

Article 124 of the Constitution of India mandates that there shall be a chief justice of India.
However, no specific provision is made to the appointment of CJI. So, same rules are
followed as other judges and senior most judge is made CJI.
CJI holds the highest judicial position in India. He appoints the constitutional benches and
allocates the cases to them.

Seniority is considered as a measure of the experience and wisdom of the judges. It
provides a legitimate opportunity to the SC judges to be appointed as the CJI. objective
criteria also seeks to reduce the corruption and the nepotism in the judicial appointments,
thereby , bringing transparency into the system.
However, consideration of the seniority as the sole criteria reduces the efficacy of the
post. This should not override benefits of a stable leadership in public interest. In the last
twenty years the country has had 16 CJI`s with only a few with a tenure exceeding two
years. He can no take long term reform in judicial system. Sometime Last few months are
spend in personal work like pension, gratuity, debriefing next junior etc
considering seniority as the sole criteria would not be adequate. The recent JAC bill has
proposed for commission for appointment and transfers of SC and HC judges would
provide greater consultation between the executive and judiciary , thereby bringing
greater efficiency into the system.



Critically comment on the nature of tribunals, their composition and their relationship with
the executive and judiciary.
Business Standard
The era of information revolution ,good governance ,corprate governance forced the
government to come out with alternative dispute resolution mechanisms ,tribunals is one
of them.
Nature tribunals are being formed under executive or statutory order which limits its
funds ,functionaries and functions.The are not governed by criminal or civil procedure
code or indian evidence act.
There was no provision for Tribunal originally in the constitution but subsequently in 1976,
Parliament Article 323 A and 323 B to start the tribunals.
Where 323 A refers to Administrative tribunals and 323 B refers to other matters like
taxation, foreign exchange, import, export, industrial and labour, land reforms etc.
Composition -These tribunals are specialised in nature ,with specialists of the concerned
field looking after the matter with speedy justice.
Relationship with executive is more or less as the initiator of the tribunals with the spirit of
autonomy in its decision making notwithstanding now a days day to day interference is a
routine.The judiciary commands appeal for the orders issued by these tribunals.
However ,these tribunals have been facing various challenges such as violation of rule of
law ,natural justice ,overlapping ,non accountability ,non participative nature ,out of
bound of RTI.All these need to be considered with keeping in mind that tribunals should
function under statutory law ,which in turn should work under spirit of constitutionalism


Q--What were the highlights of the lapsed Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill?
Why was the bill introduced? Explain.
The Hindu
Judicial Standards and Accountability bill was introduced to bring the transparency in
the judicial process of the country, and deal with the charges of existing corruption in
the judicial system. As of now there exists no law which can allow the common people
to complaint against any misconduct by the judges. The bill was to fill the lacunae,
and for the same purpose the bill had following provisions:
1. Oversight committee: The bill envisaged to create an oversight committee under a
former CJI to take the complaints against judges. If the complaint is of the CJI, then
the oversight committee was supposed to look into the matter itself. For other judges
it was supposed to give the case to an scrutiny panel.
2. Scrutiny panel: The panel for the cases related to a judge of SC was to contain two
judges of supreme court nominated by the CJI. And for a judge of high court, two
judges from high court nominated by the chief justice of the high court.
The scrutiny panel was supposed to give the report of its investigation to the
oversight committee. If the report given by the panel does not confirm the charges
then the oversight panel rejects the complain, else a investigation panel was to be set
up for the further investigation.
3.Investigation panel: The panel was supposed to investigate on the charges and give
the report back to the oversight panel. And then oversight panel was to take the
necessary action.
Though the bill was passed by the Loksabha but the Rajya sabha halted it because of
the following reasons:
1.Piecemeal bill: The bill does not dealt with the selection but only accountability.
2. There was no proper representation of the executives.
3.The bill does not mentioned the composition of investigation panel. And the
composition of the scrutiny panel cast doubt on its impartiality.
4. The bill said the punishment was to be in tandem with the crime of judges. But as
the reputation of judges must be beyond all doubt, thus this provision was
questionable.
Because of all theses reasons, the bill was forwarded to a committee to suggest
necessary amendments, but it lapsed with the dissolution of the 15th Loksabha.

t mandatory declaration of asset and liabilities..this can also be added


Q--Critically comment on Supreme Courts decision to set-up committees headed by its
judges to look into matters beyond its jurisdiction. Do you think proactive and
overreaching judiciary is necessary to India? Comment.
Business Standard
The Supreme Court being the guardian and final interpreter of the constitution has
endowed upon itself many tasks which were earlier thought only to be in the exclusive
domain of executives and government. The lack of efficiency at executives level and PILs
filed to consider the wellbeing of masses probably prompted the court to do so.
The court has in many recent cases constituted committees to look after a certain area.
The committees mostly headed by its former judges are looking into many cases such as
black money, cricket betting, and Road safety and so on. The court though its various
benches is also supervising many important cases such as 2G spectrum, coalgate etc.
This proactive approach of the court though sometime considered as undue encroachment
to the legislative and executive organs of the constitution and causing more strain to its
overburdened infrastructure, it has resulted into many positive outcomes which otherwise
were not seemed possible in the realm of incumbent governments and its officials.
The overreaching behaviour of the court, as it sometimes may be dubbed into, is often the
result of lax approach of the concerned and the court while taking a balanced approach
must intervene as and when required to justify the role the constitution makers have given
to it.

In the words of Gandhi .For democratic ideology to become mass ideology , it should be
taken to the heart of the masses.For masses to believe in the system , the balance of
legislature , executive and judiciary is crucial . On this context , it has be analyzed whether
judicial activism upholds or upsets the balance.
Supreme court s decision should be seen from the intent and object of the decision . If the
intent is to seek to know where the Lakshman Rekha can be drawn in interpretation of the
act , it is highly commendable .On the other hand , if it is intended to overpower the
legislature and executive in their jurisdiction , it sets a recipe for a democratic disaster.
Judiciary till 1970s had an interpretative role and it is after the Keshavananda Bharthi case
s introduction of basic structure of the constitution , it changed its course . Wider
interpretation of Life to liberty in Maneka Gandhi case to introduction if Public Interest
Litigation without locus standi are noteworthy interventions of judiciary.
At the same time , policy directions are the responsibilities of the legislature and
executives and any disrespect to that severely undermines the very democratic process. It
is the public confidence on these representatives that empowers them to draft legislation
.Unless such legislations are unreasonable according to the constitution, the intervention
undermines the public confidence .
From the last two decades , though there have been anecdotal evidences of gross misuse
of judicial powers ,the judiciary in majority of the cases has upheld the democratic
principles suo motto. For a highly populated country like India with decreasing moral
standards in public life and a gross disrespect for civic virtues ,judicial activism is not alone
desirable but a sheer necessity.

Q--Critically comment the reasons behind the increasing pendency of cases in Indian law
courts. How this problem can be solved? Suggest measures.
The Hindu
According to PRS legislative research: As on 30th September, 2010, a total of 2.8 crore
cases are pending in subordinate courts and 42 lakh in High Courts. Approximately 9% of
these cases have been pending for over 10 years and a further 24% cases have been
pending for more than 5 years.2
Reasons for increasing pendency of cases:
increase in institution of fresh cases;
inadequate number of judges and vacancies
inadequate physical infrastructure and staff;
frequent adjournments
Absence of qualified personnel
Over indulgence of judicial time in ministerial processes.
Non standardization of judicial performance parameters
Ineffective utilisation of technology.
High Cost in maintaining judicial establishment.
Solutions as proposed by Govt and its analysis:
Litigation Policy: avoiding unnecessary litigation is akin to killing a patient to increase the
efficiency of the health care system.
Increasing retirement age of incumbent judges : increasing the age will not be
proportional to increase in number of judges and also there is no guarantee that their
productivity will increase/decrease with the aging.
Increasing working hours of courts and Reduction of vacation period:
Judicial exhaustion can reduce the efficacy of the Judges and can also partially eclipse the
true purpose of delivering justice as the focus would primarily be on disposing off more
case rather than the just judgments.
Setting up evening courts and additional courts: would be partially successful in handling
new cases
Setting up E courts :would increase the ease of access to judiciary, and as a result more
filings will happen. Thus the burden of the courts will further increase.
Possible Solutions to the pendency problem:
1. Creating a National Judicial Talent Pool:
One of the reasons for non filling of judicial posts is the non availability of efficient judges.
Creation of National Judicial Talent Pool, by conducting a competitive test can augment
this.
2. Ad hoc Judicial Officers: The Ad hoc judges will be appointed for a honorarium to handle
newly filed cases and the appointment will be on a per case basis. A judge cannot take up
more than one case at a time and only after disposal of the current case, a new case can
be taken up.
3. Utilising untapped resources in Public and Private Sectors for Judicial work: Due to a
variety of reasons including lack of minimum wages in legal profession, a number of bright
law graduates enter paid employments, there by depriving themselves the chance to join
judicial services, and depriving the nation their services. Practice requirement for higher
judiciary should be done away with and instead, National Judicial Talent Rankings and
Judicial Standards Monitoring Authority Rankings should be taken as the basis for selection
to all levels of judiciary.
4. Independent Judicial Standards Monitoring Authority: There should be an independent
Judicial Standards Monitoring Authority, which will rank judicial officers based on well
defined parameters of efficiency
5. Strengthening E courts: E-courts as currently envisaged by the judicial and legislative
think tanks, is just a judicial workflow management mechanism rather than an alternative
mechanism for dispensation of justice. IT platforms are capable of holding and facilitating
the entire judicial process which will ensure mainstreaming of judicial processes.
6. Strengthening and utilising Legal Educational Institutions for Justice Dispensation: Apart
from reducing the arrears of the courts it can also help in building next line of good
lawyers.
7. Enhancing Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Alternative Dispute Resolution
Mechanisms should be seen as complimentary and not as a substitute for formal judicial
process. Combination of both conventional and alternate dispute resolution mechanisms
need to be employed. This could be made possible by strengthening the existing ARD
mechanisms, as well as by find new ADR mechanisms, to work supplemental to the
conventional dispute resolution mechanism of courts.



Q-Critically comment on the existence of Sharia courts in the country and the opinion of
the Supreme Court on their rulings.
The Hindu
Muslim personal laws are governed by various laws , The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage
Act 1939 , Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 , Hanafi law etc.
However these are to be adjudicated and decided upon by the normal legal structure
present in the country through the Indian Judicial system. The Dar al Qazi ( personal courts
based on sharia law appointed by All India Muslim Personal Law Board ) thus originally
never had legal backing. This has been recently substantiated by a SC ruling that such
courts have no legal support and their orders are not binding upon the people ( the
illegality of Fatwas). At best they can be seen as clarification body as to ways and means
sharia laws could be synchronized with the existing legal structures. Thus SC has fulfilled
its constitutional mandate of protecting the Fundamental rights of its citizens. ( Recent
Imrana case , the decision of the Muslim panchayat was violative of the fundamental right
and anybody who would force her to follow the dictat would be in violation of Indian
constitution and SC would deal with them appropriately) . Also SC has shown a great
maturity by not discarding their importance ( The Shah Bano case is still fresh in our minds)
lest it been seen as an enemy of Muslim people. People may continue approaching them
for advice and arbitration on a voluntary basis but their orders will only be binding on
people willing to obey them ( subject to the constitutional supremacy of not being
violative of Fundamental Rights). SC has played its part as a gurdian of constitution to
perfection.



Q---Critically examine the linkage between resource allocation for the judiciary by the
government and the pendency of cases in India.
Business Standard

Finances are the bloodlines of any organisation..
To this above simple rule Judiciary is not an exception. India being the largest
democracy and aspiring to be the superpower have to have deal with the disputes.
This has given to the mounting of cases to 30 million, many of which will be solved
after the essence is lost.
Without finances the process and progress of the system comes to standstill. Indian
budgetary allocation is paltry stands only 0.11 to 0.4 making the mockery of entire
judiciary system.



Unlike for critical issues of health and education there is no representative voice of
judiciary in Budget making. Due to this poor funding Judiciary has suffered in
following manner :
a. Number of judges in India at 10.5 per million population is far lower than
recommended figure of 50 judges per million population. Due to lack of judges serving
judges are overloaded with work thus drawing cases for long.
b. Due to poor remuneration, judiciary has failed to attract best of the talent to
bench. Highly paid lawyers see no gain in opting for it. This leads to incompetence in
judiciary thus delays.
c. Government which is a party to 60% of the cases pending at higher judiciary has no
incentive to push the court cases as the same is not leading to higher budgetary
allocation.
d. Courts sit of cases which are related to laws passed by legislatures, but at the same
time there is no impact assessment of such laws on the workload of judiciaries. This
would lead to appropriate allocation of funds.

Q--Examine how the collegium system to choose new judges works in India. In the light of
recent controversy over the appointment of a judge to the Supreme Court, critically
comment on the political, constitutional and moral issues arising out of the controversy.
The Hindu
Appointment of judges has been subjected to scrutiny of Supreme court. Ultimately in
Third Judges Case, SC declared that appointment of Judges to SC and HC will be done by
President on advice of a collegium of judges consisting of Chief Justice and four senior
most judges of SC. Any advice tendered to President shall be binding. Thus collegium
became the appointing authority for SC and HC judges. Over the years there have been
many instances where questions have been raised against it. First, it does not provide
enough checks, transparency and accountability in appointment of judges. Second, over
the years this has led to favoritism, nepotism and neglect of meritocracy. There is an
opinion that to make appointment more transparent another appointing body should be
formed. On a positive side it has ensured autonomy and independence of judiciary.
Recent controversy was because government returned G. Subramaniums name, which
was recommended by collegium. Dimension involved in controversy :
a. Political : Due to Mr. Subramaniums involvement in politically relevant cases it appears
that government is trying to punish him for taking stand against them.
b. Constitutional : By bringing in vested interest in returning Mr. Subramniums name the
executive is undermining judiciarys independence and disregards doctrine of separation of
power.
c. Moral : By withdrawing his candidature Mr. Subramnium has averted a constitutional
face off between judiciary and executive. The moral responsibility of this controversy
however lies with executive.


Q-The contemporary practice of Public Interest Litigation (PILs) has atrophied and
morphed into a format that has lost sight of this original political and constitutional
justification. Critically comment.
The Hindu

PIL were envisaged as the instruments to the provide justice to the poor and
marginalized sections.

The political motives have led to reducing the efficacy of the instrument. The majority
of the PIL application come from the states such as Delhi and Punjab and there is
lesser representation from the states with considerable poor and marginalized
sections. Moreover, the success rates of the litigation filed by wealthy section is 73
percent , significantly higher than the 47 percent rate of success for the
disadvantaged social class.

.
The PILs filed by Shiksha Bachao Andolan for removing the objection material from
the NCERT or the ones filed for strengthening and consolidating the interests of the
IAS community, among others, highlight that the instrument which was meant to
provide justice to the marginalized sections has reduced into an instruments for
partisan considerations. The courts have become a forum for such oblique
considerations.
It is essential that the poor and the marginalized sections have an access to the
judicial system for safeguarding their interests. It should be ensured that PIL should
retain its relevance and do not lose the objectives which inspired its creation.






Public interest litigation (PIL) was invented in 1970s to bring the focus of Indian
judiciary towards the plight of marginalized section and unheard voices of society. It
has been able to deliver justice and redress grievances of the poor people. But in the
new millennium, PIL is being transformed from
. Issues like cricket and corruption etc which were more popular in media were
accepted for regular hearing. So we may conclude that PILs today are not exclusively
focused on remedying deficient access to the courts.

Another controversy with use of PIL is that by using this anti-democratic and
illegitimate people can halt the govt. development process and program.
the Shiksha Bachao Andolan Samiti, a front organisation for the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh, filed PILs to remove objectionable material in National Council
of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks and thereby bring
Indianness in the field of education.
Shisksha-Bachao-Andolan in bringing Dongiers book on Hindus off-stores.
PIL is a radical procedural innovation that allows the court to overcome conventional,
constitutional norms of the separation of powers, dilute procedural norms and devise
unique and far-reaching institutional remedies. This may only be justified if it is used
by marginalized n unheard section of society.
It is essential for the court to revitalize PILs by constraining them to their foundational
justification

Q-Critically comment on Supreme Courts ruling that the Section 6A of the Delhi
Special Police Establishment Act as unconstitutional and examine the implications of
this ruling.
Business Standard
The Hindu
The Supreme Court recently held as invalid Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police
Establishment Act(DSPEA), which granted protection to joint secretary and above
officers from facing even a preliminary inquiry by the CBI in corruption cases.
The judgement is significant on several counts. One it strengthens the constitutions
commitment to towards equality of law for everyone enshrined in Article 14. Two it
reduces CBIs dependence on the government to an extent. Third DSPEA is now more
compliant with the Prevention of Corruption act.

It removes conflict of interest as the very group of officers who may be the target of
the inquiry get to decide whether the probe should be allowed or not.
Notwithstanding the political interference, the CBI over the years have been adding to
its powers, aided by some Supreme Court judgments (Vineet Narain case, coal mining
rights allotment case etc) as well as certain government initiatives. Caution must be
taken not to allocate political autonomy at the expense of unaccountability to such a
powerful organization which must ultimately be answerable to some democratic
institute. Additionally in an atmosphere of policy as well as functional paralysis, an
over vigilant CBI can add to the existing inertia in bureaucracy.
Besides the judgement is not the final answer to CBIs perils. CBI today is saddled with
multitude of tasks without matching manpower, forensic resources and financial
strength. It is also dependent in most cases for preliminary investigation on the state
police and the CID which have been ignored even more acutely. Finally a judicial
remedy to the institute accountable to legislature has not been proven very effective.
The scant respect shown to the its directives by the central and most of the state
governments in the ShriPrakash Singh judgement on police reforms is a pointer.

A piecemeal judicial remedy to solve its problems may not prove very effective. CBI
today is saddled with multitude of tasks without matching financial and functional
autonomy. Hence, a thorough structural overhaul of DSPEA is required to release the
caged parrot.
A strong political will must be the underlying basis for CBI reforms for them to be
sustainable.








In negatives- With the over vigilant CBI, mention the corruption done by certain CBI
officials too, thus making it draconian.
In weaknesses of CBI- administrative control of CBI is still with government.

10. Ministries and Departments (of Union and State govts.)

Q--Examine the structure and role of the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the
union government of India. Which schemes is it implementing towards imparting literacy
to illiterate people? Examine.
Business Standard
Ministry of Human Resources has the department of school education and literacy and
department of higher education under it. The department of school education deals with
primary and secondary schooling, adult education and literacy. The department of higher
education deals with university education, technical education, scholarship, copyright etc.
The following schemes have been implemented by ministry for adult education, in order to
impart literacy to illiterate people:
a. Saakshar bharath This scheme aims to impart functional literacy and numeracy to non
literates, acquire equivalency of formal education system, skill development and providing
opportunities for education. It aimed to achieve 80% literacy by 2012 on national level by
reducing gap between male and female literacy to less than 10 points. The scheme is
however applicable only in rural areas.
b. State resource centres These centres provide academic and technical support to adult
education programmes.
c. Jan shikshan sansthans These provides vocational training to non literates, neo
literates and school dropouts.
d. Assistance is provided by the ministry to voluntary agencies that take up projects of
basic literacy, post literacy and adult education etc.

11. Pressure Groups & Formal, Informal associations (and their role in the polity)
Q---Critically comment on the creative and commercial challenges that the news
industry faces in India , across TV, print, radio or online.
Business Standard

India has largest number of newspaper and news channel in the world. It also has one
of the biggest social media population. However, the media houses are facing huge
commercial and creative challenges. Some of the challenges are:
- With large number of newsroom, each channel tries to break news as early as
possible. This result in monotonicity in the news viewing experience and migration of
audience to other avenues.
- With the advent of social media the newsroom has to reinvent itself because people
do not prefer advertisements, the biggest revenue source of newspaper and channels.

The media consisting of the TV, print, radio or online is rightly considered as the
fourth organ of any democracy and Indian constitution sufficiently provides many
freedom to media to and report and articulate its view without any fear.
However, the news industry today is facing plethora of problems in the creative as
well as commercial scale. Though India now houses more than 135 channels (the
biggest in the world), and around 86,000 newspapers, there are certain challenges
which prohibits them to come upon a quality and analytical news items.
One such issue is the inability of the media houses in news integration which
essentially means combing all news divisions (radio, TV, print, online) to get maximum
inputs from them.
Another issue is about the revenue generation which is almost depends on ad
revenue. Even though there is a substantial generation of revenue, the capital
required to set-up the place itself has long gestation period.
Media houses today are largely owned and operated with profit in mind which in a
way obstruct in honest reporting on relevant matters. The saga of TRP has been
dominating upon them which often compels them to sensationalize the news instead
of its useful assimilation.





The news industry holds crucial place in todays world which is informed, inquisitive,
vacillating across different forums. Several forums like TV, print media, radio, social
websites, telephone apps, online buzz feeds etc have arrived as a tool for sharing
news. The most critical challenges faced now is to sustain this expansion is rising
costs, depreciating quality, stagnating revenues and migrating audiences. There is lack
of visionary, long term approach followed by news companies, which can address
these simultaneously.
The most convenient option taken is of advertisements. These bring short term funds,
but long term mess is not taken care of. Different branches, sections of the above
mentioned forums work separately . They do not share their resources, bring own
analysts, provide different layouts, and finally try their luck with audience reception.
With so many options , the audience is bound to migrate across them. But this costs
high for these news providers and revenues do not sustain them in long term. Quality
falls prey to sensationalism.
One solution can be integrated newsrooms. This shall allow coherence, coordination
and sharing of resources among different sections in a single integrated newsroom.
Costs can be reduced and also viewers choice can be analyzed and resources diverted
to that quickly. It can actually generate employment as new ideas shall emerge, new
ways of cross adaptations will accrue as a result. New demands as result of
adaptations will bring more jobs and business for the industry.
Such innovations and risks need to be taken to break the current commercial and
creative stagnation which impedes the growth of news industry.
Media houses today are largely owned and operated with profit in mind which in a
way obstruct in honest reporting on relevant matters. The saga of TRP has been
dominating upon them which often compels them to sensationalize the news instead
of its useful assimilation.


12. Salient features of the Representation of Peoples Act.
Q--What are the criticisms against the first-past-the-post system of elections in India? Do
you think India should adopt proportional representation system? Explain why.
Business Standard
In the recent general elections in India, the winning party- the Bharatiya Janata party
gained an absolute majority of the seats with just 31% of the votes. Likewise the Bahujan
Samaj Party couldnt win a single seat despite getting over 20% votes in Uttar Pradesh.
Such anomalies point out to the inherent weaknesses of the First Past The Post(FTTP)
system where winner takes it all and a large proportion of voters and certain groups like
those of the minorities risk being left unheard.
A Proportionate Representation(PR) system of elections is proposed to negate these
effects. It allows smaller and newer voices to be heard more easily. The system is likely to
result in a higher turnout than the present 66.38% because every voter knows that her
vote counts in the aggregate. Centrist policies get develop through compromise and
consensus and traditionally less represented sections like women and minorities get their
due voice.

However there are certain shortcomings in the PR system that in the Indian system can
work against it. In a diverse country as India the PR can give undue power to a large
number fringe parties whose policies can be abhorring to most. Being creatures of
compromise, governments can be made weak. Recent experiences in India point to crucial
decisions being left behind due to policy logjam. PR systems are also complicated and In a
country where more than 1/4th of its population is illiterate such system also tends to
make the elected representative less accountable to his voters.
However, the FPTP system in India has not discouraged the growth of smaller parties as
seen in the gradual regionalisation and federalisation of Indias polity. Additionally
reservation of seats for marginalised groups such as the scheduled castes and tribes has
largely ensured desirable outcomes in terms of representation.
At the present scenario requires correcting the fundamentals first- educating the
electorate, reducing the impact of big money on elections, moving over caste based and
sectarian identities.


13. Appointment to various Constitutional posts


14. Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and responsibilities)
Q---In the light of the Supreme Court order in the Association of Unified Telecom Service
Providers and Others vs Union of India case, critically examine the concerns expressed by
the private players and comment if these concerns are genuine.
Business Standard
Recently in Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers and Others vs. Union of
India case, Supreme Court ruled allowing the CAG to audit the accounts of private firms
that have specific, direct revenue sharing arrangements with the Government in some
sectors and businesses that exploit natural resources, such as coal, telecom spectrum, iron
ore and crude oil etc.
There are some concerns expressed by the private players such as-
1) Private companies are already going through many audits. This new audit will affect
their business and may damage the distinctive entrepreneurial freedom. But this is not the
big problem as cost of audit can be cut from govt revenue...
2)Moreover CAG is empowered to audit...does not mean that every time they will come n
audit You.
3)It wont be a complete audit of all account.it will only only reciept on which basis
revenue is shared with govt.so no much hurdle for pvt.
3) It is also argued that it will also hurt the auditing profession, as it will show the
governments lack of confidence in the profession. But it is the need of the hour as the
government and civil societies has more confidence in CAG rather than in practicing audit
professionals.
As in the 12th Plan, GoI aims for a $1,000-billion infrastructure expenditure, half of which
may come from PPP, and Crony capitalism is rising in India, The role of public auditors,
therefore, becomes critical in assessing whether such arrangements are truly in public
interest and are also fair and balanced in sharing of risks as well as rewards.
The scope of any CAG audit should be decided through a consultative process involving all
stakeholders; care should be taken that such audits do not result in an over-reach.
Companys policy and business convenience should not become the subject of scrutiny.

Q--Is UPSC civil service exams CSAT paper discriminatory? Critically comment.
The Hindu
UPSC introduced the CSAT paper in 2011 with a view to test the aptitude of candidates
appearing for the Civil Services [Pre] Exam. Recently, there have been allegations that the
paper is discriminatory as it gives more emphasis to English and hence, creates a barrier
for aspirants from Hindi medium who have little exposure to English.
The allegations seem justified in the sense that language should not be a criteria for testing
the abilities of an aspirant. It is also true that proportion of engineers, doctors and
managers has increased in the final selection after the introduction of CSAT who have
good exposure to English while the proportion of Hindi-medium aspirants has decreased.
However, blaming the entire CSAT paper is not justified. Apart from English, the paper also
has other sections. Also, in this competitive world, knowing English has become a sine qua
non for success. Following recruitment, civil servant may have to serve in any part of the
country during his/her career. Lack of English knowledge would be highly detrimental in
such cases. Further, India is a multi-lingual country. In this situation, if any benefits are
extended to Hindi-medium students, it can spur demands from other regional languages
and it would be very difficult in such a situation to conduct any national level exam.
To conclude, though some of the grievances against CSAT paper is justified, blaming the
entire paper is not correct and balance needs to be struck so that grievances of Hindi-
medium students are taken care of without affecting other aspirants.


15. Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies

Q--Do you agree with the view that the Planning Commission is redundant and should be
wound up? In the light of its present functions, critically comment.
Business Standard

India has plethora of goals and limited resources. Thus need of planning cannot be wished
away. The structure, functioning, and operation can be re-oriented to meet the aspirations
of a democracy.
Planning Commission assigns money from centre to states on developmental goals. It
appraises the policies and programmes at both levels. It serves as a conduit between
Centre and States, brings coordination and understanding of their needs and problems.
Independent, timely, holistic review of various inter-related departments under one label
is important. This needs a full time specialized body. Accordingly, central schemes, states
schemes and price maps are designed. Adequate research, specialized innovation, out of
the box solutions have been provided by Planning Commission.
But , its mandate, structure, membership, functioning has been targeted by many. For
instance, a broad based membership from states and other stakeholders. Lack of
specialists in dealing for typical issues. Rigid attitude and lack of flexibility in assigning
resources. Imposing Centrally Sponsored Schemes have emerged as bone of contention
between Centre and States. Falling stature of Constitutional bodies like Finance
Commission is stated.
Thus, it should be re-oriented, re- integrated, re-structured , linked with Finance
Commission and other oversight mechanisms. Improved technology will arm it to give
better policy advice. But an independent, full time body is necessary to bridge the gap
between resources and imperatives, which India still faces.

The planning commission(PC) in India was formed in 1950 as the agency to formulate
Indias planning It frames and evaluates policy in each sector and frame broad government
policies. Since many policies overlap ministries, the PC helps coordinate those policies.
Indeed the role of PC as a coordinating agency is essential where every sector is ultimately
connected to a myriad of other sectors. Its role as a policy framer and budget allocator
however needs review.
Unlike 60 years ago when PC was formed, private sector is a much larger part of the
economy and the economy itself is much more open globally. Today no single party
dominates every state and regional powers with varied aspirations have cropped up. The
initial role of the PC to frame a central policy and allocate resources has become obsolete.
It can be at best frame a guide pointing towards the various forces influencing the
economy while leaving the budget management to the finance ministry as recommended
by the Rangarajan Committee.
centralization is likely to be inefficient because bureaucratic decision-making, subject to
multiple levels of accountability, is inherently sluggish, rule bound and unlikely to promote
risk-taking.
The second ARC report suggested a revamp of the structure and it should be implemented
gradually.
Planning for the new economic environment is a process that has to rely more on
persuasion than directions and has to be much more consultative than in the past.

Planning commission is an extra constitutional and non -statutory body responsible for
social and economic planning of the country.

Q--Why was the Planning Commission set up? Critically comment on its evolution since
independence.
The Indian Express
Livemint
Planning Commission was set up in 1950 with the objective of assessing resources,
distributing it across states and sectors, setting priorities for the overall development of
India. It unconspicuously works like a lobby for poor and marginalized section.
With the growing influence of the socialist ideas in 1930s and inspired by soviet planning
success, National Planning Committee was set up in1938. In post independence major
state intervention in the economy, ravaged of colonial exploitation, necessitated a central
planning body. With its success in 50s and early 60s, its power continued to rise. Gradually
it started to have a significant say in Union plan budget and distribution of central grants
across states. Lack of constitutional or statutory backing is a concern since it has
undermined the Finance Commission. Highly centralized planning reduced the role of the
states and virtual veto over some financial matter has alarmed the finance ministry.,
Post liberalization, diminishing role of state, increased decentralization has made the PC
somewhat redundant. Accepting the changed reality to some extent, PC has also moved
from highly centralised planning to indicative planning.
But the call for completely closing down PC is not a wise one. We need some sort of body
to coordinate across ministries, states for long term sustainable, inclusive development
addressing environmental concern. With its decades of expertise and institutional memory
PC can do it best. Yes, its mandate and function may be modified.


Q---Critically comment on the relevance of the institution of Planning Commission in the
context of a rapidly changing Indian economy and society.
The Indian Express
Planning commission started operation in 1950 as an advisory body. The prime goal of
planning commission was to formulate five year plans which were seen as instrument of
economic growth and development. In pre-liberalization era it played a crucial role of
determining development priorities, government expenditure of plans, implementation of
plans and measuring various socio-economic indicators. Since liberalization it had to shift
from imperative planning to indicative. With increased role of private players in the
development. Following are the changes and related issues :
a. With increase in private investment and recognition of their role in development, PC has
started to focus on setting policy priorities to channelize private investment in desired
sector and region.
b. With change in centre-state relation, PC is increasingly being seen as an instrument of
central interference in states affair. Due to this there is more focus on region specific
development plan rather than a strait jacket plan for whole of India.
c. PC overlap of authority with Finance commission which is a constitutional body has
undermined FC.
d. Planning commission has led to limited autonomy for ministerial planning.
However after 1991 in eighth and subsequent five year plans, PC has moved to indicative
planning. Also there is need to have a body which determines the priority at the national
level and coordinates among various departments, ministries and states to ensure that
there is coherence. For this PC has to shun bureaucratic mechanism and become a lean
professional body.

Q---Critically evaluate the role played by the Competition Commission of India in upholding
its mandate.
Business Standard
ans:Competition commission of India(CCI) was established in 2008 by the CCI act in 2003
as a step away from licence raj and to ensure free market economy.The mandate of CCI is
to improve competition within industries, to oversee Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and
to protect the rights of the consumers.
Competition commission monitors the working of economy to see if unfair practices are
used to eliminate competition and dominate market. Earlier rules were in place that did
not allow companies to have market share over a fixed limit decided by government.
Competition commission have gained international acclaim in its functioning. There has
been few shortcomings in the part of Competition commission while acknowledging its
contributions.
1. There has been overlapping in the domains of CCI with other regulators like TRAI that
needs to be clarified.
2.Competition commission should maintain a balance between regulation and competition
so that markets are not adversely effected by over monitoring.
3. The competition commission has the duty to monitor mergers and acquisitions, but its
often seen that there is lack of clarity on how international companies having subsidiaries
in india should be evaluated when merger takes place between them.
CCI has done a commendable job in handling the market, whether it is the DLF case or the
case of Coal India Limited. It has shown the will to monitor both government and private
firms in equal footing and has gone after various cartels in the industry. Hence CCI has
contributed immensely in maintaining a free and fair market in the country


The Competition Commission of India (CCI), functional since May 2009 has the mandate to
sustain the competitiveness of Indian markets as per the Competition Act (2002), amended
in 2007,
Over the years the CCI has reviewed anti-competitive practices in diverse sectors and on
the way penalized some of the largest corporations in India including DLF, Coal India , the
Board of Control for Cricket in India or investigating cartels in key economic sectors,
including cement, sugar, steel and tyre.
Apart from the bigwigs, the CCI has also targeted anti consumer practices like price-fixing
by onion traders, domestic airlines and LPG gas traders and anti-competitive practices of
limiting the sale of drugs in India. It has also educated the Indian consumer of their rights,
through several advocacy initiatives.
However its actions cannot be all clubbed as anti industry. Over the years, the CCI has also
greatly facilitated nearly 150 quick and transparent mergers in Indian companies allaying
industry concerns that merger control would result in transaction delays and adversely
impact investment in India. It has also shown its impartial side by penalizing Coal India, a
public sector unit for abuse of dominance as monopoly suppliers of coal.
Moreover CCIs actions unleashed the competition forces in the Indian economy
prompting pro competitive initiatives in several sectors of the Indian economy.
It has thus befitted Indian companies by not only creating a level field but also making
them more competitive vis--vis foreign companies.
CCIs jurisdiction however sometimes overlaps with other regulators like Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and Reserve Bank
of India weakening its mandate. Such ambiguities are expected to be resolved with the
proposal to amend the Competition act.
Finally it must be said that CCI can only go so much in bringing competitive spirits in the
economy. The government on its part must see to it that every business firm small or big
can easily avail basic infrastructural facilities. Effective laws and institutions must be put in
place to facilitate new entry of business and winding up of the same. Innovation must be
promoted by protection of intellectual rights.



Q--Write a note on the composition, necessity, role and mandate of the Law Commission
of India.
The Hindu
Law Commission of India is an executive body established by an order of the GoI .The Law
Commission consists of the Chairman, the Member-Secretary,full-time Member and part-
time Members. The no of full time and part time members vary according to the
requirement of time.
The law commision is constituted for a period of 3 years.It works as an advisory body to
the Ministry of Law and Justice.
During the start of its term it is given the terms of reference for law reforms in the
country.
The Commission reviews judicial administration to ensure that it is responsive so that
delays are eliminated, arrears are cleared and disposal of cases is quick and cost-
effective.It seeks to simplify procedure to curb delays and improve standards of justice.
It also strives to promote an accountable and citizen-friendly government which is
transparent and ensures the peoples right to information.
The commission also provides a firm assistance to legal research in the country.
Besides the Law Ministry, the commission is also sometimes requested to work upon
specific issues and submit its views to the Supreme Court.The latest being the different
ages at which a person is defined as a child in different laws It recommended a reduction
in marriage age of boys to be at par with girls at 18, stirring a public debate.
Though its recommendation are not binding on govt the fact that a number of its reports
have been taken up by various ministries and have been worked upon to change the legal
scenario, is itself an indicator of the role of the commission in advancement of law reforms
in India.

16. Government Policies & Interventions for development of various sectors (issues in
their design, implementation)


Explain how MNREGA scheme works. Critically comment on its design especially with
reference to transparency and accountability measures.
The Hindu
MNREGA is one of the demands driven and rural people oriented scheme which has
evoked mixed response from different corners of the country. This difference in response
is mainly because of the agrarian social structural differences and the operating
mechanism .
The objective of the program is to create wage employment and durable assets enhancing
rural infrastructure. Rather than being a regular welfare scheme , this scheme uniquely
address the requirements to enhance farm productivity by channeling labor power to build
small irrigation canals and also provide sustainable livelihood to rural poors. In the long
run , by creating such a durable assets ,dependency on NREGA as such would come down
and more agro productivity can be witnessed . In order to achieve this steps like
strengthening of Panchayat raj institution, bringing in social audit , utilizing IT to enhance
transparency was envisaged and had been implemented.

On the one hand ,such measures has increased the rural income to agricultural laborers
,like in TamilNadu and Andhra , on the other hand it has also led to unprecedented
ramifications.
Systemic flaws like fudging of rolls , transfer of money either delayed or stalled for some
unknown reasons ,backdoor entry of contractors with their known labors manifest the
flaws in transparency .
Also , laxity in implementation of social audit and sometimes even manipulated audits
manifests the miscarriage of accountability.

This can be rectified by enhancing end to end computerization of datas , money transfer
with hand held computer devices / mobile devices as per the local conditions . The above
computerization , a successful model in Andhra , will engender more accountability and
transparency as the data are all time accessible for public scrutiny. Furthermore
,separating the implementation agency and auditing agency will provide more objectivity
in the success of the scheme. Nevertheless ,with technology driven adaptations this
scheme promises a real development in the distant hinterlands.


Mandatory social audit by Gram Sabha within 6 months is provided, to ensure
accountability. But lack of training & educational provisions has weakened it. Through e-
FMS (electronic fund management system) & e-FRS (expenditure based fund release
system), fund management & release is done on real time basis. Still, wage mafia in Odisha
& Uttar Pradesh has extracted benefits by bogus entries & fake accounts.

Q--What improvements would you suggest to the MGNREGA scheme and why? Elucidate.
The Indian Express
MGNREGA is the flagship rural employment programme of the government of India and
aims to provide livelihood security to the rural households. However the scheme needs
some improvements
a) The works undertaken should be linked more with asset creation in agriculture and
allied activities. This will act as much needed investment in the agricultural sector and will
improve agriculture output.
b) There is also the need to improve upon the quality of the asset created. Continuous
monitoring needs to be undertaken and local communities should be engaged for the
same.
c) The biggest complaint from the beneficiaries is of delayed payment. This should be done
away with by electronic transfer of funds directly to the account of the beneficiaries. Work
needs to be done for taking banks closer to unbanked areas or making use of business
correspondents.
d) The officials involved in execution of works should be made more accountable to
prevent misuse of funds.
e) The panchayat level planning and district level planning should be strengthened to come
up with better works oriented to the needs of the rural areas. Focus should also be on
identifying convergences with other schemes.
f) Social audit mechanism should be strengthened and this requires training at the local
level by experts in audit.
g) Planning of works should be such that the there are sufficient workers available for the
farmers in the sowing and the harvesting season.
h) Works should be designed so as to benefit the workers towards developing their skills
which they can then use for self employment removing their dependence on the
government.
MGNREGA has increased the standard of life in rural areas by increasing wages and with
certain modifications it can make a greater impact on the overall economy.


Q--Do you think Right Education Act needed constitutional status? Critically
comment, especially keeping in mind objections raised by unaided private schools.
Business Standard
The RTE Act came into being in 2009 through the 93rd Constitutional Amendment.
The Act makes it compulsory for a private unaided educational institution to provide
reserve 25% seats for educationally and economically weaker children in the age
group of 6 to 14 years.

The private unaided institutions have challenged the law to be unconstitutional but a
recent Supreme Court verdict have rejected all such appeals ruling in favor of the law.
The main contention from the private schools is that the law infringes in their
autonomy, gives rise to inspector raj and affects the educations quality as well.
The high fees of private schools and lack of basic facilities in government schools,
leaves the question of educating one and all becomes difficult to address.
The Right to Education draws its constitutional validity from the provisions of equality
and also directive principled of state policy, The governments view is since the land
used by the private unaided schools, is many a times given at throw away prices, they
have social responsibility to wards the poor sections of the society as well.
As the government has taken recourse of Right based approach for job, food and
education, and with the SC ruling in favor of such laws, the question of their propriety
from Constitutional point of view can hardly be debated. What remains to look into is
whether the Right based welfare measures remain the only way forward even when
private investors have genuine concerns against such laws.



India being a welfare state is duty-bound to help improve the living standards of all
her citizens and education is best poised to do so.
Transferring it from DPSP to Part III announces our seriousness regarding it and also
opens it to the ultimate safeguard of Article 32 (SC writ jurisdiction).

Education is a potential weapon to bring in progress , development and equality. In
the words of Amartya sen ,Knowledge as a power is now more understood by state
and societies in India.In this context , the landmark legislation requires a
constitutional mandate.
It is by the 93 rd amendment ,article 15 (5) empowered State to make special
provisions to SC/ST or any educationally backward sections for appointment in
unaided educational institutions.On this context ,under article 21(a) ,Right to
education act was implemented . From the unaided institution angle, this infringes on
their fundamental right to carry on any profession or trade . It impedes them to
establish ,administer and run their own institution.
They also apprehend that the teacher pupil ratio, physical infrastructure ,quality of
students from the backward sections will make the process of inculcating education
cumbersome .They also complain that the vaguely drafted act makes no clear
standing on the fees reimbursement by the government and it leaves minority
institution out of the purview.
However , keeping in mind of the above aspects , it can be fairly stated that the
intention of the bill is not to rob off the freedom of unaided institutions but to
provide a social goal of equality of opportunities and mobility to the weaker sections.
On this ground , the above argument of unaided institutions becomes
untenable.Though certain clauses of the law can be sorted out with proper
deliberation among all stakeholders ,awarding constitutional status to this landmark
act should never be compromised .

Q--A uniform policy at the central level should focus on access to higher education
and not on any right to education. The rights-based narrative should be confined to
universal primary education alone, a fundamental right. Comment.
The Hindu

A qualified, talented and well-trained human capital is central to the development
plans of a nation and more so for India, which is home to 1/5th of worlds population
with a nationwide average age of 35 yrs, making it one the youngest nations of the
world. However, owing to our socio-economic conditions plagued by burgeoning
population and related stumbling blocks, improper resource utilization, lop-sided
growth patterns etc, we have so far not been able to harness the potential that exists
in our citizens. Especially, the deplorable literacy rate when compared to our GDP
growth and isolated pockets of steep growth, calls for policies for the education
sector aimed at enhancing the human capital, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
With chronic deficiencies in the primary education sector like lack of quality teachers,
poor infrastructure at schools, improper teaching methodologies, high drop-out rate
etc we have a long distance to cover before embarking upon the challenging task of
reforming the higher education. Govt. has taken cognizance of this impending need
and has taken a host of measures for reforming the education system and taking
steps to attract students to school. There exists a general consensus among the
masses on the need and role of education as a liberator. The govt. has so far been
able to do fair amount of justice to the constitutionality of Right to Education act.
However, much needs to be done if we are to take our primary education system to
comparable levels as exists in developed nations.
A shift of focus from primary education to reforming the higher education at this
critical juncture will require massive investments and resource mobilizations. Also, the
quality of higher education cannot be ensured owing to the fragile structure of our
primary education system. The govt. instead of intervening aggressively can play the
role of a facilitator for its citizens. With its huge funding requirements and
infrastructure related pre-requisites, the govt. should open new avenues for
investments coupled with liberal regulatory policies as higher education is more about
interest than about the compulsory requirement. The govt. should focus on
harnessing the potential of the private sector, governed by forces of demand and
supply, to generate opportunities for the masses. Cheaper education loans, tax breaks
for promoting R&D activities, setting up of centres of excellence etc has without
doubt boosted the growth and expansion of this sector. At this level of societal
development, the need of the hour is that govt. should currently focus on enhancing
access to primary education and provide parallel support for expansion of higher
education.


The government provides resources to the institutes such as the IITs and NITs for the
development of the higher education sector. The resources are meant for the
development of the infrastructure and access to technology for facilitating research
potential in the sector.
The growth of the quality private institutions in the higher education sector has raised
a call for change in the government policies towards the mobilization of the resources
to the sector. Concerns have been made to ensure government monitoring the
primary education while reducing its control over the higher education.
However, this may not be adequate, since governments aid would be essential in
developing the potential of the higher education. The low number of institutes in the
world rankings has raised concerns over the quality of research. Recognizing this, it
should provide more resources to facilitate the development of the aided institutions.
This would lead to increased research contribution from India at global level. The
research would lead to advances in the science and technology thereby fostering
Indias growth . It would provide feasible solutions to the problems in the society and
lead to greater employment generation.
According to reports, for every rupee invested over IIT, 15 rupees are added to the
economy .Moreover, the entrepreneur skills lead to greater employment
generation.The research contribution cannot be undermined. Recognizing the
objectives of the government in fostering India`s research potential and benefits
accrued from the aided institutions, the government should continue its control over
the higher education sector.


Q-Critically comment on the rights issue involved in Supreme Courts recent
judgement upholding the constitutional validity of the provision in the Right
to Education Act reserving 25 percent seats in private schools for economically
disadvantaged students.
Business Standard
The Hindu


The decision of SC to reserve 25% seat for economically disadvantaged students
clearifies the failure of govt. in implementing right to education and SC is counting
now on private sector to fulfil this wish. But the question is it right to do this through
reservation in private sector? Many points are to be pondered among which few are:
1. private schools will increase the fee to maintain their profit. That means additional
burden on already burdened parents. They already pay education cess in other taxes
of which two-third goes to primary school. Thus it means those money has not been
properly utilised also.
2. This decision indirectly convey that they also understand private sector education is
better than govt. school. Thus it shows failure in improving quality of education in
govt. schools.
3. It shows the discrimination of SC towards minority school and private school. Minority
school have been removed from RTE through rajasthani school vs union of India case
and pramati educational trust vs union of India case. That means minority school can
take any amount of fees, can prescribe any criteria for admission, can discriminate
against any class without being answerable to court of law or parents.
4. However it will provide benefit to disadvantaged section. They will get quality
education and able to harness their potential in much better environment. It will be
more prone towards RTE.
5. It will also result in different section of people at same school and thus privileged will
understand the plight of inequality from childhood and help in character and
sympathy development. Their way of looking poor people will change and thus it will
be beneficial for society as a whole.
However if govt. works hard to improve education in their own school, these wont be
necessary and all stakeholders included here will be on same page. This steps will
instead alienate some section of society further.

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 serves as a
building block to ensure that every child has right to get a quality elementary
education, and that the State, with the help of families and communities, fulfils this
obligation.
Recently Supreme Court delivered two judgments about the RTE act. These are-
1) All non-minority private schools (aided or unaided by Govt.) need to reserve 25 per
cent of their seats for economically disadvantaged students.
The Section 12(2) of the Act which provided that a private school admitting students
from disadvantaged and weaker sections would be reimbursed at the rate of per-child
expenditure incurred by the state or the actual fees charged from the child, whichever
was less. Thus, ultimately, it is the State which is funding the expenses of free and
compulsory education of the children belonging to weaker sections who are admitted
to a private unaided school.
So Article 21A (right to free and compulsory education) of the Constitution and the
2009 Act does not violate private schools right under Article 19(1) (g) (right to engage
in a profession) of the Constitution.
2) Minority communities do not have to reserve a minimum of 25% seats for children
from economically backward classes as mandated by Indias RTE law.
According to the Court, if the Act is made applicable to minority schools, aided or
unaided, the right of the minorities under Article 30(1) of the Constitution will be
abrogated. Therefore, the provision of the 2009 Act, which made it applicable to
minority schools, is unconstitutional.
But one should not look reservation as infringement, even in minority economically
backward classes are there, they can give benefit to them. And yes it should be
flexible region to region basis depending upon the demography of that particular
place n socio-economic.

The court direction reinforces the RTE Act as Private institution provide more quality
education compare to Govt. schools. But Govt. should also need to improve quality of
its school and should not only depend on Private sector alone. Its now up to the
central and state governments and the National Council for Protection of Child Rights
to improve monitoring as many such schools dont follow the law. Ensuring the
implementation of the Act is key focus now.



Education is a potential tool of progress ,prosperity and equality.

The Supreme Court recently validated a clause on Right to Education Act (RTE) which
requires 25% reservation for economically disadvantaged students in all schools.
The spirit of the decision is indeed laudable as it reflects the egalitarian ethos of the
Right to Education (RTE) Act. Students and indeed teachers will only benefit from a
firsthand experience of Indias socio-cultural diversity and economic disparity in a
single classroom.

However, giving exemption to the minority educational creates a sense of
unnecessary importance to Article 30 over the fundamental freedoms. Even if there is
a 25% reservation for economically weaker sections in minority institutions, it does
not take away their minority character.
Right to Education is a human entitlement which must be guaranteed and protected.
A better aid by Government to aided schools is called for and a better protection of
the right will help in the basic deprived children in the country and minority
institutions an play a vital role.

Q---The controversy over the Four Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUP) raises several
important issues on university autonomy, academic freedom, the regulatory powers of the
University Grants Commission and the power of the Central government to interfere in
higher education in the country. Critically analyse.
The Hindu
Earlier in 2012 when the proposal were made ,UGC has supported FYUP proposal ,but
within a year without a single batch pass out and results analyzed the very step of
withdrawing has made the role of UGC ambiguous . If authorities such as Human Resource
dept (HRD), UGC etc are themselves not confident or as considered pressurized under new
government regime, the question of innovation, making students excel and increasing the
quality of education is having a big question mark. While such disturbances in education
system also questions on the autonomy of education institution where changes for better
prospect are not discussed and analyzed beforehand. If authorities are concern about
students education then they must include students (committee) in discussion sessions so
that strong and encouraging steps can be taken.


Q---Examine why right to education was not made a fundamental right by the Constituent
Assembly when it drafted the Constitution of India?
The Hindu
Though the visionary members of the constituent assembly knew the importance of right
to education, yet it was not incorporated as a fundamental right in the constitution. The
timing of the discussion of the clause and the proposed political structure led to inclusion
in the DPSP.
India was to be a union of independent units as per the Cripps proposal. The weak center
with autonomous states structure of the center-state relations was thought to restrict the
implementation of the right to free and compulsory education. Moreover, such a clause
would have impacted the fiscal and political autonomy of the independent units as the
implementation would have required greater coordination. This has resulted into the
inclusion of the education in the non justifiable DPSP article 45. However, the clause could
not be discussed after the change in the center-state relations in which Center was strong
with residuary powers.


The rejection of the Right to Education(RTE) as a fundamental right during the drafting of
the constitution of India has to been seen in the light of the then historical proceedings
and the capabilities of the Indian state.


Fundamental Rights are those rights that are justifiable in the court of law. These are
absolute basic rights, which cant be relegated by state, or infringed upon
Including Right to education in fundamental rights meant that Government would have
been compelled to invest heavily in education sector i.e. infrastructure development,
teachers recruitment, and opening up of a lot of new schools. But, this was not possible,
without achieving the basic needs i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Also, we didnt had
enough competent number of educated teachers to implement this law.
India had more pressing problems of underdevelopment, poverty, hunger, food security,
health, defense, law and order, industrialization, improving agricultural sector, land
reforms, communalism, regionalism, north-east insurgency and many more such problems
which needed equal attention and resources. None, of these could be neglected at the
cost of others.
Thus, our constituent assembly was knowing the ground situation of country, and it was
more important for it to solve Indias basic problems and keep it united rather than giving
false promises which our country was not able to deliver at that point of time. So, Right to
Education was kept in DPSP instead of Fundamental rights.


Q--Critically evaluate the steps taken during the Eleventh Five year plan to boost higher
education sector.
The Hindu
Manifold efforts have been made to boost the higher education sector in the 11th FYP
with the view to harness the benefits of Indian demographic dividend as-
Enrollment- During the Eleventh Plan period (20072012), India achieved a Gross
Enrollment Ratio (GER) of 18%, up from 12% at the beginning of the Plan period.
Expansion- Growth in private institutions was significant during the plan period. 17 private
deemed universities, more than 8000 private colleges were setup. The expansion of
central institution was historic as govt. established 65 new institutions. 8 New IITs and
AIIMS were setup in different states during the period.
Inclusiveness- Now each state except Goa has central university. Medical and agricultural
universities, institution of Fashion technology, pharmaceutical education and research
institute, South Asia and Nalanda universities were also setup.
Reservation- Special financial assistance was provided by the central govt. to existing
institutions to raise their intake capacity in order to provide 27% reservation to OBCs
without affecting the number of general seats.
Many measures also taken for the improvement of technology level through MOUs with
foreign universities, linking projects with industries, using e- Governance and
decentralization.
Despite considerable progress during the Eleventh Plan, less than one-fifth of the
estimated 120 million potential students are enrolled in HEIs in India, well below the world
average of 26 per cent. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have not been
successful to control the menace of private universities which are running courses without
any affiliation or recognition.
Wide disparities exist in enrollment percentages among the States and between urban and
rural areas while disadvantaged sections of society and women have significantly lower
enrollments than the national average. Sachar committee report pointed out that
Minorities have very low enrollment level in higher education.
There is need to focus on bringing well-trained faculty, adequate infrastructure and
updated and relevant curricula. The use of technology in higher education should be as per
international standards of research and teaching. Only then, some Indian universities may
be featured in the rankings of the top institutions globally.


Q--Critically examine the arguments in favour of privatisation of higher education in
India. Do you think higher education should be completely privatised? Comment.
The Hindu

Privatisation of higher education is vehemently discussed and debated these days.
Government had to provide opportunities of higher education to the growing
population of the country, but now its increasingly argued that now it should
withdraw and let private sector take over.
The main arguments in favour of privatisation are that, since a lot of tax payers money
is invested in educating students of such colleges, so they should give pay back to
society by serving in India. But, many doctors and engineers prefer to serve in foreign
countries. Also, many change their professions, thus wasting their profession degree.
Total privatization is detrimental to higher education quality and affordability. In
foreign developed countries, where higher education is totally privatized, a major
concern to parents is the affordability of college education, for which a normal family
have to invest their lifetime investments to get their ward a college degree.
Private colleges have not been able to prove themself and come at par with
Government colleges. Neither they have done better research or provided better
quality of education leaving few cases, while charging many times fees. So,
privatisation of entire education sector is not required.





There used to be a debate in India on whether there is a demand for education in this
country. That debate is now dead. And ironically supply side is not able to cope up
with the surge on the demand side.
Higher education in the arguably single most critical aspect for a countrys
development. India is close to cent per cent enrollment ratio in primary education;
more and more students are coming up on the higher education level. But our higher
education sector faces both qualitative and quantitative problems.
Higher education sector in India is entangled in bureaucratic and regulatory web The
domestic laws prohibit for-profit organisations to set up a higher education institute;
foreign universities are also barred from entry.There is an urgent need to re-look at
these stipulations. Both of these regulations are aggravating the already-in-crisis
sector. And it is also pushing financially well to do students to secede from the
domestic education system. There is a huge out-flux of students to countries like USA,
Australia, UK and Russia. Government can explore other options like voucher or
funding system for marginalised students. 100 per cent privatisation of higher
education is not desirable but ther certainly is greater need for greater participation
for private sector.
India has peculiar demographic structure which necessitate urgent action on this
front. If the opportunity to equip young Indians with broad-based skills is lost, it will
be disastrous for the countrys long term prospects.
.



India is currently at a stage of reaping the Demographic dividend. The young
population in India will need proper higher education to get job ready. However,
government alone is not able to fulfill the demand and there is a need for more
private investment in higher education sector. But some proposes complete
privatisation of higher education.
The complete privatisation logic is a fallacy and will be detrimental to Indias inclusive
growth strategy. Some of the argument put forward for privatisation are:-
1. Private sector can provide more efficient and better education. However, the logic
falls on its face, with evidence showing various engineering colleges churning out sub-
standard professionals.
2. Private sector will be much more demand-driven and will churn out professional as
per requirement of industry. The above logic will crowd out other streams of
education like Arts/ science.
3. Indian talent getting subsidised education moves out of the country cusing harm to
countries exchequer. However, it must be noted, that the remittance that they bring
and geopolitical influence they create benefit the company.
Thus, there should be a collaboration between private and public sector, and both
should work in tandem for development of higher education.


Q--What do you understand by broad based education system? What are its
benefits?
The Hindu

Broad Based education system:
It can be summed up as having N number of skills rather than any specific skills. E.g.
Given the boom in the management sector in recent times in India and all over the
world, instead of having only management knowledge if candidate has engineering
background with skills in banking then that can be referred as something broad based.
As we know the businesses, industries even on that matter schools and colleges are
getting complex and so the profiles of the persons recruited. In this scenario person
with the diverse knowledge will always outshine others. In a history of education
where saturation happens firstly at primary level, then secondary and so on, at
present it has reached to higher education level and broad based education is the
next in list. Countries all over the world especially USA is aware of the reality hence
much diversification is getting done in the universities. India needs to follow the path
as it has following benefits:
1. Persons with broad based education will himself a need for the industry rather he
being needy for the job.
2. Best from the cultures all around the world will be exchanged with individual as a
medium.
3. Revolutionary in field of education in country like India where market oriented
approach is long due.







Broad-based education is to ensure their all-round or holistic development, in and out
of the classroom.These approaches in education will allow to nurture young with the
different skills that they need for the future.
The best preparation for a lifetime, for business success, is broad training and part of
that is international experience. If there is anything that pays in the market, it is
cultural literacy. The ability to not just survive but also thrive in different cultures,
pays off pretty nicely
Jobs are created for people with really good talent but if you see the broad sweep of
economic history, there might be a temporary imbalance between the higher
education skills that people bring and the number of jobs available for them.
the best defence against off-shoring is what is called whole brain learning logic
and maths with aesthetic appreciation and creative thinking. Cultural literacy with
core knowledge is very important.
It builds the ability to think in new ways, solve new problems and create new
opportunities for the future. And, equally important, help young to build up a set of
sound values so that they have the strength of character and resilience to deal with
lifes inevitable setbacks without being unduly discouraged, and so that they have the
willingness to work hard to achieve their dreams.







The skills sets required by human resource of any country have undergone manifold
changes in todays globalised world. To impart such skills a broad based education
system is required , which comprises cultural literacy with core knowledge.
Cultural literacy means ability of an individual to adapt in all cultures . If this trait is
imparted through school education , the human resource thus prepared can easily
enjoy the employment opportunities in other countries as well as in various MNCs
within their own countries.
One other important aspect of broad based education is creative thinking. Innovations
are very important for any countrys growth. Inculcation of this trait among students
will make them an important drivers of growth of any country.
Needless to say that for any such endeavour government intervention is of utmost
importance especially for a welfare state like India. With proper planning help from
private sector and Foreign institutions can be sought for the same purpose.


Q--Critically examine the benefits of reservation in higher education.
The Hindu

Article 15 of the Indian constitution guarantees the fundamental right of reservation
in higher education institutes for students of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and
Other Backward Classes. The policy has had a positive effect on the education
landscape of India.
1.It negates the debilitating effect of exclusion that socially backward class faced over
thousands of years in country.
2.It amplifies the employment opportunities as higher education leads to better salary
and thus improves the economic condition.
3.It has positive feedback effect on the entire society as students who have
successfully completed their higher education serve as role model for other students.
4.It fulfills the ideals of justice enshrined in the constitution.
5.It has eroded the dividing line between caste significantly in work places and
educational institutes.
However, the reservation policy has also led to several unintended consequences as a
lions share of seats is pocketed by few groups only leaving the rest in the same state
as they were during the independence. Moreover, the reservation has not translated
into jobs in media, judiciary, higher echelons of bureaucracy as on the false notion of
merit the students belonging the backward classes are excluded from it.






Education is a potential weapon for the upward mobility of the disadvantaged
sections and in general prosperity for all . The intent of the reservation in education is
to provide equality of opportunities to all sections irrespective of their social setting .
On the one hand , the inherited social structure mandates special provisions to
socially backward sections in the higher institutions . This is buttressed by the
constitutional mandate under Article 15(5)
Secondly , in the increasing technical skill oriented employment world and capitation
fee dominated private institution ,reservation in higher education provides a hope for
the socially disadvantaged sections.
Thirdly , in context of demographic dividend ,reservation enhances the skills of people
from different backgrounds by providing an opportunity in higher institutions.
On the other hand , the State has to take enough measures to ensure that merit and
quality of the institution is upheld . Also , adequate opportunities are to be provided
to the other sections of the society .Recent survey in NASSCOM says that 50% of
graduates from higher institutions are unemployable. Though it cannot be entirely
attributed to the policy of reservation ,it cannot be wishfully ignored too. So , the
State has a responsibility in not only providing an opportunity in higher education but
also to ensure the outcome is in the direction of the objective.







Reservation in higher education was introduced with the objective of including more
vulnerable class people in the higher education which also comply with the article 15
of the constitution. Reservation will not only provide advanced knowledge to this
class but also furnish them with better employment opportunity. Following benefits
can be attributed to reservation in higher education-
1) As per different studies lower class do not have sufficient representation in higher
education and this step will increase their participation in higher education.
2) It will help to come forward those talented lower class students who do not get
necessary aid to continue their studies.
3) Reservation in higher education will also fetch good job to them which results into
the higher socio economic development.
4) Higher inclusion of the lower class people will also help in changing the mindset of
the people which may be culminated in remotion of the reservation in the future
(when their will be no disparity)
5) Contrary to this reservation in higher education may deteriorate the process of
selection on merit basis, which may further discourage the talented students.
We can see that reservation in higher education has several benefits but it comes with
few hiccups also which should be tackled properly otherwise this practice may
hamper the society negatively.



Q-Comment on recent controversy over the Programme for International Student
Assessment (Pisa) rankings about learning levels around the world.
The Hindu

Programme for International Student Assessment is a worldwide study conducted by
the Organization of Economic cooperation and development in the member and non-
member nations to test the scholastic performance of the 15 year old in
mathematics,reading and science. It is conducted at an interval of 3 years.
The impact of the PISA on educational policies has raised concerns. It influences the
educational policies of the nations , which in their bid to improve the rankings take
short term measures. These measures result into violating the joys of learning. The
urge to modify the educational policies to replicate the China`s education policy,
which has been ranked one , reflects the importance given to the rankings.
The school reforms proposed by OECD does not take into the socio economic
inequalities that effect the performance of the pupils. India has raised concerns on
the socio cultural disconnect between the questions in test and the students. The
focus on the economic role of the schools without adequate attention to the multiple
dimensions for overall development depicts the lacunae in the evaluation. Moreover,
the cooperation with multinationals which get benefited due to change in economic
policies raises questions on the objectives of the PISA.
Indian government has refused to take part in the evaluations post 2009 citing the
inadequacies in the evaluation. The educational policies of the governments should
be suited to the country`s needs rather than driven by the parameters outlined by few
nations .

1.PISA:Triennial tests of 15-year-olds carried out by the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD).
2.Latest scores in the Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa)..China
topped.
3.This led to vigorous and haphazard changes in UK education policies even imitating
chinese model.
imperfect
5.Further ther argue that school reforms should not ignore the paramount role of
socio-economic inequality in influencing pupil performance. It also argues that the
OECDs growing influence over how schools are run is undemocratic.

Q-Write a critical note on Kerala governments Kudumbashree scheme.
The Hindu
Kudumbashree means prosperity of the family in Malayalam. Kudumbashree, a joint
program of Govt. of Kerala and NABARD for the empowerment of women was launched in
1998. This aims to encourage their entrepreneurship and active leadership in women-
involved activities through community development societies.
Kudumbashree was started as State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM). It has unique
three tier structure.
Neighborhood Groups (NHG) at the grassroots level send representatives to the ward
level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the
Community Development Society (CDS). It is the largest women movement in Asia with a
membership of 40 lakhs families.
The programs conceived as a part of the strategy to reduce poverty are:
Microfinance operations/Thrift and Credit Societies
Micro Enterprises
Bhavanashree Micro Housing
Ashraya- Destitute Identification, Rehabilitation and Monitoring Program
Haritashree Lease Land Farming
Balasabha Childrens Neighbourhood groups
Solid Waste Management /Clean Kerala Business
Special Employment Program for the Educated Youth
Buds- Special School for the Disabled Children/
It launched Sree-Sakthi Portal which is exclusively for women to participate in active
discussions on various issues related to them.
Political Empowerment of Women is also a main approach of this initiative. Its success can
be assessed by the fact that in 2010 alone nearly 12000 women candidates contested
Panchayat election and nearly 5500 of them had won the elections.
Women, who were regarded as voiceless and powerless started identifying their inner
strength, opportunities for growth, and their role in reshaping their own destiny. The
process of empowerment becomes the lifeline to their children, their families and the
society at large. Kudumbashree presents a unique model of participatory development,
which can very well, be adopted by other states in India and other developing countries.



Kudumbashree is a female oriented, community based,poverty reduction project of the
government of Kerala.
The purpose of this mission is to ensure that women should no longer remain as passive
recipients of public assistance, but active leaders in women involved development
initiatives.
The mission has launched a streeshakthi portal for women to participate on discussions on
issues related to them.
The mission has received various awards and accolades for women empowerment and
eradication of poverty.






issues being faced by KS can also be mentioned like
1. Unsustainable micro enterprises because of lack of entrepreneuial training, lack of
vision. many exist only to receive govt subsidy
2. Lack of specialized training need assessment is not done before giving training which is
too general. specific training is needed
3. lack of proper coordination between gram panchayat and block panchayat in providing
assistance to Kudumbshree
4. faulty identification of BPL beneficiaries
5. Non repayment and misuse of loan and dual/multiple membership
6. Division of women on caste, religious and political basis
6. Corruption at CBO and Official levels

1. Close monitoring and follow up on the effective utilization of micro credit
2. An Institute for capacity building for SHGs in the state
3. Coordination between gram and block panchayats
4. Proper Marketing of KDMS products

Q--Critically comment on the type of development India needs considering its social
and economic realities and requirements.
The Hindu

Economically, India is the one of the fastest growing economies of the world today.
Rising incomes of people, huge market, high Gross Domestic Savings and investment
levels point towards bright economic future. However, all is not well in the economic
field. Infrastructure bottlenecks continue to constrain the growth of agricultural and
manufacturing sectors. Economic Inequalities have risen in the past decade.
Unemployment levels are high and poverty is still rampant.

However, India ranks poorly on Human Development Index and Gender Inequality
Index. Hunger and malnutrition are still rampant. Caste and religion-based
discrimination still persists.
In this context, development paradigm which India needs should necessarily have fast
economic growth, inclusiveness and sustainability as its main pillars.
Fast economic growth is crucial for two reasons. First, increase in production with
lead to greater employment generation. Second, fast economic growth will lead to
greater revenue generation for the govt which can be used for pro-poor welfare
schemes. Inclusiveness is crucial to bring those who are socially unprivileged within
the fold of development. These should have full opportunity to benefit from the
process of development. Sustainability is also crucial because without it no growth
can continue for long by haphazard exploitation of natural resources.
To conclude, given the present social and economic realities and requirements, India
needs to pursue a model of development that focuses on rapid growth, inclusiveness
and sustainability.



Amartya Sen argues in Development as Freedom that development should lead to
freedom. He further divides freedom in five parts:
1) Economic Freedom
2) Freedom of movement
3) Social Freedom
4) Cultural freedom
5) Political freedom
Adam Smith believed that no society can be flourishing and happy, of which far great
number of people are poor.and miserable.
In the light of such definitions of development and directions for building a happy
society, Indias 12th Five Year Plan that is titled as Inclusive Growth and Sustainable
Development, seems to be the right path ahead.

On its quest and rightful path of becoming an economic superpower India needs to
adopt the often touted models of sustainable development and inclusive growth.
Inclusive growth should not stop at more access to banking services and increased
social security cover for the underprivileged. A strategic shift in programs from the
traditional BPL /caste based mass targeting towards individual targeting to ensure
growth of all .
Similarly Ever Green Revolution , rapid industrialization is necessary for the country
but without infrastructure creation(roads , cold storage , sanitary godowns) and
change of byzantine laws like APMC labour laws , economic and food security will be
hard to come by.
Increasing enrolment in schools , skill development , increased credit for
SHGs are necessary not sufficient. What use is economic progress in a society where
tribals are rendered homeless for minerals exploitation and where increased money
in hands of youth has pushed them into drug menance like in Punjab ? What use is
education if people like Dabholkar are killed and women are traumatized more
brutally at every step of life ?
Hence the quality of education stressing on scitenific temper and humanity , social
moral skills and empowerment of women needs to be equally stressed






Development is a broad term which leads to expansion in freedom in the economic,
social, and political aspects of life. It leads to true realization of the potential .
Though India has witnessed growth in the recent years, the development has
remained low. The growth has aggravated the inequality in the society. The
development should aim at providing equal opportunities .There is need for reviving
the growth in the agriculture and manufacturing sector, thereby increasing the
employment generation.
Due to criminalization of the politics, the democracy has been reduced to elections in
India. The dominance of the few has led to needs of the population being unheard.
There is need for ensuring greater participation in the governance.The
decentralization through 73rd and 74th amendment act has not been effective.
There is a need for enabling legislation for reducing the discrimination in the society.
The discrimination leads to exacerbating the conditions of the vulnerable sections,
thereby inhibiting their development. The development should aid in overcoming the
prevalent social norms which restrict the realization of the potential of the
marginalized sections.
The development should lead to effective governance with the virtues of
transparency, accountability and responsiveness which cater to needs of the public
and ensure their welfare.
Thus restricting development to growth would be unfair. The development aims at
creating an unbiased, participatory and inclusive model and is not restricted to
economic growth.

India is a developing country with multifarious aspirations & myriad challenges. It
needs a sustainable development which reaches up to last man of society.
In India, more than 60% people are engaged in primary sector which is labor
intensive, inefficient & obsolete. It needs modernization & increase in productivity.
Education & employment for all may assure dignified standard of living which is a
requirement for Indian development.
Equality & well established connectivity among various regions of India may boost a
real development. Development should facilitate basic amenities for marginalized
section of society. It will inspire social freedom of participating in economic activities,
enhancing benefits from our demographic dividend.
Open defecation & inadequate sanitation negates fruits of economic development.
Thus it needs elimination. Affordable healthcare with pure water & food may help in
true development of India. Safe environment for women & communalism free society
are other aspects India needs for development.
A rapidly growing India needs overhaul to improve its human development indicators.
Removal of social curses like casteism, female feticide & child labor are other acute
needs of development. Equal opportunities for all to excel in any walk of life may
realize Swaraj on earth, another word for inclusive development.


Q--Critically comment on the causes behind rise in drug abuse cases in Punjab.
The Hindu
Reference-1. Reference-2
Reasons for rise in drug addiction in Punjab -
a. Rise of income level after Green revolution As an immediate consequence of Green
revolution average household income rose sharply in Punjab. This was much higher than
rest of India. Due to this excess income and influx of farm labourers from elsewhere, youth
in Punjab got more leisure time as well as extra money to spend on drugs and alcohols.
This was the period when at village level youths started to use drugs in groups.
b. Proximity to Pakistan border Being close to Pakistan, it was always easy to smuggle
drugs into Punjab. The drug produced in gold crescent was routed through middle man
directly into Punjab. Thus increasing the availability of drugs.
c. Absence of industrial growth and unemployment Since Green revolution, Punjab has
failed to take off its industrial sector. Due to this currently there is huge unemployment
among youth in Punjab. These youth serve a perfect prospective for drug addiction.
d. Lack of motivation and rise in NRI culture Due to aspiration of moving outside India,
many youths in Punjab spend long years in waiting for formalities etc., doing no productive
work meanwhile. They are highly susceptible to drug addiction.
e. Political involvement Large drug rackets are run by either political leaders or have
their support. Due to this they are able to operate without the fear of govts action.
There is an acute shortage of de-addiction and rehabilitation centres. This hinders the
steps in reduction and elimination of the drug addiction crime.


Q--Critically comment on governments taxation policy on tobacco products in India.
Indias high smoking rate causes alarming health and economic costs. One of the most
effective ways to reduce tobacco use in India is to raise the price of tobacco products
through increase in excise tax. Higher prices discourage youth from initiating cigarette
smoking and encourage current smokers to quit. Raising tax not only saves lives but also
increases the government revenue.
In recent budget 2014-15, there has been substantial increase in the excise duties of
chewing tobacco and cigarettes. Though this is a very good move, one of the most
important shortcomings is the failure to tax bidi. Bidi consumption constitutes 35 to 40%
of total tobacco use in the country and it attracts extremely low tax. This may result in
product substitution. Moreover the elimination of the current taxation system that is
based on the length of cigarette would have proved more beneficial. There is possibility of
the smokers shifting from longer to shorter length cigarettes to cut tax. Finally, the
government has failed to link the tax rates to adjust automatically according to annual
inflation and so real price increase may not be achieved. And in course of time expensive
cigarettes would become affordable to majority of smokers.
Though the sharp increase in excise duty on cigarettes and chewing tobacco would surely
prove deterrent and distinctive, it lacks other measures to curb the consumption of
tobacco products as a whole.

Tobacco products results in a conundrum to the government. One one side they are a
source of huge revenue and on the other they play havoc with the health of the
population. Thus any affect to control the production and consumption of the tobacco
products is always marred in the controversy.
The government in the recent budget raised the taxes on the tobacco products which is a
commendable step, but left bidis out of its purview which may result in shifting the
smokers from cigratees to bidis . Further the taxation on the cigratte is a specific tax which
depends on the length of a cigarettes. Thus if the government increase on some specific
length, smokers always shift towards the shorter cigarettes. Thus defeating the whole
purpose of the taxation.
Therefore government should shift from specific to ad valorem tax in case of the tobacco
products. Further keeping in mind the affect which a lower consumption may have on the
farmers and poor labourers, the government should shift them towards some other
sustainable employment in a phased manner.


17. Development Processes & Development industry (role of NGOs, SHGs, groups &
associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders)
Q--Critically comment on the role of NGOs in the development process and development
industry in the country.
The Hindu
The Recent IB report estimates that NGOs resistance has negatively impacted GDP by two
to three per cent.It has created a question mark over role of NGOs in furthering
development and growth of the nation.
At one level, NGOs acts as an extended arm of the state, engaging in humanitarian act and
social work.Government being the largest fund provider itself speak their utility for
development.
At the other level NGOs are political and cognitive entity challenging development
paradigms and arguing issues of governance and democracy.
Many of these groups have advocated transparency and responsibility but failed to apply it
to themselves.As these organisation draw major funding from the foreign entities they
may succumb to their objective which might be antithetical to national goals.However it
cant be generalized and all NGOs should not be painted with the same brush.
The double-edged nature of the NGOs puts it in a perpetual state of suspicion. Yet, we
have to recognize that civic epistemologies and civil society creativity are crucial for
democracy.India need the support of developmental NGOs and think tanks, which can
strengthen government hands for better informed public policies.However to mitigate the
apprehension against their role NGOs need to be evolved to create systems of audit which
are both rule bound, time bound and transparent.They need to develop credible policy
alternatives against the developmental issues in which they dont align with government.
And while doing critical analysis, it does not always means you have to write pros as well
as cons, it means :
1. your stand
2. proof why u took that stand
3. challenges that could shoot up in future or presently faced
4. If has any con in your opinion
5. way to curtail these -ves
6. a prudent way forward.
This a structure but not always necessary to stick on it. Depends on length of answer
required.
In this answer you could have suggested way forward like the institution of Lokpal, all
NGOs reieving foreign aid comes under its ambit.
Then effectively implementing Foreign Contribution(Regulation) Act (FCRA).


18. Welfare Schemes (centre, states; performance, mechanisms, laws, institutions and
bodies constituted for protection of vulnerable sections)

Write a note on Marrakesh treaty and explain its significance to India.
The Indian Express

Marrakesh Treaty gives right to persons who are blind, visually impaired or print
disabled, to access the published records in formats like Braille, e-books, audio etc.
India amended its Copyrights Protection Law in 2012. Thus Indian works were
accessible to all disabled in the format they chose. But the same wasnt available for
foreign records. This treaty marks that advent.
It shall help disable to enjoy their rights to knowledge, to read and consequently right
of speech and expression. They can express their opinions, develop their abilities and
contribute to the fields they enter. Thus a hidden potential can be accrued.
Rights of Disabled are challenged on basis of rights of intellectual property for
security, piracy and privacy. Further they argue other IP may also be demanded by
giving access to it.
Hence, fight needs to be continued, which need to be fought on the plank of rights of
disabled rather than charity for them. Indias role is seminal in this context.





Marrakesh treaty for visually impaired is the treaty for making accessible copyright
work for visually challenged people. The treaty asks to create an exception in the
domestic copyright laws. With the treaty a book can be published in Braille and other
accessible format. India is among the country to crusade against the MNCs and
advanced countries lobby against the treaty. The treaty will benefit millions of visually
impaired in India. In India, we already had an exception to the copyright laws and
therefore India is likely the first country to ratify the treaty.
However, the treaty is just the beginning and there is a long way to go for making
accessible the work for all the deferentially able person. Deaf.

..





The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired
Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities. The treaty focuses upon the availability of
the copyrighted materials in accessible versions to the visually impaired. The
ratification of this treaty means that these works would be an exception to the
domestic copyright laws and hence available for import and export in these forms.
This treaty is an important step towards multilateral human development and is
hailed as the solution to end the book famine of the visually challenged persons. The
treaty will only come into force after 20 countries have ratified it.
India houses 20 % of the visually impaired of the world. India had already
implemented the amendment to Indian Copyright Act, 2012 enabling the mechanism
of converting books to braille, eBook, audio etc. for works published in India.
However, with the signing of the Marrakesh treaty, these formats will be available for
internationally published works also.





The Marrakesh draft treaty, allows free distribution of books across borders in
disabled-friendly formats. The treaty will make specialist agencies responsible for
producing and distributing accessible formats of books among themselves and
individual readers around the globe.
India can right claim its place as one of the proponents of such rights. Besides being in
the forefront in championing the treatys case,it has an existing legislative framework
of its own which preempt such benefits- the 2012 amendment to copyright act. It is
only logical that India had recently signed the Marrakesh treaty. Given that visually
challenged in India comprise nearly one-fourth of all such individuals across the world,
ensuring the right to read is truly a national imperative.
Besides the treaty moves towards right of access of knowledge. This right is a logical
corollary to right to free speech and expression enshrined in the Indian constitution.
However, there are challenges ahead. Given the multiplicity of stakeholders involved,
however, the free flow of accessible books across borders will take at least a decade
to materialise. Additionally to take effect, the treaty needs 20 countries to ratify the
document, it is a matter of concern that 64 existing signatories have not done it yet.
Besides in a linguistically diverse country as India it would be a tough task take into
confidence publishers in regional languages, whose copyrighted works are largely
inaccessible to visually challenged persons.
Also safeguarding the legitimate interests of authors and publishers would require
scrupulously enforcement.
The responsibility to make knowledge available for each other lies on everyone of us
and not on a few specialist agencies.For true implementation of the Marrakesh treaty,
we should first endeavor to build a robust culture of knowledge accessibility.

.Q---Write a note on the Marrakesh Treaty on visually impaired.
The Hindu
Unavailability of books and other reading material to visually challenged people restricts
their learning and makes distribution of knowledge uneven.
Marrakash Treaty is to facilitate availability of printed material to visual impaired people or
those who are print disabled. The treaty was adopted by 79 member countries of World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and in June 2014 India became first country to
ratify it.
Once ratified by 20 countries Marrakash treaty can come into force in these countries. It
would make translation of printed material from different countries available in Braillie
and other formats which can be read by people having visual impairment or other
problems in reading the print. It would facilitate cross border exchange of such material
without drawing national copyright acts to stop its flow. So as a consequence to the
ratification governments of these countries have to amend their national laws to ensure
they comply with the treaty.
Significance to India-
There are an estimated 285 million blind and partially-sighted people in the world, of
which 47 million lives in India. Only 1 % of all books published are available in formats
accessible to them. This treaty will help in translation of imported accessible format copies
and export of accessible format.







19. Social Sector & Social Services (health, education, human resources - issues in
development, management)

Q--Critically comment on the Social Progress Imperative and explain how is it different
from other indices that strive to measure development.
The Hindu
GDP indicates the Economic growth of the nation but doesnt portray the social progress.
Many countries have tried to measure it at there level, for example, Bhutan measures GNH
(Gross National Happiness). A social Progress has recently been developed by a group of
academics and institution. It tries to measure the Social progress under three measure
headers and have subsequently sub parameters
a. Basic Human Needs:
Nutrition and Basic Medical care, water and sanitation, shelter and Personal Safety
b. Foundations of well being:
Access to basic knowledge, Access to information and communications, Health and
wellness and Ecosystem sustainability
c. Opportunity
Personal rights, Personal Freedom and Choice, Tolerance and Inclusion and Access to
Advance Education
Based on these parameters New Zealand scores maximum followed by Switzerland and
Iceland. US falls at 25th even though having much higher per capita income then the first
three countries. India lies way below majorly due to lack in the basic human needs.
When comparing it to other social indicators, we find certain differences in the parameter
and objectives. For example GNH, it has got certain difference. GNH has got the following
headers
a. Economic wellness: measures the debt level and the CPI, income distribution etc.
b. Environmental wellness:measures level of pollution, noise and traffic
c. Physical wellness: measures physical health conditions
d. Mental wellness: measure rise of the psychotherapy patients and the use of certain
medicines like anti depressant
e. Social wellness: Measures domestic violence, lawsuits, divorce, discrimination, crime
rates etc.
f. workplace wellness: Measures job claims, job change, work place environment and
lawsuits at workplace
g. Political wellness: Measures democracy, personal freedom and external conflicts.
Clearly GNH measures more towards individual more basic, varied and more aspects of
wellness than Social Progress Indicator.
However, there can be debate over inclusion of some new parameter and exclusion of
some from the Social Progress indicator or GNH, but overall both gives a good picture to
measure the social progress. The UN post 2015 can use these tools to pursue Sustainable
Development Goals. individual countries should also adopt one of these tools or develop
for their own nation based on these parameters and pursue Social Development along
with Economic growth.


Q--Examine the leading causes of high infant and maternal mortality rates in India. What
steps need to be taken and what is the cost of neglecting interventions to reduce these
rates? Analyse.
The Hindu
Causes of high Maternal Mortality Rates are:
i. Maternal malnutrition due to lack of awareness and poverty.
ii. Maternal anemia due to lack of iron supplementation.
iii. Post partum hemorrhage, compounded by (ii)
iv. Lack of trained birth attendants as in trained dais and institutional delivery, leading
unsafe birth practices
v. Puerperal infections due to malnutrition, poverty, lack of hygiene and environmental
pollution.
Causes of high Infant Mortality Rates are:
Maternal factors:
i. Anemia and malnutrition leads to IUGR and LBW babies.
ii. Paucity in breast feeding
Infant factors:
i. Lack of immunization leads to death by vaccine preventable diseases.
ii. Indoor pollution, lack of hygiene and non-immunized status leading to ARIs. Deficient
ARI program coverage
iii. ADD due to water pollution, lack of hygiene and lack of vaccination. Deficient ADD
program coverage
Steps that need to be taken:
i. General poverty alleviation measures
ii. IEC activities on nutrition in pregnancy, institutional delivery, hygiene and first aid for
ADD
iii. Immunization programme:
Strengthening with addition of IPV, rotavirus, HepB vaccines already done.
Ensuring universal coverage.
iv. Replacement of Chulah stoves with smokeless type
V. Universal coverage of ADD/ARI programs and IMNCI.
Cost of neglecting interventions:
i. Avoidable loss of human life.
ii. Economic burden on state
iii. Detrimental to productivity in future
IMR is one of the best predictors of state failure. It is high time the nation took note of
the situation.


Q--What is Green Tobacco Sickness? Examine its causes, symptoms and prevalence in
India.
The Hindu
Reference
Green Tobacco Sickness is a mild and acute form of Nicotine Toxicity in the patient. It
affects tobacco workers who have direct skin contact with tobacco plants during
cultivation and harvesting.The symptoms include Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Giddiness,
Loss of Appetite, Fatigue, weakness and fluctuations in blood pressure. It may lead to fever
and deteriorate the health of a gynae women .
India ranks third among the tobacco producing countries. It accounts for 7.9% of total
world production. Around 7 lakh growers and 5 lakh curers are engaged in tobacco
cultivation in India. Major states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal,
Odisha etc.
Prevalence of GTS is fairly high in the tobacco harvesters in India. Use of Gloves is
recommended for preventing this disease, which should be promoted by the government.

Green tobacco sickness causes refers to the dermal absorption of the nicotine through the
contact with wet tobacco plants. It is prevalent in the tobacco harvester who come in
contact with the wet tobacco leaves.
The workers are advised to let the leaves dry before harvesting them. It may also be the
result of the wet clothing coming in contact with the dry tobacco leaves.
Dizziness,headaches, vomiting and nausea are the common symptoms of the GTS. It may
also result into fluctuations in the blood pressure and heart beat. The difficulty in
breathing , increased sweating and salvation are considered symptoms of GTS. The
symptoms are visible in 1-2 days and may require urgent medical treatment.
Gujarat is the second largest producer of tobacco in the country accounting for 10.4
percent of the global output. 47 percent of the state tobacco workers are effected with
GTS, with 55% prevalence in female and 42% in males.
Nicotine poisoning adversely effects the development of the brain. Increased awareness
among the tobacco workers and stringent laws would provide adequate safeguards to the
workers.

Q-Critically evaluate how and with what results the fight against AIDS was carried out by
UN and the global community with special reference to India.
The Hindu
The United Nation has supported a wide range of activities and initiatives around the
world in its battle against HIV and AIDS. The creation of a coherent and effective long-term
campaign against the epidemic has been given new impetus by the UN Secretary Generals
call to action against HIV/AIDS and the proposed global funds on AIDS and health.
1. UN system recognizes the value of encouraging volunteers in its outreach work against
HIV/AIDS. The UN volunteers, together with UNAIDS and UNDP, has launched a unique
pilot project to enlist people living with HIV/AIDS to work as national UN volunteers in
their own communities.
2. The project helps set up support groups for AIDS orphans and their foster parents.
3. Provides technical assistance to help communities produce their own publications on
HIV/AIDS.
4. Supported by UNESCO, NAZ foundation (India) Trust is training young peer educators to
raise awareness on HIV/AIDS.
5. Young people who inject drugs and workers in the sex industry are being targeted in
programmes run by UNICEF.
6. Policies focused on prevention and a huge social mobilization have allowed India to
reduce new infections of HIV
India has made a significant progress in fight against HIV/AIDS in recent years. The number
of annual new infections has decreased. Moreover, UN is hoping to beat this killer disease
by 2030.

Q---Critically examine the reforms needed to make healthcare affordable and
universal in India.
The Hindu

To make it affordable and universal
1. Improve existing infrastructure and make investment in new infrastructure.
2. Give good salary to doctors ,so that they get attracted and work for government.
4. Open more medical college .so as to produce more doctors and nurses .
5. Rural areas should be the focus.
6. Encourage Ayurveda medicine , homeopathy,and some other traditional medicine ,
according to needs of certain area,like few people prefer them over western
medicine,and they are effective also ,but need to encourage their work shares
7. Effective governance so that those who found absent from there duties,strictly
punished.this itself can lead to improvement in affordable aspect.
8. Mobile health clinic concept to reach remote areas .
9. Insurance of all should also be one of the priority.so that poor can afford private
health care too.
11. Encourage foreign settled Indian doctors to come back and work for their
country,there are many who wants to do a lot for society ,but fed up with the red
tapism do not want to come back..
12. Same way encourage FDI .





India spends only 1.07% of its GDP on its health sector . This is far less than the
mandated threshold by the WHO(5%) , lowest among the BRICs and one of the
worst in the world . In this meager expenditure also , the share of the government is
only one third. The apathy towards the sector is reflected in the human development
indicators of the nation . Indias 52% children are malnourished , 59% stunted and
49% women anemic (Hungama report) . She also account for 27% of worlds TB
patients and an increasing number of MDR cases. Apart from this even the existing
structure of public health care is not properly maintained forcing people ,even poor ,
to opt for the private health care(IHDS report 70% out of the pocket expenditure is
on health).
All these factors indicate that there is a crisis situation in the sector and the imminent
reforms are needed. The government should utilize the existing public health
infrastructure effectively . This can be done via community involvement making the
system accountable(eg :Tamilnadu).
It may not be possible for the government to fulfill all the health requirement via
public sector . Thus the private sector should be utilized(better insurance schemes)
and made accountable.
The government has taken some initiatives like National rural health mission , Janani
Suraksha Yojana , bharat nirmal abhiyaan ,ASHA,ICDS etc. The requirement is religious
implementation of these schemes. The task may be tough but the successful polio
eradication proves that it is not impossible.

2. There is a need to make people aware of simple hygiene practices such as cleaning
hands, cooking nutritious food, keeping surroundings clean, prevent breading of
mosquitos, proper waste disposal etc
5. Proper regulators should be set up to ensure that healthcare provided in country is
quality health care.
6. The clinics and hospitals should be monitored so as to ensure governmental rule
and standards are followed.


Having strong bond with education & economy, healthcare has emerged as mainstay
of Indias inclusive development.
To make it affordable, quality medical colleges need to be established. Though it
needs political will & large capital for infrastructure, yet it is an investment for bright
future.
Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) at remote locations with appropriate medical staff
are badly needed. Further, existing PHCs are in dilapidated conditions. Thus a
dedicated task force for monitoring & ensuring availability of drugs & medical facilities
is pre-requisite for universal healthcare.
Recent step by Delhi government of online OPD registration may be extended to
whole India. Health kiosks in rural areas may be formed for awareness, information
dissemination & online OPD registration. Grievance redressal mechanisms should be
made effective & feedbacks obtained must be carefully analysed for improvement.
Some badly needed reforms like Insurance schemes for reducing out-of-pocket
expenses have been implemented. But they are marred by irregularities in exclusion &
inclusion of beneficiaries. These schemes need to be made result-oriented, attractive
& universal.
Irregularities, corruption & apathetic attitude of doctors are to be eliminated for
affordable & universal healthcare. Accessibility of healthcare should be improved
through e-governance. In essence, healthcare must be based on 5 A- Availability,
Accessibility, Affordability, Accountability & Absorptivity.

Q--How is the Human Development Index calculated? Critically analyse Indias ranking in
the 2014 HDI report.
Business Standard
Human Development Index is a measure of improvement in human capability to live a
better life. This is calculated and published every year by United Nation Development
Programme in its annual report called Human Development Report. It has three
components; health, education and income. Health component takes into account average
life expectancy at birth. Education head is measured by average years of schooling by an
adult aged 25 years and expected years of schooling of children just entering school.
Finally, gross national per capita income is the yardstick for the third component. The
geometric mean of normalized indices of all three dimension gives the value of HDI.
India ranks 135th among 187 nations with a score of 0.586, placed among medium human
development category. India is the worst performer among all BRICS nations. India falls far
behind many developing countries such as China, Thailand, Indonesia, Philipines and even
Srilanka and Vietnam! All this after two decades of high growth rate, where as Egypt,
marred by political uncertainity has performed better. However, the annual average
annual HDI growth rate of India during 1990-2011 is better than many high HDI countries.
In between 2000-2011 India(1.54%) has out performed China(1.43%).
HDI does not throw much light on poverty, income inequality, gender inequality etc.
Indias performance in gender inequality(127 rank) in not surprising since its
commonsense going by appalling state of women. India accounting for 40% of people with
multi dimensional poverty might shift our obsession from poverty line.
Reply



Q--Why do close to 70 per cent of Indias sick, mostly belonging to the poor or lower
middle class, choose to go to the private sector when there is ostensibly free healthcare in
the public system? Critically comment.
The Hindu
In the recent past, Bangladesh has improved upon the following health indicators:
i. Lowering MMR: The rate of no. of maternal deaths pet 1,00,000 live births have come
down by almost 66 % in span of last 20 years.
ii. Ahead of MDG target of 5.5 in reduction of MMR.
Reasons:
i. Women empowernment due to access to education and finance which makes them
aware of their health care.
ii. Governmental policy to encourage education among women and other people.
iii. Family planning awareness among womens which improves on the problems of
malnutrition and mental care of children which is not proper in big families.
iv. Improved access and use of health facilities like safe delieveries of children and health
nutrition.
Making universal health coverage alongwith affordable services their motive and
cooperation of the people in implementing these initiatives makes Bangladesh ahead of
India in health indicators.


Q--- Examine the causes of obesity around the world. Discuss its effect on health.
The Hindu
People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI),
[3]
a measurement
obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height,
exceeds30 kg/m
2
.

Overweight and obesity happen over time when you take in more calories than you
use.
Other Causes
An Inactive Lifestyle
Many Americans aren't very physically active. One reason for this is that many people
spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure
activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked
to overweight and obesity.
Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer
physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and
conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools.
People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the
calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your
risk for coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, and other
health problems.
Environment
Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages
obesity. Some reasons include:

Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area
parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be
physically active.

Work schedules. People often say that they don't have time to be physically
active because of long work hours and time spent commuting.

Oversized food portions. Americans are exposed to huge food portions in
restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and
even at home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people.
Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause
weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity.

Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people don't live in neighborhoods that
have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables.
Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly.

Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often
children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary
drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods,
and often they do.
Genes and Family History
Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart show that genes have a strong
influence on a person's weight. Overweight and obesity tend to run in families. Your
chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight
or obese.
Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on
your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical
activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment.
Health Conditions
Some hormone problems may cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive
thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome
(PCOS).
Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't make enough
thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause
weight gain. You'll also feel tired and weak.
Medicines
Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some
corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines.
Emotional Factors
Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time,
overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause overweight or obesity.
Age
As you get older, you tend to lose muscle, especially if you're less active. Muscle loss
can slow down the rate at which your body burns calories. If you don't reduce your
calorie intake as you get older, you may gain weight.
Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to aging and lifestyle, but menopause also
plays a role. Many women gain about 5 pounds during menopause and have more fat
around the waist than they did before.
Pregnancy
During pregnancy, women gain weight to support their babies growth and
development. After giving birth, some women find it hard to lose the weight. This may
lead to overweight or obesity, especially after a few pregnancies.
Lack of Sleep
Research shows that lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity.


Obesity is a physiology condition when weight of body exceeds body (height-weight
index) and symptoms of overweight tends to appear on body.with the
industrialisation and rapid modernisation of human civilisation ,more use of
technology in day to day activities increased,manual worked reduced gradually, with
consumption of more nutritious food ultimately leading to obesity.
obesity is global threat with 30% population is fatty and no country is immune to
it.highest rate of obesity is recorded among people of middle east and northern
Africa.
there is a strong link between income and obesity as people are getting richer,their
waistline also tend to start bulging.
obesity is linked with various Ill effect on health.
1.type 2 diabetes
2. heart disease and hypertension related disorders.
3.increase incidence of cancer
4.socially neglected particularly obese child
5.arthralgia pain in joints with age
6.lack of confidence personality disorder
7.threat of kidney failure as elevated level of ketons ,cretanin in blood
Solution lies with parental care,control on calories intake,promoting sports among
people of all age.

Type 2 diabetes

High blood pressure

Metabolic syndrome a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high
triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol

Heart disease

Stroke

Cancer, including cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovaries, breast, colon,
rectum, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate

Breathing disorders, including sleep apnea, a potentially serious sleep disorder in
which breathing repeatedly stops and starts

Gallbladder disease

Gynecologic problems, such as infertility and irregular periods

Erectile dysfunction and sexual health issues

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and can
cause inflammation or scarring

Osteoarthritis

Skin conditions, including poor wound healing
Quality of life
When you're obese, your overall quality of life may be lower, too. You may not be
able to do things you'd normally enjoy as easily as you'd like, such as participating in
enjoyable activities. You may avoid public places. Obese people may even encounter
discrimination.
Other weight-related issues that may affect your quality of life include:

Depression

Disability

Sexual problems

Shame and guilt

Social isolation

Lower work achievement

Q--Write a note on the mechanism of AIDS virus infection in humans. Explain the latest
breakthroughs in AIDS treatment.
The Hindu
How HIV Affects the Body
HIV is unique in its ability to compromise the immune system.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects the cells of the immune system. In
particular, HIV attacks and destroys the T helper lymphocytes, or T-cells, which are
crucial to the immune system and immune response.

HIV (human immuno deficiency virus) infection to human occurs through several modes,
prominent among them are through blood transfusions, unprotected sex, spread from
mother to child through pregnancy, feeding and other related activities. It is pertinent, to
understand the life cycle of HIV/AIDS virus when it infects human.
HIV being a retro virus infects the human immuno system called the CD4+ T-cells(the
defence mechanism). After infecting the target cells, the viral RNA genome (HIV) is
converted to viral DNA. The resulting viral DNA is imported to cell nucleus and integrated
with the cellular DNA, after this process the viral DNA and the host cell become latent and
avoids detection from immune system. Subsequently this viral genome replicates and
thereby spreading through out the body. The lack of detection from the immune system
and the loss of CD4+T-cells are the primary reason behind the struggle involved to produce
better drugs to cure this.
a)- HIV hides in a state of hibernation in CD4 cells. Yet CD4 cells are unable to fight HIV
themselves. This can be done by immune systems killer T-cells.
b)- But because killer T-cells cant detect the HIV hidden within CD4 cells they are unable
to attack and eliminate them from the body.
In latest breakthrough, an anticancer medicine is used to activate HIV hidden in the cell of
patients taking anti HIV drugs. Once activated these particles will go to the surface & signal
to immune system that this cell is infected & needs to be cleared from the body.


Q---According to reports and various opinions, the declining standards of medical
education coupled with poor health service delivery continue to be major national
concerns. Discuss the reforms needed in the health sector to improve the standards of
medical education and health delivery.
The Indian Express
India is home to officially 30 Crore people and same number in the lower middle class
layer. These are the people who are more susceptible to the diseases because their work
culture, amount they spent on health etc. With time no doubt the quantities of the
medical colleges and hospitals have been increased but quality remained status quo. There
are number of reasons as follow with needed reform.
Government Spending: Both on the educational side and on health, government still
spends less compared to other developing countries. Government need to streamline
delivery chain mechanism and regular inspection and accreditation renewal of institution.
High Fees for admission: With limited government seat, students need to opt for private
institution for medical seat for which they need to spend exorbitant fee ranging in crores
for their full course. After finishing student see Medical as a profession but as a business
and quality automatically decreases. Government need to open more institution keeping
eye on quality. Further fee structure of private institution shall be scrutinized thru
government lenses.
Same old Syllabus: With changing time, globalisation and interstate, international
exchange of people new diseases are getting introduced but to study the same equal focus
has not paid to syllabus.
Inadequate Teaching Faculty: The national Knowledge network established need to work
on war basis for having adequate teaching staff. Without teaching facility all exercise will
be futile.
Vacancy: Vacancies in PHC as well as CHC need to be filled urgently. Government need to
make PHC and CHC challenging and interesting profession with high pay, home posting etc.
Regulatory Body: For checking admission process, syllabus, fees structure etc a
independent body need to be created.
No doubt in country like India, every task is a mammoth one because of our numbers and
size. But it is not impossible to bring change. With Polio eradication we have shown it. Now
next shall be reforming medical sector and increasing quality of health facilities
Q==Critically comment on the design and implementation of the Rashtriya Ucchatar
Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) scheme.
The Indian Express
Rastriya Uchhatara Shikshya Abhiyan (RUSA) is a centrally sponsored scheme
promoted by ministry of Human Resource Development, aimed at reforming higher
education in India. Its objectives are:
Most of the colleges and universities are run y state governments and hence always
underfunded. RUSA will provide necessary funding for the reform initiatives.
Promoting autonomy of universities in academic, finance and governance matter by
doing away with the bureaucratic control.
Improving the quality of education by making the institutes follow certain standards
and compulsory accreditation for quality assurance.
Promote some institutes as research institutes to promote a culture of research.
This will make India a producer of knowledge rather than a consumer.
Reform the affiliation system to meet their resource and reform requirement
Availability of quality faculty
Correcting regional imbalance in access to higher education by establishing high
quality institutions in urban and semi-urban area.
Implementation of RUSA will bring sea change in higher education as per the demand
of the changing world and Indias own need. In addition to enhancing the
demographic dividend, this will attract students and faculties across the world. This
will be a boost for education tourism. Instead of sending students to foreign
countries, we will receive foreign students
>

Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) scheme introduced by government of
India for the development of higher education in state/ UT , as the state/UT managed
universities are not included in University Grants Commission (UGC) of India. The
education in India facing many problems such as poor infrastructure and technology,
inadequately trained teachers,lack of autonomy for institutions, absence of research
institute in universities, failure of develope international linkage etc. To deal with
these problems RUSA is introduced so that a better education plateform will be
develope.

RUSA is lacking far behind in implementation because it is still dealing with basic
problems of education like enrollment , infrastructure etc. For this there is a need of
proper management and new policies and also need to free education system from
the control of bureaucrats. Its a time to leave the blackboard age and enter into the
world of connectivity because innovation will comes with experience not by writing
essays. The reason behind degradation of Indian universities is not giving priority to
research. Further the serious efforts should be taken to attract foreign students to
India so that Indian faculties and students can easily go to abroad.
RUSA is still doing its best and it can do much better by introducing some innovative
planning and policies which can give a better future so that India can touch the new
heights of EDUCATION.


Q) Do you think a repeal and re-enactment of the Juvenile Justice (Care and
Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (the JJ Act), the countrys primary law dealing with
children in conflict with the law and children in need of care is needed? Explain why.
The Indian Express

The juvenile justice law 1986 deals with the crimes committed by the juveniles which
are defined under the act as any person below the age of 18. Thus juveniles are tried
by the special juvenile courts and are not punished by the ordinary courts under the
CrPc. Though the requirement of such a system is beyond doubt due to the young and
modifiable age of the child involved in a crime. But in the aftermath of the events like
Nirbhaya case and Mumbai Gang rape case, where some culprits virtually went
unpunished due their age, there has been voices to repeal or amend the JJ Act in the
cases where heinous crimes like rape and murders are involved.
The amendment to the JJ act which will exclude the culprits of the crimes like murder
and rape from its purview is the need of hour. Firstly the amendment will be only for
the persons above 16 years, thus not having any significant effect on the children
below that age. Further there should be a strong deterrent and no exception for
committing the grave crimes. Many developed countries like the US and UK have
similar provisions and India should move in the same direction. Because to protect the
right of so called child at the cost of right of justice of the victim when the crime is so
grave is not just.



There are discussions about amending the Juvenile Justice Act 2000 by the present
government for the only purpose of reducing the age for trying out children from 18
by one or two years. Recent rape incident in Delhi and after which juvenile who left
with the very minor punishment had made nervous the entire women centric
organisation, media and politicians according to their place in parliament.
Issue cant be solve with the just lowering when age itself is not the sole reason for
carrying out various crime which have been listed in the act. No doubt the act gives
opportunity to the juvenile to live a life after paltry punishment but it is warranted
too. The maturity in the child or the knowledge about the society starts to come from
the age of 11-12 in which he can be easily trapped by other disturbing entities to
commit crime.
Further it is on record that the crime committed by the childrens belong to the poor
families, destitute etc in which environment play the role and not the biological
factor.
Hence by just amending the age and not focusing on the core issues which calls these
innocent lives to commit the crime will be a mistake in long term though it will be a
soothing act for few. At the end we cannot have the right to snatch the entire life of
child for which he was unknowingly moulded.



20. Poverty and hunger issues

Q---When it comes to economic matters, the government is an enabler and facilitator. Its
primary job is to develop and maintain a system in which people the rich and the poor
can take steps by themselves to better their lives. In the light of the statement, critically
examine the nature of poverty removal programmes in India.
Business Standard
Economy of a country and its well-being surely depends on all the stake holders involved in
it like the Government, Investors(Public + Private), Human Capital) and if one overlaps the
other the economy will go down. This was the attitude of all the governments in power.
The state is acting as a mediator between the so called poor and the capitalists/investors.
The policies were biased towards just the so called peoples well-being.
This is where all the governments are going in a wrong way designed by politicians and
bureaucrats. The state should only be a facilitator and enabler. It should not try to give the
needy what they want instead teach the person to come out of their misery on their
own.(Teach to catch Fish instead of giving them the fish). provide the right impetus to
the industry and right skills to the human capital so that they can earn on their own.
But off-late government policies are recognizing this, with the introduction of Rashtriya
krishi vikas yojana and few others of the same. But if we see other schemes like
MGNREGA-scheme designed to uplift the poor, Food Security scheme though started on a
good note are major factors for rising fiscal deficits.
On this note, it is high time that the new govt in place should review these policies without
affecting the beneficiaries much and sending the wrong signal among the masses.

21. Important aspects of governance

Q--Indias inability to provide public services to its masses is hindering its growth. Why do
you think India is unable to deliver public services efficiently to all its citizens? Critically
comment.
Business Standard
The thumb rule for the governance is the capacity of the government to deliver the public
services to its masses effectively. Government of India seems to be falling behind in this
aspect. Though by various legislation and initiatives such as Food security mission, NHRM,
IAY, SSA among-st other the government has increased the services under its disposal. But
failure to derive any effective mechanism to provide these services to the needy has
questioned the propriety of the government. The inability of government has affected
growth in following ways.
Firstly, Lack of basic services that are essential for the human capital such as education,
health, food have negated any advantage of the demography for India.
Secondly, The inability of the government to provide infrastructural facilities such as road,
houses, irrigation have tended to keep the economical sector below its potential.
Inability of India to deliver public services may arise due to the following reasons.
Firstly, The rampant corruption in governmental machinery sucks much of the benefit
meant for the poor. As per one estimate in the PDS system only 42 percent grain reaches
the real beneficiaries.
Secondly, Lack of transparency and accountability, pressure from below, illiteracy,
negligence tends to promote inefficiency and diversion of the public services.
Thirdly, The ineffective grievances redressal mechanisms have tended to provide blankets
to wrong doings.
Fourthly, Failure of the government to properly integrate the technology in its overall
framework of public services have given rise to diversions, ghost beneficiaries,
misappropriation.
Recent efforts of the GOI through Aadhar platform, use of telenetworks, panchayat
empowerment seems to address lacuna-es in the public delivery of services.


Public services include education, healthcare, water, sanitation, providing driving
licenses/passports etc. by government. Even after 66 years of independence, Indias public
services delivery system remains inefficient.
Firstly, too many central flagship schemes make efficient implementation difficult. Rather,
trimming the more than 100 schemes to 10 will be easier to control and more successful.
Secondly, government programmes rather than being outcome-oriented and data driven,
are simply made rigidly on political whims. These must have limited objectives which can
be measured. Example: MGNREGA has about 7 objectives, and no tangible measurement
metrics are in place.
Thirdly, rigid allocation of funds for plan expenditure to states by Planning Commission
needs to be modified. States prefer their own models of development. Lumpsum
allocation by Finance Ministry and Finance Commission will help states engineer their own
growth.
Fourthly, outsourcing of public services to NGOs alongwith use of e-governance to monitor
their outcomes will introduce better efficiency in delivering services like education, health
etc. Also, more financial and functional autonomy cum flexibility to local bodies/district
administrations will lead to better implementation, as exemplified in Bihar where
Panchayat Sarpanches could effect better outcome of education by recruiting para-
teachers.
Therefore, public services delivery can be improved to a great degree by being outcome-
oriented, using technology, efficient grievance redressal, training personnel to be service-
oriented, punishing corrupt people etc. Passage of Public Service Delivery Acts by about 14
states is a step in right direction. Effective implementation will bring about better service
delivery at all levels of government.


Q--In your opinion, what are the major reasons behind delays in project clearances in
India and what are its consequences? Critically examine.
The Hindu

India ranks among the bottom 50 nations in terms of ease of doing business, and one
of the main reasons is the prolonged delays in project clearances. Project clearances
are needed mainly to ensure that the project does not excessively harm the
environment.
The main reasons behind delays in project clearances are
a) inefficiency on the part of clearance agency
b) poor project formulation on the part of the project promoter.
Ministry of Environment and Forest is in charge of granting environmental clearances.
The environmental impact of projects is assessed by the Expert Appraisal Committee
which then forwards its recommendations to the ministry. The ministry often takes a
lot of time to grant the clearance even after the recommendations of the EAC have
been received.
Poor project formulation is the second main reason. The promoters of the project do
not design the project keeping in view the environmental impacts of the project. This
results in the ministry asking the promoters to redesign the project to minimize the
environmental impact.
Delays in project clearances have serious consequences for the economy. In India,
stalled projects in critical areas are one of the prime reasons for slowdown in
industrial activity and thus the economic growth. Delays due to inefficiency on part of
clearance agency also affects the investor sentiments negatively which leads to
slowdown in investment which further aggravates the problem of slowdown in
growth. The government must ensure that there are no delays on its part.






The main hurdle is clearances required where a project is in forest areas are
environmental and forest clearance and this leads to massive delay as often one is
given and other is held back, and SC in its recent judgement said that these two
clearances should be simultaneously given.
And when critical analysis is done in your second point related to promoters you could
have added that when development and envt are at loggerheads, it is the envt that
have to suffer modification and not development. Just tweaking a line or two makes
your answer more appealing.
And in consequences, stalled projects directly leads to rising NPA crisis for banks and
hence economy as a whole goes spiral down.
And another consequence is that this attitude on part of promoter further promotes
apathetic attitude towards envt in society.
Its a very basic consequence but since you will point it in ur answer relating points to
it, it will definitely fetch good marks.







Delays in project clearances especially green clearances are cited as one of the
reasons that have stalled growth and raised costs of various infra projects. Such
delays could be due to various reasons.
One is built up inefficiencies in appraisal process. This may be because of excessive
red Tapism where projects are stuck at multiple layers due to delays in data collation
from different source or lack of inter sectors of inter ministerial coordination over big
ticket projects spanning multiple sectors.
Second, due to disagreements among various agencies involved in appraisal. Projects
requiring forest clearance under FCA 1980 and EPA 1986 are appraised by expert
advisory committee based on EIA reports. Disagreements over EIA report or delay in
preparing EIA reports can also cause delay.
Finally judicial and social activism can stall projects in many cases. For eg ban on iron
ore mining imposed by SC in goa can also result in delays.
Th immediate consequence is the continuous rise in cost of projects. Scarce capital
resources of private sector and govt alike gets locked up due to want of clearances. If
loans are raised through banks, they risk of turning into bad assets increasing the
provisioning costs for banks and erosion of their profitability. The stalled projects in
core sectors like mining, power plants and infrastructure sectors reduces the gross
capital formation and hence negatively affects the investment climate and GDP
growth.
It is no surprise then that India ranks at more than 100 globally for ease of doing
business.
In all, streamlining the appraisal process by eliminating inefficiency should be the
priority. The proposed national environment appraisal and monitoring authority (
NEAMA ) in noteworthy in this regard. However the quality of appraisal must not be
compromised.



Q---Write a note on Mee Seva project of Andhra Pradesh government.
Business Standard
Ans. Mee Seva is an e-Governance initiative of Government of Andhra Pradesh, which
aims to bring citizen-centric services to their doorsteps through the use of information
technology.
This initiative works on Public-Private partnership model, where a large number of citizen
centers are run by self-employed youths. Citizens can avail various government services
such as payment of taxes, issue of telephone connections, driving license etc through
these centers. The requests made through this channel is available in public domain, so
that the time taken to dispose applications could be tracked and transparency could be
introduced in the working of the Government.
This initiative has helped in taking the government closer to citizens, saving time and
money of citizens to avail these services, improving coordination among various
departments for the delivery of services. Besides this, it has also generated a large number
of employment opportunities for educated youth to get employment through the citizen
centers, thus contributing to the inclusive growth of the society.

Mee Seva project of Andhra Pradesh Government is one of the largest e-governance or e-
service delivery projects by a government in the world. It saves almost Rs 1000 Cr per year
(Rs 1000 saving for 10 million annual transactions) for citizens and businesses. Hence, it
has been hailed as a best practice model, for emulation by other states and governments
in the world.
As per Mee Seva, a number of government services (delivery of driving licenses,
birth/death certificate etc.) are being provided via Internet to the citizens. Digitally signed
document copies are provided. Private-public partnership model is leveraged in this
innovative system, whereby 25,000 trained youth have become digital agents to provide
these services for a nominal fee throughout the state.
Overcoming attitudinal lethargy was a hurdle at the beginning, yet with speedy
implementation of the project every nay-sayer was enthusiastic and political will also saw
this project through.
Therefore, this project recently won an excellence award for E-governance. Such public
service delivery projects using ICT must be leveraged for efficient governance throughout
India, so that citizens are benefitted by minimising of red-tape and adherence to service
time limits.

22. Transaparency and accountability (institutional and other measures)

Q--Comment on the highlights of the Whistleblowers Protection Bill, 2011
The Hindu

Whistleblowing is the act of disclosing information by an employee or any stakeholder
about an illegal or unethical conduct within an organisation. The whistle blowers
protection bill, 2011 seeks to protect such whistleblowers.
The provisions of the bill are

Any public servant or any other person including a non-governmental organisation
may make a disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal
offence by a public servant to the Central(CVC) or State Vigilance Commission.

Every complaint has to include the identity of the complainant.

The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to
the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person
who has disclosed the identity of the complainant upto Rs 50000)
-The Bill prescribes penalties for knowingly making false complaints
-An aggrieved party by an order of the Vigilance Commission may file an appeal to the
High Court.
Issues
-It only regulates Government of Indias bureaucracy and not the private sector and
State governments.
-it does not provide any penalty for victimising a complainant nor does it include
anonymous complaints. These are against the recommendations of Bill of the Law
Commission and the 2nd Administrative Reform Commissions report

-The CVC itself cannot serve penalties or punishments. It is advisory in nature.
-The bill unlike its counterparts in UK, US and Canada define disclosure very narrowly
despite amendments to it recently and doesnt even define victimisation
Despite such loopholes however, the whistle blowers act is definitive step forward
and along with the RTI can shift our present culture of zero tolerance of
whistleblowing to a culture of zero tolerance of whistleblower retaliation.





Whistelblowers Protection Bill, 2011 which recently got passed in the parliament and
received Presidents assent is a powerful legislation which provides for
institutionalised mechanism to protect and encourage those who disclose information
on corrupt practices and/or abuse of power by government officials.



India , a signatory of United Nations convention on corruption , passed the whistle
blowers bill ,2011. This bill protects the public servant who discloses any act of abuse
/misuse of public servant leading to self-aggrandizement or loss to the public
exchequer .
a. The bill tries to balance between any undue harassment of a public servant for
frivolous complaints and protection of the complainant from extraneous forces or any
vested interests.



The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection to Persons Making the Disclosure Bill,
later renamed as Whistle-blower Protection Bill, 2011 was passed by parliament
recently. Main highlights of the bill are-
1) This Bill seeks to protect whistle-blowers, i.e. persons making a public interest
disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a
public servant. Any public servant or any other person including a non-governmental
organization may make such a disclosure to the Central or State Vigilance
Commission.
2) Every complaint has to include the identity of the complainant. The Bill does not
provide for admission of anonymous complaints by the competent authority. The
Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the
head of the department if he deems it necessary. It could have gone a step further in
protecting the complainants identity permanently and ensuring protection.
3) This Bill seeks to protect whistle-blowers but does not provide for any penalty for
harassing a public servant/ any other person making a disclosure.
4) The Bill penalizes any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant. It
prescribes penalties for knowingly making false complaints. This will create fear and
act as hurdle to the complainants, thus many offenses may go unreported.
5) An attempt to commit a criminal offence by a public servant is also covered under
this Act. Judges of the Supreme Court and high courts are, however, not covered by
the definition of a public servant as given under the Bill.
7) Other probable flaws in the Bill would be that it differs on many issues with the
proposed Bill of the Law Commission and the second Administrative Reform
Commissions report. This bill has not mentioned the time limit, burden of proof,
definition of victimization etc. which may create ambiguity later.
The Bill is expected to establish an effective mechanism in checking and eradicating
corruption in the country. Only time will prove whether this is possible or not.

Q--Which two colonial era laws would you like to see repealed or replaced and why?
Critically comment.
Business Standard
Sadly after seven decades of many colonial era laws are waiting to be replaced. Indian
Police Act 1861 and section 377 of IPC are two such examples.
Police act 1861 was enacted in response to the sepoy mutiny of1857 to prevent another
revolt. This became an instrument of terror to perpetuate colonial rule. This authoritarian
attitude still conspicuous in police. Moreover, our police recruitment, appointment,
promotion, training, resources are still archaic; our ex- colonial master has overhauled its
police force. Keeping in mind the new and important role of police the current statute
needs to be replaced.
Inspired by Voctorian mores, section 377 of IPC criminalises any Carnatic intercourse
against the order of nature. It means anyone, not necessarily transgenders, indulged in
any kind of unnatural sex has committed a criminal offence. Since LGBT communites
have no other choice but to indulge in unnatural sex, they are the prime victim of this
draconian law. This is indeed a breach of privacy of an individual and an assault on human
rights of LGBT community. Again, UK has recently legalized same sex marriage, moving
away from its own regressive thought.
Repeated direction by honorable Supreme Court to bring comprehensive change in police
act has fallen on deaf year, which is concerning. Apex court verdict on section 377 came as
a shock but it can be changed by an amendment by Parliament
Third======Section 124-A IPC: Offence of sedition under 124A is the doing of certain act
which would bring the Government established by law in India into hatred or contempt, or
create disaffection against it.




23. E-Governance (applications, models, successes, limitations, potential)




24. Role of Civil Services in a democracy.


25. India and its Neighbourhood (relations)

Q--Critically discuss Indias border problem with Pakistan.
The Hindu
Indo-Pak relation has been hold hostage to various border disputes since independence,
some of the major issues are:
1. Kashmir Conflict: It is a major bone of contention causing harm to relation of both the
countries. It is a border as well as ideological issue. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its own
being majority Muslim state and India its own because of Kashmirs accession to India. A
LOC has been demarcated dividing Kashmir, various solution has been proposed for
resolution of issue. However, the best outcome can be marking LOC as international
border.
2. Siachein issue: It is an area overseeing the Karkoram range and is under Indian
possession since 1980s. The dispute arises because of improper demarcation of LOC in
Shimla agreement.

Sir- Creek issue: It is a marshy area in the Rann of Kutch, more than the strategic
important the area is important because the resource rich Exclusive economic one which
comes with it.


The disputes have adversely affected the development of the region. The threat of
terrorism and militancy in the region have reduced the growth potential. The presence of
the armed forces under the AFSPA in the region has worsened the condition of the people
in the region.
There have been efforts undertaken to increase the cooperation by trade normalization
and starting bus services across border.
The people of Kashmir have been denied their right to develop due to acts of terrorism in
the region. It would be essential for the two sides to agree on a peaceful resolution for the
stability in the region.

Q--The Ministry of External Affairs needs to consider internal affairs and engage
important players within the country too. In the light of giving consideration to federal
compulsions in the foreign policy, critically comment on the statement.
Business Standard
In the recent past India has faced stiff opposition to its foreign policy, not so much from
outside but more so from within. The federal compulsions and conflicting demands of the
centre and the state have created a foreign policy crisis of sorts.
India is a union of states and there is a need to ensure that regional aspirations are given
as much considerations as national interests while formulating any policy, whether related
to internal matters or external. But at times the compulsions of strategic interests are so
high that they weigh heavily over the regional sentiments. Federal units at such times are
expected to cooperate with the state to further the interests of the nation. Only problem is
that our recent history does not reflect that.
There have been several cases in recent years where foreign policy has suffered due to
constricted populist approach of the states. Whether it be the stand of West Bengal
regarding Teesta river water sharing and border agreement or the Tamil Nadus stand on
Srilanka leading to foreign policy failure during CHOGM, the image of India as a
cooperative neighbour has been dented.
This has given way to other nations to fill in the void. Chinese String of Pearl policy and
now its Silk route policy will ensure that Chinese hegemony in the region will grow, until an
active coordination between centre and states develops that can insulate the national
policy from state bias and populism.




Q--Write a critical note on the recent political crisis in Thailand.
The Hindu
The current crisis in Thailand began in late 2013 triggered by a government amnesty bill.
Critics claimed that it could allow PMs exiled brother Thaksin Shinawatra, who was ousted
by a coup in 2006, to return. Street protests blockaded key junctions and demanded
peoples council in place of the government. In response the prime minister Yingluck
Shinawatra downgraded her government to a caretaker and called for early election in
February. The protesters known as the Yellow shirts, and the Democrats wanted the
elections to be annulled and boycotted the polls.
A Constitutional Courts controversial ruling recently ousted Yingluck and that has
infuriated her supporters, known as the Red Shirts, for what they say was a politically
motivated verdict. The Peoples Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) appoint an
unelected prime minister. The Red Shirts responded by calling their own rally in support of
democracy on the outskirts of Bangkok. The meltdown threatens to take the form of a civil
war. Another danger would be the splitting of the army itself.
The crisis is severely affecting the countrys economy specifically the tourism sector the
mainstay of Thai economy.
The opposition demands reform before elections; the government the reverse.Protesters
need to accept that the views of a majority as expressed at the ballot box cannot
systematically be overturned by the minority. The government, its supporters and Thaksin
need to accept that long-term stability requires that their opponents concerns be
addressed.

Q--Critically comment on the rise of communism in Nepal. What is its present
ideology? What is Indias position vis a vis Nepals communist parties? Explain.


Ans-Communism in Nepal originated against the then feudal society under monarchy.
It grew up as an armed rebellion which was ultimately successful. Then it opted to
reconcile with the constitutional democracy model of government. But the party
ideology and internal dynamics are yet to change in line with this new situation.

The unified communist party of Nepal (maoists) was formed in 1994 after a prolonged
civil war in nepal .It was launched to uproot the monarchy and feudalism from the
country.It started as a guerrilla warfare and is now a political party in nepal.
The ideology of the communist party was influenced by the chinas communist
revolution under mao zedong.The Maoists announced a Peoples War , under the
slogan: Let us march ahead on the path of struggle towards establishing the peoples
rule
There has been a radical shift from its policy of the past where it has embraced the
democratic values and norms.It is now actively partcipating in the formation of new
constitution and the policy process of nepal .however the recent trend indicates a
turnaround where the party president has called for asocial revolution.
Today, the communist forces in Nepal are divided over the way forward. While their
leader, Prachanda, wants the country to developing economically using capitalist
approach while ensuring social development, others such as Bhattarai insist that
completing the social revolution must be the first priority.




Observers thought that India would never accept Maoists in Nepal as Indian government
was deeply worried about the Maoists strong anti India dialects. And moreover, the
linkage between the Nepal s Maoists and Indian Maoists was also causing a headache for
India . But contrary to all the popular beliefs, india changed its outlook and supported the
Maoists party alliance.
Indian administration sensed that Nepal was slowly inching towards a failed state status.
They feared that a failed Nepal poses a serious threat for India , which is affected by
Maoist movements of her own, than a stable Nepal with Maoists in the mainstream of
Nepalese politics.

Q--Critically comment on Sri Lankas efforts of reconstruction in its Northern and
Eastern regions post 2009 war on LTTE.
The Hindu
Though the civil war in Sri Lanka ended the LTTE and reduced the disturbances ,
Concerns have been raised for the political devolution of powers and ensuring
accountability of the attacks, little has been done for the social and economic
reconstruction.
The disruption in the region had reduced production potential and capital
accumulation. The lack of investment in the region for the development of industries
has aggravated the economic concerns. The capital infusion for reconstruction has
been utilized by the private contractors and external labours.
Little has been done on the fisherman concerns on Indian trawlers. The lack of safety
net against the vagaries of nature has increased the vulnerability of the agricultural
sector.
Though there has been an increase in the infrastructure, connectivity and banking
services , little has been done for the reconstruction recognizing the social and
economic concerns. Rising indebtness of the people has driven them to middle east
countries for employment. This has increased the vulnerability of the women subject
to abuse and violence.
It should be realized that the reconstruction recognizing the social and economic
concerns is as essential as ensuring political accountability. India should complement
its infrastructure construction by providing technical and capital assistance for greater
employment opportunities.Efforts should be undertaken to promote the growth of
cooperatives and small scale industries in the effected region to engage the labour in
constructive employment .




some positive aspects post 2009, like global concern of Human rights violations and
thus UN resolution, Presidents of Sri Lankas vocal commitment to bring back the left
out Tamils into mainstream political and economic stream.




Three decades long civil war between Sri Lankan Government & LTTE came to an end
in 2009 and reconstruction program for the redevelopment & making up to the par
was started but it is not upto the mark.
The northern & eastern regions are suffering from different kind of basic problems
like electrification, transport facilities & specially food availability.
Even most of the citizens are suffering from indebtedness, poverty, insecurity due to
meager support from the government. Consequently, they are committing suicides.
Women, low castes and poor people are the worst affected section. People are
starving for the basic facilities but four complete years has been passed and rate of
reconstruction is very low.

Q--Critically comment on Rohingya related controversy in Myanmar.
The Hindu
Rohingya muslims in Mynmmar are one of the worlds most persecuted minorities.
This ethnic community is going through an identity crisis; their citizenship and civil
rights are trampled by Mynmmar authorities. While all the historical records confirm
that Mynammer always had a significant muslims population, they are labelled as
Bangladeshi immigrants in Buddhist dominated Mynammer. Mynammr is still largely a
military junta and because their is no active civil society or media, the government is
getting away with its unconscionable acts like ethnic cleansing. Due to this identity
crisis in their homeland, Rohingya muslims are fleeing to neighboring areas of
Bangladesh and India. And this is resulting into ethnic clashes in those areas too. This
is an account of people who are alienated from their land and identity.







Violence in Myanmar is not purely an ethnic conflict but ethnic cleansing. It is not a
case in which two factions clash with each other purely because of differences
between them but a case in which, state actions provoke violence and there exists
overt support by the same to one group. The ethnic tensions between the Buddhist
dominated Myanmar and Rohingya Muslim minority are ever present and boil into
violence in no time.
The discrimination of the minority group by the state is the cause of the latest series
of violent incidents. The Rohingya are not recognized as citizens and cannot exercise
many basic rights which essential for leading a dignified life. Infact, UN considers them
as the most persecuted minorities. The absence of basic medical care and inhuman
treatment in relief camps, rather concentration camps, are testimonial to the degree
of state persecution.
The ruling junta over the years has been involved in systematic cleansing of the
minority group through oppression and mass expulsions without any fear or
opposition. They got away because of the military rule and absence of free
expression. Myanmar after years of military rule is taking baby steps towards
democracy, thanks to the international pressure for several decades now. But, no
democracy can justify unfair treatment of minorities let alone their persecution. It is
imperative for the international community to pressurize the ruling government to
end this genocide and work for the establishment of a peaceful and harmonious
society. Only then will Myanmar become a true democracy and the international
community rest.


Q--Critically comment on recent political crisis in Thailand. Examine what role can
India play to resolve this crisis in Thailand.
The Hindu
The Thailand Crisis has multiple causes, however it is most strongly an internal
political crisis, due to weak democratic values.
The Background :
The Red Shirts party of Shingluck, has been asked to step down by the Constitutional
Court of Thailand due to abuse of power. In reality, it is a move activated by the
Yellow Shirts ( who represent the industrialists and the elite ) who see their interests
being severely constrained in the rule of the pro poor Red Shirts.
Truth is that even the Red Shirts are at fault, as they have tried to give amnesty to
people accused of crimes and corruption.
The Monarch , who is the symbolic head has so far not taken any sides.
The military continues to play a strong role in a weak democracy, No side wanted to
compromise, and this meant a civil war threat.
Indias interests :
Thailand is pivot to Indias look east policy. It has helped Indias entry into the
ASEAN, and we have had a good relationship irrespective of the party in power.
India also has significant investment in Thailand and recently an Early Harvest
Agreement was signed to increase trade and commerce.
There is no immediate threat to our economic interests, as was observed in the
previous coup before 2006. However, India would like to have a strong democratic
government, which will be helpful in meaningful engagement between the two
governments. It would also be needed to have a stable and secure Asian environment.
We should wait and watch as the situation unfolds.


It has experienced a socio-economic change over past 4-5 decades. Many of the
Thailands original peasantry who were largely disenfranchised, dislocated from the
national mainstream have started to become more involved and integrated into
national life. corruption and double standards of the government.
passing the Amnesty bill, populist policies, violation of fundamental rights
There are deep and adverse Economic implications on Thailand and between its
neighbors. Indias relations with Thailand are very good and this unrest is not going to
affect India-Thai relations, but will delay the various economic projects like the
trilateral highway project between India, Myanmar and Thailand. Thailand can prove
to be Indias natural gateway into the ASEAN region. With Indias Look East Policy
being complimented by Thailands Look West Policy. India can help the Thai people
to reestablish democracy peacefully by forming an opinion involving the ASEAN
members.

Q--Critically evaluate Pakistan militarys strategic depth doctrine. Do you think its
relevant in the light of recent developments in the region? Examine.
Business Standard
The strategic depth doctrine, a concept emerged in early 1980s in Pakistan, Mirza aslam
beg , being the architect pursued to utilize Afghan territories at times of attack from
neighbors such as India and Russia. In recent decades, concept has evolved significantly in
multiple dimensions and defeats the core objectives of it. In the midst of these
developments, various jihadi groups of the Balochistan, creating instability, devoiding
Pakistan of pursuing its ill set of ideologies through this doctrine.
This doctrine has emerged in to two set of perspectives, first, the original concept of using
Afghan territories is defeated and replaced by , influencing ,Afghan territories by its
military and non military interventions to enhance peace and security. This is achieved by
fighting the trouble causing jihad groups and also lending economic and cultural assistance
to government and making it an ally. Second perspective, completely negates the first
perspective, by assisting Taliban and similar jihadi groups to serve the hidden Pakistan
interests and hence forth controlling the region and creating hostile situation for the
neighbours. Contrasting perspectives have made it difficult at the world stage to get clarity
on this doctrine.
The recent episodes of increased violence across the Durand line and in the Wazirstan
region has back fired the Pakistan policy and makes it relevant by basis of strategic
doctrine concept. To serve its purpose of either empowering or destabilizing Afghanistan,
it has to eliminate the anti Pakistan jihad groups, so is the accelerated military operations
been carried out across Balochistan recently. The challenge with the military is to pursue
the balancing acts with the pro Pakistan and anti Pakistan jihadi groups and related
governmental intricacies. Eliminating jihad groups is faced with serious obstacles and the
lack of international support to reach consensus in its military motive has been
questioned.

Q--Critically comment on the relevance of Gujral Doctrine to Indias foreign policy vis a
vis its neighbours.
Business Standard
Gujral Doctrine was propounded by the former Prime Minister I. K. Gujral when he was the
external affairs minister in 1997. The Gujral doctrine was a five-point roadmap which
sought to build trust between India and neighbors, of solution to bilateral issues through
bilateral talks.
The Doctrine emphasizes on the importance of unilateral accommodation for friendly
and warm relations with Indias neighbors. India has used Gujral Doctrine in many matters
like sharing Ganga water with Bangladesh, settle border dispute with china, confidence
building talks and people to people contact with Pakistan.
For India and Neighbors, Gujral doctrine is still relevant today. The rising of Chinas
influence in the region cant be controlled without the mutual cooperation between south
Asian countries. To become global power in sync with its stature, India needs a peaceful
neighborhood.
Today, Afghanistan is resisting radical forces functioning from across the Durand Line. And
in the wake of US forces withdrawal in 2015, Taliban forces are getting stronger day by
day. Bangladesh is engaged in power struggle between secular and radical illiberal forces.
Both these states need India standing alongside them in their struggle to construct a stable
and plural democracy.
Engaging a civilian Pakistani regime may become part of a wider approach to control
extremism and militarism in the subcontinent. Beyond terrorism, India has a willingness to
establish non-discriminatory trade relations with Pakistan.
This doctrine aims at confidence-building, changing mindsets, placing procedures and even
issues against a larger and longer perspective of national interest. Indias vast physical size,
large population and its economy and military power in relation to its smaller SAARC
neighbors can be intimidating. Hence, Gujral doctrine may help smaller partner to feel
comfortable relationship with India.


Extra (explanation):
The five principles are:
1. With neighbors like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India does not
ask for reciprocity, but gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.
2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of
another country of the region.
3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
4. All South Asian countries must respect each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.
Overall, Indian economy needs to be integrated and SAARC FTA needs Gujral Doctrine to
become a success.

Q--Critically comment on Indias doctrine of strategic autonomy and its efforts towards its
pursuit.
The Hindu
The Indian Express - Reference
Strategic autonomy means a set of strategies aimed at balancing independence of foreign
policy as well as to inculcate close relations with necessary partners. Strategic autonomy is
a realist version of non alignment. Unlike non alignment it is not a concrete foreign policy
doctrine.
Indias usage of strategic autonomy has been varied and inconsistent. India has frequently
not cooperated with USA citing strategic autonomy but when it comes to increasing naval
exercises in the Indian Ocean it has shied away.

For India, strategic autonomy implies increasing its naval presence in Indian Ocean to
prevent any Chinese buildup, secure its sea lanes of communication, improve relations
with Chinese neighbourhood which are wary of Chinese dominance, increase its hard
power capability etc. but what has been pursued in reality is nowhere near mainly due to
fear of provoking china.
Strategic autonomy has not given Indias foreign policy any clear direction nor prioritises
one goal over another.But, in the present multi polar world order, strategic autonomy
could well be the modification non alignment needs to stay relevant. Strategic autonomy if
pursued vigorously as done by Russia and China could have immense potential for Indias
global leadership prospects.




Q---Critically examine the changing role of military in Pakistans domestic and foreign
affairs in recent years.
The Hindu
Until around sometime in 2007, military in Pakistan was the strongest institution. For six
decades after Independence, Pakistans military, specifically its Army, has reigned supreme
over the political economy of Pakistan.
However, since 2007, militarys hegemony has been challenged by the Judiciary,
Parliament and to some degree, until recently, the media.
Signs of breaking of military hegemony
symbolic indictment of General Pervez Musharraf himself.
The military in Pakistan is also responsible for its fall from grace, after having had to
explain the presence of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, Americas night raid to kill him and
numerous insider attempts to attack Pakistans military personnel.
There is also a sense that the narrative in Pakistan may have shifted towards democracy,
away from military rule at least for the moment.
Despite Pakistan militarys denuded power, it still remains an influence in public policy and
has the ability to conduct another coup. While military-led governments in Pakistan have,
ironically, benefitted India-Pakistan relations, they have been disastrous for Pakistan
One needs to be reminded that such transitions, where civilian institutions begin to
dominate and when the military recedes, can take years. In countries where the military
has ruled for so long it takes around a decade in losing its supreme power. In the case of
Indonesia, for example, it took almost a decade before the military lost even its power to
veto key civilian decisions.
Conclusion
Pakistans civil and political dispensation need to speed up democratic transition by being
more assertive, efficient in delivering services and justice, and be a little less afraid.

Q--Comment on the maritime boundary and sovereignty over islands issue between India
and Sri Lanka.
The Hindu
Sri Lanka is Indias southern maritime neighbor, and both have a thin strip of water
between them, known as Palk strait and Gulf of Mannar.
The maritime boundary between both countries has been derived according to
International Laws. But, serious disputes have arisen due to following factors
(1) Coastal fisherman issue Traditionally people living on coastal Tamil Nadu and Costal
Sri-Lanka have been navigating the whole maritime area and fishing freely. Creation of two
nations and separate boundaries have resulted in livelihood issues for these fisherman
with constant arrests being made from both sides of those fishermen who cross maritime
boundaries.
(2) Island issue There is dispute over Kacchatheevu Islands which come under Sri Lankas
maritime boundary and its sovereignty was accepted by government of India during
1970s. Island is barren but according to International rule, ownership of such Islands
results in considerable Maritime boundary advantage. So, this resulted in new demand by
Tamil Nadu to take back the Islands due to fisherman problems.
Both these problems can be solved by talks and dialogue, which should include the
fishermen who are severely affected from any agreement from both sides. Also, Islands
cant be taken forcefully and International law needs to be respected. So, India should take
steps with care and diplomatically.

Q---Critically examine water related disputes between India and its Eastern Neighbours
including China.
The Hindu
The Hindu
Water conflicts within and between nations are endemic all over the globe where water
demand is high because of population growth and development needs. Indias partition
after independence and the integration of its princely states resulted in redrawing of our
map, giving rise to new disputes over water rights.
In most of the water issues with our neighboring nations, it has been observed that they
are essentially the result of the political deficit between the nations which hampers a
resolution of even minor water issues between the two.
For instance;
INDIA-BANGLADESH Relationship revolves more around the issue of illegal immigrants,
Chakma refugees, insurgency operations, border demarcation, trade balance; etc which
are the actual hurdles for the resolution of water issue. Teesta river and Ganges river
dispute ( farakka barrage)- still exist despite various treaties signed for Ganges in the past.
One of the reason for this being trust deficit among both the nations.
INDO- CHINA Relationship : China has several projects in west-central Tibet that may
reduce the river water flow into India & Bangladesh. There are reports that China is
planning to divert huge amount of the Brahmaputra from south to north to feed the
Yellow River. If this is true, India will face a severe crisis once the Chinese projects are
completed. Many of the hydel projects in the Northeast India may have to be shelved.
There are a number of FACTORS RESPONSIBLE for continued water disputes between the
nations:
LACK OF POLITICAL CONSENSUS between the nations is a big hurdle for any resolution to
be passed.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS : Another bone of contention b/w countries has been the
nature of hydroelectric projects and devastation they inflict upon the environment. For
instance, SUNDERBANS, the worlds largest coastal forest, a world heritage site shared by
India and Bangladesh and vital for fish, are drying out due to absence of fresh water supply
because of farakka dam.
ASSYMETRY OF SIZE AND RESOURCES : Bangladesh, being lower riparian and a water
abundant country faces seasonal shortages and India being the upper riparian with larger
population, this situation has the potential to cause insecurity and friction between the
two countries.
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION: All the information regarding flows and releases is
kept secret. The river disputes lack the reliable data in terms of river flow rates and water
utilization. It lacks coordination between the respective governments.
ABSENCE OF INSTITUTIONALIZED STRUCTURE: The entity that is responsible for overseeing
any water issues between the two countries, the JRC (Joint Rivers Commission) , is
considered to be without much strength, as its powers are ultimately determined by the
political leaders of the two countries.
DOMESTIC POLITICS: Another problem is the sharp polarization of domestic politics in
various countries. Unless, domestic politics are resolved and all parties realize the
importance of cooperation on water, within the country, bilateral cooperation on water
will be difficult to achieve.
Hence to conclude, a collaborative effort is required between India and its neighbors
including China, Bangladesh and all other neighbors to study the Himalayan glaciers as
they are the source from where the rivers affecting all these countries, originate.
Moreover, great care and a broad consensus will be required, for water is life and none
will give up water easily.


Q--Critically examine the Permanent Court of Arbitration verdict on the India-Bangladesh
maritime dispute and its implications for India in future.
Business Standard
Permanent Court of Arbitrations judgement resolved a long standing dispute between
India and Bangladesh on maritime EEZ. The verdict awarded 4/5th of the dispute area to
Bangladesh leaving 1/5th for India with a grey zone in Bangladesh over which India holds
suzerainity.

The verdict has both immediate and long term consequences. Though India lost a potential
oil & gas reserve, and a large fishing zone, it removed ambiguity around exploration and
fishing activities.
The verdict may bring India and Bangladesh closer paving way for transit corridor to
India to access North east. India learnt a lesson to resolve important border dispute on
bilateral term rather than opting for uncertain PCA verdict.
In future India should opt for purposeful litigation to solve petty but festering issues.
Bilateral negotiation and non- receprocity with long term gains for India should guide
border dispute resolutions.



Q-- In your opinion what role should India play to have a friendly relationship with
its neighbours, especially with SAARC members? In the light of its policy towards its
neighbours in recent years, critically comment.
The Hindu

The word SAARC captures association only in letter not in spirit. Formed to cohese the
region, it has far from doing it. Primary reason for it is mutual antagonism arisen
between mostly India and other countries from the time of independence and also for
natural resources.
The geographical location of india is such that each country borders only india and has
to pass india in order to reach other country. This places india in central location.
However successive governments have failed to leverage its size and location to its
advantage. Foreign policies have been guided by different bordering states, rather
than centre.
SAARC dialogues have been overwhelmed by india Pakistan issues, so the other
constituents feel let down. Dialogues have been continuous with few breaks, but
largely with no fruit.
The new governments move is been hailed by many. It is just the kind of start the
country was looking for. The dialogue process should be intense and should respect
the sovereignty of each nation. Above all, panchsheel principles should be the mantra
in every talk and treaty.+ gujral doctrine
Mutual benefit will appease as well as encourage others to follow the same suite.







Indias foreign policy till recently was mostly focused on the relations with the
west(Europe and US) and ,Pakistan and, China , ignoring other neighbors . Thus
SAARC did not become a cohesive economic union like ASEAN and merely remained a
talk shop.the following issues remain:
1.India voted against Srilanka in UNHRC in 2009,11,and 13.
2.GMR Issue with maldives and asylum to the ex president Naseed.
3.Inability to resolve the Teesta river water dispute and Land Boundary agreement
with Bangladesh.
4.Removal of the grant given to Bhutan which was seen as an attempt to affect the
election outcome of the country.
5.The above issues and permanent belligerent attitude of Pakistan act as a hindrance
in the formation of a cohesive SAARC.
With a strong government at the center and without the burden of a coalition, India
has an excellent opportunity to resolve these issues . India should go an extra mile to
ensure the development of its neighbor even if the reciprocation is not equal . This
approach , known as Gujral Doctrine, will be a key instrument to enable the SAARC to
realize its potential.











Pursuing regional peace and security while promoting measures for the economic
development of the region should guide the foreign policy of India towards SAARC
members.
South Asia houses 36 percent of the world most absolute poverty stricken people.
Lack of energy security, volatile security environment, risks related to climate change
etc provide not only big challenges but also an opportunity for India to engage with
the SAARC members. Hence as a first step, india should step up its diplomatic
engagements with the member countries to revive the institution of SAARC. india
should not leave any opportunity to engage with member countries at bilateral and
regional level.
Second, with broad objectives of providing energy security, investing in cross border
connectivity infrastructure, opening up communication channels , electricity
transmission networks should be on priority basis.
Third, as world grapples with adversities of climate change, a SAARC coastal plan with
detailed mitigation and adaptation measures, preparedness for climatic adversities
etc. should be prepared at the earliest.
Finally, pursuing cooperative security through platforms like maritime security council
both in arabian sea and bay of bengal to tackle the threats of piracy, marine terrorism
should be expedited.
The SAARC platform can also provide an opportunity to resolve key outstanding issues
among member nations to pursue regional peace and security.


Q---The Northeast can be rejuvenated by making the region a focal point for growth.
Analyse in what ways NE region can be made a focal point for growth and how.
The Hindu
North East of India comprising the seven states has been lagging behind in terms of
economic development, infrastructure, educational and health facilities and job
opportunities. Many factors are to be blamed for this lacunae in development between
the mainland India and the North east India. The measures that can help in making North
East India a focal point of growth are:
1) Change in viewpoint in Policy Making
NE region has several complex factors for example militancy and violence, illegal migration
etc that drives the policy making of the region. Proactive policy making is required rather
for the region rather than a reactive one. Infrastructure development, repealing of
unnecessary Restrictive laws, boost to local entrepreneurs and financial help to start ups
are a few of the measure required to be undertaken.
2) Tapping the vast natural potential :
NE India has a vast potential in power generation and infrastructure sectors. If dealted
with productively while keeping the ecological factors in mind, the North Eastern region
can generate enough power for local support as well as export. This will help in increasing
the revenue of the state while providing job and energy security.
3) Trade opportunities :
The long borders of this part of the country can be used to its advantage by facilitating
cross border trade.
4) Educational Hub:
If the educational sector is properly invested in the region, it can provided an educational
hub to not only the local population but also to the neighboring countries like Mayanmar
etc.
The North-Eastern states share 98% borders with neighboring countries but only 2% with
other Indian states. To convert this location disadvantage into an opportunity, promoting
Indian investment infrastructure in partner countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar, in
Sittwe port, international highways to connect the Northeast Region with ASEAN, BCIM
corridor etc. will be a positive step.

Take the region out of its insurgency grip, plan a decentralized multi-level development
strategy aimed at fostering the regions growth.

Thus we need to focus on the grassroot level development and not on superficial policies.
The awareness that North Eastern India is as much a part of the country as any other state,
with increased cultural awareness and acceptance can be a big step in the forward
direction.



Q--Why is India projected as a soft power? Do you think this image has helped India to
advance its foreign policy goals? Critically analyse.
Business Standard
India is projected as a soft power based on two different yet somewhat
complementary interpretations- (a) Indias rich cultural heritage of over four thousand
years, gives India position of a unique civilisation. Indias liberal democracy, food,
music, dance, multi-plural society, non-violent freedom struggle heritage commands
respect in the comity of nations. Cricket, Bollywood, the land of Gandhi all add to
Indias soft power. (b) Indian Constitution has imbibed settlement of international
disputes by peaceful means, support of democracy and non-violence. India has
traditionally not gone for territorial conquest and as far as possible, avoided war
opting for dialogue.
Such an image has immensely helped India advance her foreign policy goals. Stressing
on track-2 diplomacy, people-to-people contacts through education, economic ties,
cultural exchanges etc. has helped deeper engagement with countries.ex Afghanistan
Still India must increasingly also project hard power so that she cannot be perceived
as weak in any way. Boosting of indigenous defence, developing nuclear weapons as
deterrence yet being ready with a-grade conventional weapons for war situation,
venturing of Indian Navy as blue water Navy (fighting pirates, conducting drills in all
oceans etc.), taking tough stance regarding neighbours (esp. Pakistans not bringing
26/11 perpetrators to book) etc. are essential.
Therefore, India must combinedly project her soft and hard power in a judicious mix
alongwith increasing her economic weight in the world. This will ultimately boost
Indias overall position regarding foreign policy dealings with the world.



Since independence, there has been various instances when different actors have
called India as a soft power.
The foundation of NAM was criticised as Indias lack of courage, escapism,
isolationism, which was not at all correct.
some foreign policy analysts argue that even after becoming a nuclear power and
having major footprint in space technology, etc, India is still a soft power. At various
international platforms, India has abstained from voting on serious issues like Syrian
issue, Iran nuclear issue, etc.
However, the tag of soft power in its foreign policies needs deeper analysis:
the foreign policy of India has not been aggressive as well as tough against any
particular country. The importance given to dialogues to handle disputes, track-II
diplomacy, increasing economic ties, diverse people to people contacts, a democratic
state since independence has major helping India to foster friendly relations with the
rest of the world.
Indias soft power like yoga, rich culture and heritage, Bollywood, diverse natural
landscape and natural beauty has been a major part to promote its foreign policy.
Also, the decisions taken at various platforms are largely to serve long term national
interests. Recent example, Indias abstainment from voting in UN HRC resolution
against Sri lanka was welcomed so as to encourage long engagement with our close
neighbour.
Indias foreign policy has largely helped itself to swim difficult waters of diplomacy.

. Clearly, importance of hard power cannot be neglected. But, it should be noted that
India has gained recognition as a responsible and rational nuclear power with
voluntarily complying with the international nuclear regions like NPT, CTBT.
Thus, India needs to adopt both soft as well as hard power as per the required
circumstances as a rational and smart state.



India has followed a harmonious foreign policy over the years. It has upheld the idea
of sovereignty by not interfering in the internal affairs of other countries and by
remaining neutral most of the time during voting for imposing sanctions on countries.
Initially after independence Indias support for the cause of decolonization and Non
alignment policy helped Indias image as a responsible power. Moreover, culture,
Indian film industry and sporting community is well received in other countries
helping India forge closer ties with many countries. These along with the democratic
form of polity followed has helped project India as a soft power.
This image has helped in the post soviet world order India has taken its relations with
Middle East countries forward with some of them now planning to invest in Indias
growth story. The democratic experience of India has attracted neighbouring
countries that are now transitioning into a democratic setup. One of the best
examples of Indias soft power helping in foreign policy objectives has been in
Afghanistan and Indias continuing works in the field of education and health have
aided this relationship. Indias peacekeeping mission
However, this soft handling of foreign affairs has drawn criticism from many quarters
how argue that Indias quest for superpower status requires it to be tough. Indias
reluctance to pursue military options against Pakistan has emboldened non state
actors. And neglect of neighbours has resulted in chinas entry into these countries.
But these arguments dont justify calls for tougher stand rather demands that India
needs to be assertive and firm in its foreign policy measures and look for legal
alternatives, retaining the soft power tag which has helped it immensely.



India as an emerging power in Asia and on global arena may not be said as a hard
power State as she has not shown capabilities that can affect the behavior of other
States and is not an aggressor country both territorially or economically. But to see
India as a soft power may not be totally correct because of following reasons:
a) India is a nuclear country and has not signed NPT or CTBT.
b) India stands strongly against world powers on important international fora such as
WTO, Rio+20, G20 and even the UN, where-ever Indias interests are jeopardised.
c) India refused to vote at the UN during the Ukraine-Russia-EU standoff.



India certainly is not a hard power State but she is nothing close to a soft power State
either. As the global environment evolve, India is also evolving and in coming decades,
India may take a harder stance on crucial issues.



Also, its relations with many neighbors (Nepal, Bhutan, ASEAN, Sri Lanka etc) is based
on age-old cultural links. Bollywood has probably more role to play in reducing inter-
border tension than any high level committee formed every now and then.
Q--Comment on the areas of cooperation between India and China. Do you agree with
the view that strong trade relations would eventually make border disputes irrelevant
in the future? Comment.
The Hindu
2014 has been designated Year of India China Friendship in the spirit of deepening the
cooperation between the nations on all fields to ensure inclusive sustainable
development and peaceful rise respectively.
On the economic front India provides a huge market for Chinas export based
economy which is now ready to provide greater access to India to offset the trade
imbalance. India can also benefit from the massive infrastructure and manufacturing
capabilities of China which are imperative for the Indian growth.
Development of the North East is acutely linked to ASEAN and success of projects like
the BCIM corridor where China plays a significant role .Both the nations need to
cooperate to benefit from the strategic location of the Indian Ocean today and this is
being achieved through the Maritime Silk Route.
Global geopolitics of climate change , human rights violation in Syria and heightened
terrorist risk from Afghanistan has united the two nations and such cooperation is
essential in the fight against discriminatory policies of the developed nations.
On the domestic front the Border Agreement signifies willingness to sort disputes by
conciliation and talks instead of aggressive nationalism. Strong and equitable trade
relations with greater deepening of ties shall definitely help in defusing the border
disputes as in todays world economic considerations sit at the heart of political
deliberations.


China excels in the manufacturing industry , infrastructure development and India
needs both . Thus Chinese FDI can play a vital role . Similarly Indias private corporate
sector can boast about having world class management practices while China still has
to work in this direction . Thus both countries can compliment each other in their
development.
In most of the international organizations like WTO , UNFCCC , G20 etc both the
countries have similar concerns and often take a similar stand(Syria , Iran , Crimea
etc.).

Ya atleast it will create one extra line of buffer.


Necessary but not sufficient..

Q--Explain how and why Deng Xiaoping brought economic reforms in China. What
were its consequences.
The Hindu

Deng Xiaoping was a post Mao era leader who brought reforms in China during 1978-
1992.The reforms brought by Xiaoping gave economic revival to a society which had
to undergo the Great Purge during Great leap forward and which came in conflict with
its history and cultural affinity during the Cultural revolution,1966.
The reforms that Xiaoping brought were
1) Ideological flexibility: According to Deng,china needed a market socialism in which
capitalist system was needed to increase to focus on the production of the
goods(profit based).Hence it was a depart from the communitarian Marxist
philosophy of producing goods for community purpose only.
2) Agricultural reforms: Agriculture during Maos times was made community owned
and production was controlled by state. Deng allowed farmers to sell their products in
the market freely and it led to increase in production.Further increase in money
increase consumption of goods and saving rate.
3) Industrial growth: Deng allowed local municipalities to create profit based
industries.This led to the foundation of MSME sector which became the foundation
for later growth.Futher to develop heavy industries,Heavy machinery were
established by banking capital which was quite autonomous of state intervention as
profits were not reallocated.
4) Export based Economy:Msme sector became the major creator of export as capital
generated of this export intensive sector increased capital for futher technological
innovation.Further SEZs were created to provide liberal atmosphere for investment
and technological growth aprt from making China Export surplus.
5) Labour reforms like incentive based systems and shift based workings provided
increased employment.
These reforms increase the capital creation in the economy and provided
employment to millions and had a major effect on social development.

Its GDP is booming with average growth rate of about 10%, overall living condition
improved, reduced barries and export-led growth.Poverty has been reduced from
45% in 1980 to 5% in 2001 and wage rates quadrupled.It is the largest market of
automobile.Its steel production and textile industries has increased manifold.It is the
second largest economy and expected to cross US by 2025.Globally,it has risen with
better control over south-china sea and good infrastructure.
Although inequality has risen with coastal region is doing better.Problem of rapid
urbanisation led to social conflicts.Environmental impact is drastic as last year Beiging
was enveloped in smoke.
Thus,Dengs reform make China a regional and global leader but other sectors like its
social,environmental and participatory nature of growth should also be looked at to
make it sustainable and viable In a long-run.


Q--Critically comment on South China Sea dispute in the light of international laws related
to seas.
The Hindu
South China sea consists of several overlapping claims on islands and marine areas, by
Seven sovereign states in the region namely Peoples Republic of China (PRC), Vietnam,
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan).
These disputes are severed due to important resources such as Oil and gas fields, fishing
grounds and control of busy sea lanes in that area.
According to international laws, any territory comming within 12 miles of coast and inland
waters come under exclusive right of coastal state and are under its laws are regulations.
Beyond Territorial waters, another 12 miles is Contiguous Zone, where coastal state can
enforce laws related to custom, pollution, taxation and immigration.
After that 200 miles are give as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to the coastal state, on
which it has sole exploitation right over its natural resources.
EEZs are the main bone of contention, as small barren and rocky islands situated in south
china sea, also bring with them huge Sea area surrounding them. So, all countries want to
have control over such strategic islands for gaining rights over the resources surrounding
it.

9 dotted lines might also be mentioned.


Q--Critically examine the geopolitical interests of China in Afghanistan. Do you think a
major role played by China in Afghanistan would be a concern to India? Comment.
The Hindu
Afghanistan is in a transition phase. This transition phase is marked with great
uncertainty regarding what it holds in future.Afghanistan issue concerns the entire
region; there are multiple state and non-state actors working to achieve their goals.
China, due to its proximity to Af, has legitimate concerns in the region. The Chinese
interests are two-fold- security and investment. China is facing internal security
threats from the Uighar militancy on its western parts.A destabilized Af acts as a
breeding ground for militant groups. So China has great stakes in a state controlled Af
which can ensure that non-state actors do not flourish on its land. The second interest
is in terms of investment. Chinas economic model is based on investment in
neighbouring countries, which require foreign assistant for their developmental
process. Af has some of the worlds biggest Iron ore mines. natural resources like
gold, iron ore, copper etc The country is also starved of power.
India has to take a well-nuanced and measured position on Af issue for the following
reason.The issue is very critical for the entire region; China like India has legitimate
interests in the country. India has a great goodwill in Af due to its sincere contribution
in the development of the country and training to its human resources.India can build
up on that goodwill and can act as a force for multilateral action. That will ensure that
no country can take advantage of the vulnerable position of Af. Pakistan and China
share a deep,multi-faceted bond. And both this countries have historical friction with
India in terms of border disputes.India, while working for the peaceful transition of Af,
has to make sure that China and Pakistan do not use this vulnerable and uncertain
situation in the region for encircling India.

China has several interests in Afghanistan.it has invested considerably in Afghanistans
natural resources like copper. The Chinese mining companies would help
Afghanistans economy. Other than economics, china also has to keep a stable
Afghanistan and prevent Taliban from coming back to power. Such scenario will lead
to exporting of terrorism to chinas vulnerable Xinxiang region. Uyghurs are coming
under the influence of terrorism threatened by han domination. A peaceful
Afghanistan would ensure that terrorism and Muslim radicalisation does not
destabilise chinas south west region given the fact US will withdraw in late 2014.
India also would want a peaceful Afghanistan as its security would be undermined in
Jammu and Kashmir with the influx of foreign fighters. The Indian government should
actively promote and cooperate with china to help the afghan government by joint
financial aids, promote regional security etc. while it may be a concern of Afghanistan
coming under Chinese influence. India would lose much more without a stable
Afghanistan. The afghan government will be careful of china as Chinese relations are
severely strained with its neighbours. India enjoys more or less cordial relations with
its neighbours which give India better credentials as a long term alliance partner and
to check Pakistani influence in Afghanistan as Chinese shares good relations with
Pakistan.although concerns do exist india can keep a watchful eye by joint
cooperation and by promoting itself as a better partner then chinese.



- Afghanistan is also a potential trade transit hub to Central and West Asia.

- any Chinese help in augmenting the Afghan forces capacity, human and machine,
will directly help our interests there (energy, economic and security).
- to insure against its policy backfiring, it will seek Indias involvement too. This can
help us enter fora like SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) and have a say in
their anti-terror mechanisms.
- It will lead to greater cooperation between India and China which can help us settle
our other issues peacefully.

Q- Critically comment on the issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh into Assam and
the resultant problems in many reasons of Assam. Do you think grievances of native
people of Assam who are against Bangladeshi migrants is justified? Explain why.

The migration in Assam from Bangladesh has been going on since hundreds of years
(earlier part of India) especially after the British started tea plantation which required large
scale cheap labour. The illegal migration from Bangladesh is largely the culmination of
partition in which people from east-Pakistan flowed down in fear of getting killed.
Large influx of bangladeshi migrants in to india as a result of indo pakistan war in 1973 has
led to a considerable instability in Assam
The locals of Bodoland who are demanding for a great state in the northern part of Assam
are numerically outnumbered by these settlers and hence consider the migrant
community a threat to their aspirations.
the insecurities of the native people are taken advantage of by the political parties and the
animosity between the groups is being flared up for narrow political gains that have led to
riots in the recent times
Though there are a few legitimate grievances of the tives against Bangladeshi migrants,
but with the involvement of political elements for serving their own narrow needs the
bangladeshi migrants are increasingly threatened and hence insecure.
As there is no more influx of migrants into the country, the government of the day should
take necessary steps to ensure safety of the migrants as well as address the concerns of
the local people, which is its are minimum duty

Illegal migration puts pressure on the existing resources,employment opportunities also
leading to forceful land acquisition in few instances.Further it leads to development
burden by the government along with sharing of benefits in government schemes by the
migrants.All this along with communal issues leads to conflicts and other law and order
problems as seen in the Assam recently.
On the other hand illegal migration also brings problems for the migrants.These include
human rights violation,health issues along with they being exploited as cheap labor,non-
contractual risky jobs.
Therefore illegal migration brings problems for both the native population(Assam) as well
as migrants.There is a need for quick administrative actions in case of conflicts in the
region.This can be substantiated with more patrolling on the borders.


As much as grievances of natives in Assam are justified, the fact remains that migration is
an irreversible fact of geography, of history and of the contemporary world. The region of
North East shares 96% of its borders with countries other than India and as such attempts
to shun it off from migrants will always prove inadequate. For some of those affected,
crossing over to the other side is a matter of very survival.
For long solutions attempting to block of immigration like barbed wires, policing etc have
proved futile and indeed counterproductive with case of corruption and human rights
violation coming to fore. Therefore more innovative and practical ways of managing them
in the short and medium terms must be developed.
Instead of a deliberate neglect of migrants, plausible ways such as work permits backed by
smart I-cards like the Aadhar, can be allotted confirming their temporary status of
migrants without allotting rights of citizens
A long term solution to migration needs management with sensitivity, competence,
realism and understanding


Q--Examine why Bangladesh is ahead of India in many health indicators. What lessons can
India learn from Bangladesh? Discuss.
The Hindu
Government of India has increased expenditure in healthcare to more than 2% of the GDP.
With programs such as National Rural Health Mission it is providing free medical facilities
as well as medicines to the rural masses. Despite this there is a preference for private
hospital among people, even for those belonging to poor and lower middle class. Reasons
for this are :
a. Inadequate staffing Due to lack of doctors most often patients are not attended well.
Long queue and waiting time makes experience of visiting govt. hospital unwelcomed.
b. Poor hygiene Due to lack of focus on cleanliness govt. hospitals are unhygienic. People
avoid this because at times they might contract diseases from such environment.
c. Lack of discipline

d. Poor infrastructure Govt. hospitals in comparison to Private hospitals have failed to
update in terms of technology and services. This results in poor medical service and
patient care.
Not easily approachable-

Lengthy procedure- documentation work, visiting 3-4 tables to reach doctor adds to the
nervousness of poor.



Q--Differentiate between natural ally and strategic partners. To which category
would you place Bangladesh vis a vis India? Substantiate.
The Hindu

Natural allies are normally birds of the same feather, while strategic partners are
often strange bedfellows.


The term natural allies can be referred to the countries sharing a common culture ,
geographical proximity and similar form of the government . On the other hand the
term strategic partners would be more apt for the countries cooperating for some
leverage on economic or security front .
In case of Indias alliance with the Bangladesh , it can be said as both natural and
strategic . India and Bangladesh have a common history ,geographical proximity and
people having similar culture . Both the countries share a secular framework and have
a democratic form of the government . These factors make India and Bangladesh
natural allies.
In addition to the above factors , Bangladesh shares the border with several north
eastern states of India . After giving a step motherly treatment to its north eastern
states for decades , India now wants to fulfill its responsibility of development in
theses states . For this purpose India needs an easy access to its north eastern states,
which are an important component of the look east policy, via Bangladesh . Further to
inhibit the growth of the insurgency in the north eastern states , it is important that
Bangladesh does not provide a safe haven to the insurgents. And India would also not
want an aggressive and strong China use Bangladesh as its alibi to encircle India via so
called String of Pearl . All these factors make Bangladesh a strategically important
neighbor to India.

Q---Critically comment on Indias policy towards Pakistan during last ten years.
The Hindu
India- Pakistan issue is not a conventional foreign policy problem; it has historical roots,
psychological barriers and elicits passionate domestic public responses.
Indias response to Pakistan has been both cautious and conciliatory. Last decade or so
saw some positive developments in the relationship: Ceasefire agreement, trade,
confidence building measures at borders and civil talks between the two governments. But
despite of all these measures the headway created towards a permanent settlement has
been very little.
Indias policy towards Pakistan has been more or less consistent and a realist one. But
fragmenting domestic polity in Pakistan, non- state actors and asymmetrical civil-military
relationship in Pakistan have derailed the peace talks and civil engagements at the highest
level.
Pakistan is a multi-layered power structure; the power is distributed disproportionately
among army, civilian government, non-state actors, clergies etc. This complicates things
for India as to who to engage with. And because civilian government does not command as
much authority as it should, there is a little credibility in any engagement with it.
Recent diplomatic engagement between the two countries during Indian Prime minister
swearing in ceremony leaves one hopeful of a new fillip to peace talks.


The Land Border Agreement and the Teesta agreement are now a litmus test of Indias
willingness to have good relations with neighbours. Critically comment.
The Hindu
After the coming in power of Awami League in Bangladesh, India witnessed a period of
relative stability in its north-eastern region. Govt. of Bangladesh acted quickly against the
insurgents who were getting safe haven in Bangladesh. It also moved forward to curb
illegal immigration and smuggling across the border. However for last couple of years
issues of Land Border Agreement and Testa water agreement have plagued the bilateral
relations. There is a feeling in Bangladesh that despite Bangladeshs good action India is
not returning the favour.
The issue however is not just limited to Indo-Bangladesh relations but also reflects upon
Indias willingness to give allowances to its smaller neighbors, as stated in the Gurjal
Doctrine. Despite its best efforts central govt. failed to conclude these agreements
because of political and regional compulsions. Failure in concluding these deals after
getting a strong majority will only reflect the weakness of central government in the
matters of immediate national interest.

India should press for a comprehensive bilateral or possibly trilateral, involving
Bangladesh treaty with China on water sharing that is open to international scrutiny and
adjudication. Comment why.
Business Standard
China is planning a south-to-north water diversion project. This involves diverting waters
of Brahmaputra.
Brahmaputra is the life-line of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Bangladesh. A severe
restriction of flow, it is argued, may render these areas arid or semi-arid. Besides the
obvious socio-economic repercussions, the geological, hydrological and ecological impact
it will have on lower riparian states, is huge and negative.
Currently the UN convention on trans-border water is not yet in force. Though India can
take up this matter under customary international law, no enforceable dicta can be
obtained with out the concurrence of China. Chinas stand that only 1% of water is being
diverted cannot be blindly trusted.
And the opportunity cost is humongous. This Chinese Dam will generate more hydro-
power than the total installed capacity in India. This dam will pre-empt a possible large
project by India.
Indus also originates in China. A similar Chinese design on its waters is possible.
A tri-lateral treaty will make it more equitable and globally significant. International
scrutiny can ensure better transparency and adherence.
It has been predicted that the wars of 21st century will be water-wars. Nobody wants a
war. Therefore, India should press for a comprehensive treaty.



26. Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Agreements (involving and/or affecting India)

Q--Examine how and why India and Russia came together to form a strategic and friendly
partnership?
The Hindu
Indian and Russian partnership extends long back to the freedom days. The freedom
fighters were highly influenced by the socialistic ideas of USSR and Marx. The same
socialistic values were adopted in the constitution and espoused by Nehru in the initial
post independence years.
With the emergence of cold war both the blocks desperately tried to woo india in its
favour, only for little help as india remained neutral to both and followed non alignment
policy. But with USSRs support to third world countries, Kashmir problem, indias wars
with neighbours, Pakistan falling to west camp forced india to tilt towards soviets in the
need for security.
Ever since then, Russia has been an active partner strategically, economically, politically
and culturally. Its relations has stood the test of time and are unaffected by regime
changes in either of the countries. It is the only country that has helped india in technology
transfers and help build india unconditionally, even when the conditions were adverse.
Its scientific and defense cooperation tops everything else. The Russians have a large role
in the current status of india in defense, space and science.
All these efforts culminated in the signing of india Russia strategic partnership which gave
a formal status to the age old strategic partners. Russia itself has found a trusted friend in
india. With growing antagonization with the west, india restricted support means a lot to
it. It has confidence in india as india has also assured Russia of not taking any step that
would be anti to it.
The friendship is old, but gets rejuvenated every now and then. Economically it is not as
sound as it should be. Both countries vie for higher economic pie. The partnership is to
strengthen further in the future, that is for sure.





1. Historical factor.. At the time of independence many Indian leaders like bhagat singh
shared same ideology as that of Lenin because of same atrocities faced by weaker sections
of society in both the countries.
Pandit Nehru was influenced by russian 5 year growth model and adopted that.
2. Cultural ties..Indian cinema is very famous in russia this helped a lot in developing
friendly relations. Many professionals and student go to russia to study and work there.
3.India needed security,finance for development and in early decades after independence
russia helped a lot in these matter.
4.Us sanctions after pokhran but russia stood by Indias side and never let those sanctions
affected our relation.
5.Military imports from russia makes us almost dependent on russia for our defence
procurement.
6. Joint space program of both nations. Russia even provided cryogenic technology to
India.
7. Economic Tie up.. Russia is Indias one of the largest trading partner.
8. Russias stand on Kashmir issue is pro India.
So we can see all these factor combined together over a long period of time has helped in
develop deep and effective relation between both the nations
Q--Write a critical note on the relationship between India and the United Kingdom.
The Hindu
Major issues in Ind0-British relationship :
a. Visa policy Due to increase in immigration Britain is putting curb on number of visa it
issues to foreigners. It is also cracking down on all those who are over staying in its Britain.
India which has one of the largest student community in Britain is facing problem because
this is on one hand limiting the avenues for Indian students to study abroad and for those
who are already working there it is pushing them out.
b. Investment British investment flew into India in financial sector post liberalization.
Leading British banks and insurance companies such as RBS and Aviva have entered Indian
markets. A reverse trend is seen when India companies invest in Britain, such as TATA sons
buying JLR. There are concerns as Tata group is facing problem of maintaining a fixed
British work force in Britain.
c. Defence British companies are taking part in modernization of Indian Air Force.
However Indias preference for Rafale over Eurofighter has not gone down well with
Britain.

Q--Critically comment on Americas recent foreign policy initiatives. Do you think its
supremacy as sole superpower in the world is waning? Comment.
The Hindu
The United States of America after the world war 2 and more prominently after the decline
of the soviet union has remained an unchallenged super power. This situation is changing,
due to the rise of the economies of developing countries like BRICs and a slowdown in the
USAs economy . This change is also evident in the USs foreign policy.
The recent events like a soft response on Crimean issue , inclination to solve the Iran issue
, disinterest of any military adventure in the disputes of West Asia (Syria) and an
ambivalent position on Chinas aggressiveness show that the US is no longer interested or
able to play a role of global leader.
This may be an effort to put its own house in order first . But it may also mean that the US ,
after the discovery of the shale gas , does not see any merit in spending its resources on
the regions which will not remain very relevant to her.
Both the above facts will lead to an end of the hegemony of the US . The the countries like
China , India and Russia are rising fast . By some estimates China, by the year 2015, is
expected to surpass the US as the largest economy . But USs military and technological
powers are still unmatched . The USs defence budget is more than the combined budget
of the rest of the world. Thus even if the US may not remain an unchallenged authority , it
will certainly maintain first among equals status for a long time.

Q--Discuss why immigration issue in USA is a very sensitive issue.
The Hindu
Ans: USA was termed as melting pot of civilisation due to its ability to absorb peoples of
multiple cast and creed from all across the world. Offlate immigration has emerged as a
vehemently debated issue. Its ability to absorb is declining due to multiple reasons:
(a) Economic: USA economy has advanced to quaternary level where manual labour is
replaced by machines. The same labour force that fueled its industries appear redundant.
Thus, the demand of labour has declined sharply. Economic recession has increased
unemployment pushing demand to secure narrow band of opportunities for its own
citizens and promoting protectionist policies.
(b) Security: after 9/11 USA has developed a cynical outlook towards foreigners especially
Asians. This has also promoted xenophobism and attacks on Asians. Its southern border
has suffered from drug smuggling orignating across Mixican border. This led to a demand
of stricter immigration laws.
(c) Demographic: declining percentage of natives have created an apprehension of
alienation in their home land. In 2000 census 99 % can trace their roots in other countries.
(d)Political: in a democracy vote bank often lead to ugly contest. The Republicans fear of
growing support for Democrats among migrants especially in southern state, a major
reason assigned to Obamas victory, further enhances the demand to check migration.
(e) Social: the difference in cultural ethos, and reducing tolerance in society is globally
emerging trend. USA too is not oblivious to this.

Q---Write a note on relationship between India and Germany in the filed of science and
technology.
The Hindu
The relation between India and Germany has been strong traditionally. Germany is Indias
largest trading partner in Europe. Both countries have significant agreements in the field of
science and technology. Germany has extensively supported scientific research and
education development in India.
Germany helped establish the IIT Madras in 1956 and increased its co-operation and
supply of technology and resources over the decades to help expand the institution.
German Government has expressed interest in supporting the newly established IIT at
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. IIT Chennai has signed a MoU with the German Academic
Exchange Program (DAAD) and a group of nine German Technical Universities for setting
up a new Centre for Sustainability Research at IIT Chennai.
In 2008, both nations established the Indo-German Science and Technology Centre in New
Delhi to promote joint research and development in energy, environment, coal and water
technologies. India is getting concessional loans from Government of Germany for many
scientific and commercial projects namely Himalaya Hydro power Program (HPPCL), Green
Energy Corridors, Promotional Program for Energy Efficient New Residential Housing
(NHB), Energy Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants.
The cooperation in the field of space was enhanced by the launch of two German research
satellites by ISRO. Some of the projects in the pipeline include, the Euro 1.5 billion state-of-
the-art multinational Facility for Anti-proton & Ion Research (FAIR). India and Germany
also enjoy strong commerce and co-operation in telecommunications, engineering,
environmental technology, food processing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.


Q---Critically evaluate Indias strategic partnership with France.
The Hindu
India share age old relation with France form colonial time. Tipu sultan was member of
Jacobean club. Over the century two countries come together to support in their journey
to live in democracy, science and technology, space technology, support in world
institution etc.
France did not condemned India after nuclear test, which signify belief system of France
on our democracy. Going ahead France always supported Indias permanent seat in UNSC.
Bilateral trade is increasing in this decade which needs to be given importance considering
Indias interest. Indo-Franco relation can be judged from below commercial dealing:
1. Various France satellite has been launched by India such as SARAL, recent one SPOT-7
2. Frances help in securing energy requirement of India, in multi Nuclear power plant such
as one in Jaitapur in Maharashtra
3. Frances help in providing nuclear fuel to support Nuclear program
4. Localization support to procure from domestic manufacturing equipment required for
power plant
5. Military equipment deals with France in Navy and air force
Besides this from strategic point of view, France always support India and want to keep
good relation considering her interest in ever growing Indian market. India too actively
deal with France on various platform in Government to Government, People to People,
defense, space, cultural etc dealing. Which should be improved in coming days.



India and France are having two major items of cooperation, a) Rafale Fighter deal and b)
Nuclear power plants.
India had finalized to buy 126 Rafale jets in order to equip IAF with modern Multi Mode
Fighter Planes. However the deal is still stuck in fine details. India is not looking for just a
buyer-seller relations. In case or Mirage2000 it suffered lot of cost escalation due to costly
upgrades and parts. India is looking towards a partnership where technology transfer will
take place and production of Rafale can be shifted to India under aegis of HAL after first
batch. France, which initially had reservations in this regard is now ready to cooperate.
In case of nuclear plants French companies are setting up 2 nuclear plants in India. These
are currently stuck up due to provisions of civil Nuclear Liability bill which put extra
responsibility on suppliers. If established these reactors will go a long way in increasing
power supply in India and also would open further technology transfer and cooperation in
setting up of more nuclear power plants.
Recently French foreign minister visited India to push these deals forward. The contentious
issues must be resolved to put strategic partnership on right footing.


Q--Discuss the contours of China Russia relations post communist takeover of
China in 1949. Do you think a close relationship between these two countries is
beneficial to India? Comment.
The Hindu

The Sino Russia relations have transformed over time with the cooperation increasing
post the dissolution of former USSR.
The similar communist ideologies post the second world war had led to increased
cooperation between the two countries. However, the Sino-Soviet split(1961) and
border war in 1969 strained the relations. The increased India-Russia cooperation had
led to China switching to the US bloc during the cold war.
The relations grew post the dissolution of soviet union. Russia`s export of the energy
resources to China and dependence on the financial resources strengthened the
cooperation. The two countries constituted the SCO to check the influence of US in
Central Asian region. Treaty of Good Neighbourliness and Friendly cooperation was
signed in 2001. Similar stands on the world issues including the situation in Iran and
Syria has strengthened the relations. The recent Ukrainian crisis has led to Russia
taking endeavors for increasing cooperation with its Asian partners. Russia is aiming
at increasing energy cooperation with China.
The bolstering of Russia China relations may reduce the utility of India as Asian
partner for Russia. Moreover, it would increase the dominance of China in the region.
Chinas support to Pakistan and its border disputes with India raise serious security
concerns for India. Recognizing this, the support of Russia would further increase
Chinas influence over the dynamics of the region and may result into threatening
India`s cause.

Russia supported Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, & subsequently became its
closest ally. But, following decades saw surfacing of border conflicts between them.
Affairs deteriorated when China declared war against Vietnam (a Soviet ally) in 1979.
However, relations once again discovered upward trajectory after the end of Cold
war. Both signed a friendship treaty in 2001. Today they are engaged in widening
cooperation, particularly in trade, energy, defence & technology. They share similar
grounds on major geopolitical issues like N.Korea, Syria, Iran, etc.
Recently imposed sanctions on Russia by the West, in the wake of Ukraine crisis, has
further pushed it to intensify ties with China. This raises new challenges &
opportunities for India.
Closer ties may pave way for Russia & China to promote joint-extraction of oil & gas
from Central Asian Republics. It can result into Indias total exclusion from the region,
& making TAPI-pipeline a more distant dream.
China & Russia led regional groupings like SCO (Shanghai Coorperation Organisation)
& CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organisation) can become more assertive,
diminishing Indias stature.
At the same time, BRICS will become more cohesive, demanding a greater role in geo-
political arena. India can also reap its benefits, but, it has to guard against possible
hijack of BRICS affairs by the duo. Also, now Japan, USA & EU will show inclination
towards India.
Thus, whether or not India will benefit from modifying equations will depend on
Indias proactiveness & diplomacy.



Q--Write a note on the United States Trade Representatives (USTR) Special 301 report.
Explain why was it controversial with reference to India.

The Special 301 report is an official assessment of the global state of IPR protection and
enforcement in the U.S. trade partners. It is prepared annually by the Office of the United
States Trade Representative (USTR) under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.
The reports identify trade barriers to U.S. companies and products due to the intellectual
property laws, such as copyright, patents and trademarks, in other countries. This report
has three types of lists mainly-
1) Priority Foreign Countries - countries which have inadequate intellectual property
laws; these countries may be subject to sanctions.
2) Priority Watch List- countries which have serious intellectual property rights
deficiencies that require increased USTR attention.
3) Watch List- countries having serious intellectual property rights deficiencies but are
not yet placed on the Priority Watchlist.
India-US has been witnessing many trade disputes as IPR issues in Pharma Drugs industry,
Indias National food security Act, Solar panel local procurement policy, and nuclear trade
disputes. These all led to create row between these two countries.
India has been placed in priority Watchlist for many years. It was expected that U.S. may
put India into priority foreign category and can impose unilateral sanctions. But India
remains on the Priority Watch List in 2014. India calls this a wise decision. Because
according to Indian officials, we have not violated any IPR law under TRIPS agreement of
WTO. India would challenge unilateral sanctions by US, if so happens.
Critics call Special 301 Report as a public law devoted to the service of private
corporate interests.

India and US have recently been locked up trade dispute related to Indian IPR laws. The US
pharmaceutical companies had requested USTR to place India in Priority Foreign List due
to recent controvery surrounding denial of patents to Gilvec and Nexavar. Other issues
adding fuel to fire were the compulsory 50 percent procurement from Indian Companies
for the phase ii of National Solar Mission, the rise of MSP for Indian agriculture products to
support the National Food Security Act and disputes in nuclear liability law.
India responded by threatening US that it would take the issue to WTO. The Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the WTO allows countries certain
flexibilities with regard to their IPR laws. India was clearly within the ambit of TRIPS and
hence any unilateral sanctions by US couldve been contested at WTO.
The mutual tensions were eased with the Special 301 report placing India in the Priority
Watch List.

Q--Critically analyse important areas where constructive relationship between India
and USA would mutually benefit the two countries.
The Hindu
After cold war Indo-US relationship was considered as important step forward. The
relationship improved with Indo-US nuclear deal and convergence on many matters.
However, relationship hit a trough in past five years because of 2008 recession and
slowdown of Indias growth.
There are many important areas where both the nation can rejuvenate the
relationship and be mutually beneficial to each other:

Post-Afghan pullout: Both nation needs to work together to prevent a Taliban
takeover of Afghanistan. India has lot of economic and strategic interest in
Afghanistan and partnering with US in training of its army can benefit both the nation.

Defence arms: India needs to diversify its arms portfolio of defence purchase and US
needs market for its arms export. Thus, if proper term can be established, like transfer
of technology and joint production can be concluded then a new era can be
unleashed in the defence industry.

Increase in trade: US is the biggest market for Indian service industry and also both
are huge consumer market and if proper terms of trade can be established than a new
era intrade and commerce can be written.

High-tech exports Up till now USA has banned to India, but the restriction can be
reduced then it will be beneficial for Indian research and US industry.


Q--Do you agree with the view that Israel is using extreme violence against Palestine in
self-defence? Critically comment.
The Hindu
The Hindu
70% of the people dies in recent bombings in garza by Israel were civilians. 30% of them
were innocent children. These statistics clearly indicate that its much more than self
defence for Israel.
The issue started with the missing of 3 Israeli youth. It was alleged that they have been
kidnapped by Hamas, a militant Islamic Palestinian organisation. In retaliation, 3-4
Palestinian youth were brutally killed. This tit for tat policy fruited the Hamas and they
launched a missile on Israel. The missile was launched in such a way as to have minimum
casualties and it did happen that way. This gave Israel to use this opportunity to launch a
massive retaliatory attack in gaza.
There are several questions and issues which arise here:
1) Everyday several Palestinian youth are kidnapped, arrested, killed, torchered and it is
assumed normal but the kind of atmosphere that was created with the abduction of just 3
Israeli youth shows the egoistic and dominating nature if Israel. Shouldnt the Palestinians
react the same way if their youth are abducted?
2) If the attacks were for self defence then shouldnt the target be militant groups rather
than civilians. Isnt Israels top notch intelligence service unable to differentiate between
civilian and military hideouts?
3) from Israelis point of view. The massive public support for the militant groups is the
reason for their sustenance and attacks on Israel. So by launching an aggressive they are
trying to isolate the militants.
Yes, there is need for Israel to create a deterrent by attacking but is self defence worth the
cost of hundreds of innocent Palestinians?
Instead of isolating the militants it may infact increase sympathy for them. Thus there is a
need to rethink Israels moves.


Q--Do you agree with the analysis that Israel is facing existential threat and it is using
disproportionate force to thwart this threat? Critically comment.

Israel- Palestine protracted war has become a site where all kind of global and local
factors feed in. The local politics of middle east, the fractured leadership of
Palestinians, an ambiguous global response and erosion of human rights based
multilateral discourse, cumulatively, turning it into a crisis where it becomes hard to
even identify the culprit and the victim, leave alone heal the divides.
The crisis is escalated to greater levels recently under the pretext of killings of youths
from both sides. Both sides are using force to retaliate; the difference is of the degree
not the kind.
But we have to see this recent crisis in the context of new developments in the region.
Hamas, which has been averse to political methods, came to reconcile with PLO and a
joint government was formed under the leadership of PLO. This may be a response
from Hamas not due to genuine change of heart but due to fund-starvation and
regional isolation of it. But that is quite insignificant in the view of opportunity this
new development opened for Israel and west. But instead of seizing the opportunity
and use it for genuine peace in the region, Israel thwarted the process by isolating
Gaza and starving it of basic amenities and administration.
Hamas does pose a threat to Israel but the kind of brazen retaliation Israel has
unleashed is sure to breed more hatred. Gross violation of human rights will further
isolate Israel in the multilateral institutions.

I am disagree with the analysis that Israel is facing existential threat and using force to
thwart this threat. Israel assault on Palestine cannot be considered as a self-defense.
Israel-Palestine conflict has a long history of fierce bloodshed from both the sides but
never Palestine looked as capable as of eliminating Israel from the world map.
Israel is one of the most advanced military powers in the world and organised many
missile attacks on neighboring countries.
Israel has a great military and financial support from USA and Western countries.
In the name of existential threat, Israel killing innocent people and occupying more
land. From 1948 on wards, Israel occupied many place like West bank, Golan heights,
parts of Gaza stripe and Jerusalem.
Existential fight is a wrong theory developed by Israel because it faced major war very
long ago in 1973 and have capacity to control its Arab neighbors.
New Jewish establishments in Palestine area and unaccountable killings shows its
expansionist mindset instead of existential fight.

Analysing through the timeline history of Israel and the present situation, it is evident
that Israel has grown from strength to strength along these periods. The past
exercises from the unified Arab countries including Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt
to topple Israel have been a failure, and never been a upperhand once, crediting Israel
strengths in mighty military, polity and evergreen diplomatic policies to garner
support at troubled times. Recent episodes of the region, explicitly or implicitly does
not support the views of their existence threat.
The existence threat can only be perceived, when there is a grave concern for the
Israelites in terms of pursuing their constitutional rights, sovereignty threats by
neighbours leading to political instability, leading to exodus, decreased military power
and uncertainty of their future. However, here, Israel is nurturing since inception, by
adopting to external or internal insecurities created by Palestine or Hamas or other
factions and constantly and rapidly evolving to become dominant regional power,
constant support by US and Europe on its policies cannot be ignored here on the
world front.
On the recent episodes on using disproportionate force,the motive lies in exerting
cohesive force to achieve its regional dominance, fulfill the hidden agendas which had
become absolete through its soft policies approach oriented towards Palestinians
,demonstrating military mights on the sole basis of ceasefire violations to deter the
opposition to realise their strengths and preparing for future to culminate such
causes. It is also argued that Israel is open to end this menace by having talks on
ceasefire with PLO brokered by Egypt, Israel approachs can be viewed as a
combination of both soft and the rigid measures which has kept world guessing.



Q---.Do you think Israels violent actions against Palestine and the subsequent reactions of
the West are justified? Critically comment.
The Hindu
Palestinians were displaced from their lands decades ago. Since then the region has
remained embroiled in trouble. Israel which was created with a vision of Jew state limited
Palestinians to the two areas of West Bank and Gaza Strip. The living condition in these
regions has suffered due to Israeli invasion, Jew settlement and frequent blockades. Forces
were used by Israel to quell any opposition it faced from the Palestinians. Over the years it
has received an open support from Western powers, most importantly USA.
Weakness lies in absence of any constructive negotiation. Or the only one that we had, the
Oslo accord, which was never completely adhered to by the Israel. While Israel justifies its
concept of Jew state it fails to recognize the humanitarian needs of Palestinians. Returning
to pre 1968 borders is a must to the solution. Support of West only goes on to embolden
Israel in its unjustified and violent actions against


Q--Comment on the nature of relationship between India and Israel. Do you think Israel
can be Indias natural ally? Examine.
The Hindu
Foreign relations of India with Israel are peaceful & thriving. Exchange of Embassies in
1992 provided firm base to our diplomatic endeavors.
Bilateral trade between both countries was approximately $4.5 billion in 2012. But foreign
investment from Israel to India was low. Negotiations on Free Trade Agreements are going
on.
Joint industrial research is augmented through various Memorandums of Understandings
& funds like In agriculture, more than 10 centers of excellence are established for mutual
cooperation. Defense has seen some high level technological exchanges between India &
Israel.
Both countries have more or less similar challenges & similar resources to address them.
Thus India sees Israel as its natural ally. R&D in Industrial technologies, Human Resource
Development, Agricultural & dairy sector may get a boost through Israels assistance.
Indias IT professionals, caretakers & unskilled labours can stimulate economic growth of
Israel, while sending remittances at home. Israels expertise in defence technologies may
earn it money while strengthening Indias defence capabilities.
Some bottlenecks like Free trade Agreement, trade imbalance & low foreign investment
may be sorted out by discussions. Then these close allies may be elevated to evergreen &
strategic partners for mutual benefits.

Both are nuclear capable states, surrounded by hostile neighbours & suffering from the
pangs of terrorism.
Being adversarial initially, India-Israel relationship took a u-turn after the Soviet-collapse.
Today, their bilateral relation transcends political, strategic, economic, scientific and
technological dimensions.
Bilateral merchandise trade has crossed USD 5-billion mark, investments have swelled, &
both are in the process of signing a FTA. Co-operation in education has paved way for
faculty exchange & joint academic research.
More importantly, India enjoys technology-transfer in critical sectors (like defence, space
& nuclear) from Israel. In fact, the deal for joint development of Barak-II missile by the two
nations is an epitome of defence cooperation.
Also, India has benefitted from Israels technical expertise in irrigation, agriculture
management & mechanization. Israeli technical assistance & its own IT-supremacy
provides India a golden opportunity to rejuvenate its manufacturing sector.
Israel, in-turn views India as a potential ally in South Asia, and a huge untapped market,
particularly for sophisticated weapons & military equipment.
Thus, widening of such a mutually beneficial relationship in the wake of similar geo-
political situation & complementary capabilities can make Israel a natural ally to India.
Together they can counter terrorism to maintain regional harmony, & also strive for a
secured cyber-space.

Q---In your opinion what are the common areas upon which India and Israel can take
their relationship to the next level? Critically examine.
The Hindu

Indo-Israel relationship has been growing leaps and bounds mainly because of trade
in arms since 1991. However, we need to diversify trade and other engagement, so
that we can move our relationship to next level. Some areas of engagement can be:
1. Space: It is difficult for Israel to launch satellite from its own soil due to its
geography and other geopolitical reason. India can pitch in to launch Israels satellite
at an affordable cost. It can be an area, where both the countries can help out each
other.
2. Agriculture: Though, we are already using expertise of Israel like drip irrigation, but
we need to move forward and collaborate in the field of biotechnology. It will
increase the yield of Indian agriculture.
3. Cyber space: India do have the expertise in the field of IT, it should collaborate with
Israel to increase the expertise in Cyber security.
Thus, various areas are needed to be explored for moving Indo-Israel relationship to a
next level.





Before 1992, the Indian pro- Arab position hindered understanding, appreciating and
supporting Jewish longing for a homeland. With Indias inclusion into United Nations
Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) where India presented the federal plan
while the majority advocated partition as the solution, Indias position towards Israel
became official.
Although India voted against the partition plan along with the Arab countries, once
Israel became a reality, India had to come to terms with it. With the changed
circumstances, India-Israel relations expanded enormously; economically, politically
and militarily. India has emerged as the largest market for Israels military exports.
India and Israel can cooperate deeply in many areas such as combating terrorism,
economic development and military strength. Military and strategic ties between the
two nations extend to joint military training and space technology.
India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-
largest military partner of India after Russia. Israel has promised to not supply Arms to
Pakistan in any condition because arms trafficking may lead to strengthen the non-
state actors in Pakistan, who are threats to Indias security.
The two nations are negotiating an extensive bilateral free trade pact (FTA), focusing
on five priority areas for enhanced collaboration: nanotechnology, biotechnology,
water management, alternative energy, and space and aeronautics. Jews have
strong agricultural technology, which may benefit India to a large extent in another
Green Revolution.
India and Israel also have taken opposition to Iranian nuclear activities together.
Along with economic and military cooperation, there is need to build strong people to
people contacts which can be promoted by cultural tourism.
While strong ties with Israel will be a major part of Indias Look West policy, they
both need to work together for the support to Palestine cause also. India will have to
balance its Israel policy along with its domestic policy.

Q--Comment on Chinas relationship with South East Asian countries.
The Hindu

The relationship of China with its South East Asian counterpart is probably defined as
being of love and hate at the same time. With the tensions in South China Sea, China
find many rivals whereas with rising trade relations with ASEAN it finds many trading
and economic partners. In this globalized economy, it is anyway not expected for any
country to completely cut off from rising economies such as china no matter what the
disputes are.
The South China Sea dispute has severely damaged its relationship with many ASEAN
countries such as Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan etc where the
struggle is about few disputed Islands which can be potential source of oil and gas
exploration along with other other natural resources. Also, since south china sea is
the major waterlink of Indian and Pacific Ocean which facilitates much of Asian Trade.
Whereas, in the trading sphere the China shares a cordial relations with ASEAN after
the signing of Framework Agreement on Comprehensive economic Cooperation and
accomplishing ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement which China as the largest trading
partner of ASEAN.
Hence, China and South East Asian countries relation though surrounded with
disputes, it is steady in trade and economy.







China has historical and linguistic ties with many of the South East Asian countries.
The relations have been driven by the trade cooperation.The disputes over the islands
and maritime region has adversely impacted the relations.
There is a dispute over the islands and maritime reach in the South China Sea. The
region is disputed due to the interest of the nations to occupy the crude oil and
natural gas resources, fishing areas and control over the shipping lanes. The dispute
over the Spartly and Paracel islands in the region has strained the relations. The
recent oil rigging by China has led to increased violence in Vietnam targeting the
Chinese communities.
China is the largest trade partner of Vietnam. The trade cooperation with the ASEAN
and discussion on RCEP has been aimed at greater economic integration with the
region. Moreover, the MSR initiative by China is aimed at increasing security and
economic cooperation by regional integration. These endeavors are aimed at
increasing the integration within the region.
Despite the trade relations, the territorial disputes has led to straining of the ties.
India has been supportive of the peaceful resolution of the dispute.Recently, US had
called for the international arbitration for the peaceful resolution of the disputes with
Philippines.



Q-Examine the status of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) of
India with ASEAN countries and the India-European Union (EU) trade agreements.
Business Standard

India is negotiating several free trade agreements (FTAs) such as the India-EU FTA and
the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) with the 10-member
ASEAN group, Australia, China, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)-
It is a FTA scheme of the 10 ASEAN Member States + 6 FTA Partners (Australia, China,
India, Japan, Korea and New Zealand), taking over movements and efforts in the East
Asia Free Trade Agreement (EAFTA) and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in
East Asia (CEPEA) initiatives. Negotiations are slated to begin in early 2013 and are
expected to conclude by the end of 2015.
The objective of launching RCEP negotiations is to achieve a modern, comprehensive,
high-quality and mutually beneficial economic partnership agreement that will cover
trade in goods, trade in services, investment, economic and technical cooperation,
intellectual property, competition, dispute settlement and other issues.
The grouping includes more than 3 billion people, has a combined GDP of about $17
trillion, and accounts for about 40 percent of world trade. It will beneficial for the
region in the wake of establishment of Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP).
India-EU FTA -
Despite being discussed for seven years, it could not be finalized due to a lack of
consensus on some key issues.
The EU has been demanding greater relaxation of foreign investment ceilings in
insurance and banking, stronger protection of IPR, the opening up of public
procurement markets, and lower import duties on passenger cars.
India wants greater access for pharmaceuticals market and liberal visa norms.
Satisfying some of the EUs demands would require changing domestic policy
regulations in banking, insurance, intellectual property and public procurement.
Unless these regulations change, the FTA is unlikely to move.
The trade policy cannot be exclusive of domestic policy. Both India and its negotiating
partners should do proper homework for such talks otherwise FTAs would be either
stalled or enacted as shallow frameworks with limited coverage and insignificant
benefits. And India would continue to consolidate its global image as a difficult and
obstructive trade partner.

RECP would increase the economic integration between Asian countries , which are
not a part of the TPP and TIPP. The partnership would provide impetus to India`s look
east policy.

Q-Discuss the relationship between India and Russia in the energy sector. Write a note on
future prospects.
The Indian Express
India shared a deep rooted traditional and methodological relationship with Russia since
from the very beginning of the independence. Although Russia is contributing almost in
every sector in India. But recently the energy ties between New Delhi and Moscow
witnessed a new momentum.
Here it should to be noted that the geographical position of Russia provides its abundant
amount for energy sources, thus to trap these sources India engaged in high energy
bilateral agreement with Russia. Recently Government Of India came out with an idea of
an overland pipeline bringing hydrocarbons from Russia to India. Similar to meet the
demand of its crude oil requirement , India already has $5bn invested in the Russian
petroleum sector. India also imports crude oil worth nearly $200 million every year. India
is also planning to export gas from Russia with pipeline.
Furthermore Russia is also contributing to develop nuclear power projects for India to
mitigate the grievances of its energy sector. Apart of kundankuulam Moscow is evolve in
several other power projects also. Efforts are also done to re-vitalize the coal sector of
India wit the collaboration of Russia.
The future prospectus of all these projects are very ambitious as the recent global report
clearly revealed that the till 2022 India will be the most populated country of the world,
thus its energy requirement reach to new dimensions , Which can be only meet by
searching new alternatives. Similarly today India is almost depend upon middle east Asian
countries to meet it demand of crude oil but the deteriorating political conditions of the
region is another serious issue for India. Furthermore the stagnating TAPI project made the
Russian tie inevitable for India.



Q--Critically discuss how recent developments post-Arab Spring in the West Asian
countries have given rise to new terrorist outfits and the dangers they pose to the
security of the region and beyond.
The Hindu



Arab Spring which as a movement starting from Tunisia aimed at eliminating the
monarchy and establishing democracy/liberal regimes is going through a tragic phase.
The uprooting of government through revolutionary acts left power vaccum which
was occupied by hardliners and have now put the whole region in a state of civil war
and has rsulted into germination of new forms of terrorism.
Arab Spring promised a great many changes but the political power was occupied by
hardliners This has given a boost to terrorism acts. Conflicts have been further fanned
by international armament corporations to sale their arms. These unstable countries
have turned into battle ground and other countries like Russia and USA are fighting
over them. This has resulted into gross human rights violations, killings, bombing etc.
These acts have led to propagation of orthodox ideas and the communities globally
are getting attracted to help their communities. And this was revealed when two
Syrian fighters were found to be hailing from India.Simultaneously the terrorist
organisations have become become franchises and money is being poused from
various corners of the world.
Destablisation of this region has spread to Africa and and new outfits like Boko
Haram, Al-Nushra and others have developed and travel continents in case of any
destablisation. Evn South-West China, Chechanya parts of Ukarain too have fallen to
such extremism. Counties like India which were already infested with terrorism are
facing indegenous outfits like Indian Mujahidin and Pakistan which once was the
heaven to terrorists itself has fallen vitim to their acts/.
Thus a complete new form of global hazard has taken birth which threatens to
destablise the whole world. This is just not resisting changes towards betterment in
fact is pulling the countries towards war and terror. And without a coordinated effort
from global governments, people and other stake holders the path to peace and
stablisation could not be reached.



Q-Explain the growth of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Comment on its ideology and its
effect on Nigerian society.
The Hindu
Boko Haram is an Islamist terrorist group based on Nigeria. word boko meaning
Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education and the Arabic word haram
figuratively meaning sin. The group was formed in 2002 in in Maiduguri, Nigeria, in
2002 by the Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf.
Initially this group prevailed in the northern part of Nigeria but later on by the help of
Al Qaeda it expanded its activity on other part of the country. Afterward this group
aggravated its activities like lethal attacks on villages, government buildings, police
station, church and even mosques were targeted.
Boko Haram ideology is against the western traditions. It opposes not only western
culture but also western education and modern science as well. In Nigeria clashes
between Muslims and Christians are common which have radicalized this group. In
2009 Nigerian police encountered the founder of the group in an operation which had
retarded the groups activity for some time but later on it has again started its
movement.
Recent incident of 250 girls kidnapping from the Nigerian schools have shaken the
whole world. This group is purportedly going to sell these girls to the neighbors
country which has threatened the whole Nigeria. Now the time has come to finish this
kind of malaise of the society and the onus is on the whole world.





Boko Haram is an Islamist militant organisation which aims at establishing an Islamic
State based on Shariat Laws in Nigeria. During the early 20th century, Nigeria came
under the influence of British control. Westernization and western education was
spread rapidly. Many Muslims saw this as transgression on their laws and refused to
send their children to western schools. In that backdrop an Islamist cleric named
Mohammed Yusuf established Boko Haram in 2002 in Maduguri, where he
established a Mosque and a school. Poor Muslim parents send their children to this
school. Boko Haram means Western Education is Forbidden. Gradually the school
turned out to be a recruiting grounds for militants. They have forbidden western style
of dressing, participating in elections, education etc. They aimed at overthrowing the
government, which they felt was corrupt and immoral not based on Islamic principles.
They have attacked Churches in the region, buses, military barracks, and created a lot
of violence.
The organization spread its reach to an extent that US and other super powers believe
that they had links with jihadist outfits. US banned and designated it as a terrorist
organization. Mohammed Yusuf was killed in 2009 by an attack of state military
operations. New leadership has come to the fore and increased its militant actions by
abducting girls and selling them as slaves.
Nigerian government is under severe pressure to contain the militants. U.S. President

Obama has sent a team of military experts to help the Nigerian government.


Q--Write a critical note on the reasons behind increasing ethnic and religious clashes in
different parts of Africa.
The Hindu
Causes of increasing ethnic and religious clashes in Africa are a result of various factors:
Historical
o European borders were drawn on a piece of paper without any thought given to the
tribal heterogeneity. It one of the biggest hindrances to Africa because traditional enemies
were contained within one European-made border. E,g conflict between the Hutus and
Tutsis resulted in Rwandan genocide in which lakhs were massacred and many more fled
to neighbouring Countries causing unrest there.
o During colonization, European countries had bought African rich resources with
weaponry which introduced a gun culture there.
Political
o European imperialists left without establishing stable governments in many Countries.
Corruption and weak public institutions make countries easy targets for determined
terrorist groups. They have not been able to establish State control over natural resources
fuelling inter ethnic tensions for control over them.
o State dictatorships trying to shore up ethnic autocracies are under attack by increasingly
militant opposition groups. These dictators made policies which did not respect diversity.
The leader at the top many times only looked after the needs of his tribes preventing
multicultural policies to develop.
Economic Extreme poverty along with increased illiteracy and unemployment results in
the formation of militant groups to fight back against the government and well established
other ethnic groups.
Religious European colonizers introduced Chrstian missionaries in many African
Countries which led to reactionary birth of many Islamist fundamentalist orgs like Boko
Haram
Multi pronged strategy of international intervention to tackle extremist organizations,
political stability by strengthening democratic institutions representing all sections of
society, socio-economic development and promotion of peace is the need of the hour.



Africa is one of the grossly underdeveloped continents of the world, which is full of trouble
and violence. It is full of rich natural and mineral resources but these resources have
became the main bone of contention.
Africa consists of native tribals, which have divided into different ethnic groups. It also
contains a considerable Muslim and Christian population. A lot of clashes happen between
these groups and ethnic populations as seen in South Sudan and Nigeria. Recently 300 girls
were abducted by a terrorist organisation Boko Haram which is highly critical of western
though, education and other religions.
The main reason for these clashes lie in inability of government to stop these organisation
from growing, lack of defence equipment with national government, rampant poverty,
huge corruption and fight for the control of natural resources eg Blood diamond. Foreign
intervention is also a big cause, as many rebel groups get arms and ammunition from
foreign countries outside African continent.
Religious clashes occur due to fanaticism and retaliation measures. Most governments are
also military dictatorship and these dont have popular support of masses. They thrive on
power, violence and foreign aid. Low education level, lack of employment opportunities
and social violence leads to easy recruitment by terrorist organisations for fighters among
youth.
Africa could be developed and prosperous as it has everything other than understanding
and cooperation among its own people. International organisations need to help Africa to
achieve piece and Security.



a number of reasons like economic or political marginalisation among the people with one
group feeling disadvantaged at the expense of the other. Migration of other ethnic groups
from War stricken neighbouring countries can fire ethnic conflicts by the supply of
firearms. An increase in the number of refugees coming into a state will lead to an
increased likelihood of ethnic conflict.
The prevalent unemployment would frustrate the educated youth prodding them to join
the militant organisations to fight back against the government and well established other
ethnic groups. Political instability results in the encouragement of ethnic conflicts by high
officials for the greed of power and personal gain.

Q--Critically analyse efforts made by major economies of Asia to position themselves as
regional powers with international ambitions.
The Indian Express
Asian countries like Russia, China, India and Japan are the major economies with clearly
well defined geography, dominating in the military and economic fronts, and also exerts
considerable influence along its region to make it secure and sustainable.
Russia, after disintegrating from USSR, positioned its energy to focus on developing its
economy through investing in military architecture ,space technologies , developing better
agricultural practices, facilitating neighbors across areas of energy, cultural exchanges and
also acts as a unit to maintain regional as well as international peace and security. Recent
episode on Syria, Iran demonstrates its motive.
India and China dominance across region can be understood by their indiviual approach
towards similar areas like space, maritime influence, infrastructure support provided to
neighbors, investment policy on Africa and other regions. When compared to India,
Chinas manufacturing field is well structured and leading,whereas India has better
demographic dividend and facilitates trade with comparably less restrictive policies.
Common platforms like BRICs, SHC facilitated by both countries pursue for regional
security, integrity and also economic developments abiding international frameworks and
standards.
Japan with its vibrant economy, derives its strength from exporting finished products, in
the field of electronics, automotive, nuclear energy, ship building and related technologies.
Efficient investment machinery aiding the developing countries in infrastructure, economic
corridors, swap facility agreements has increased dependence on Japan, though recent
incidents of air defence identification zone, sovereignty disputes over east China sea with
China has surfaced, Japan and China exerts considerable influence over their respective
regions.




27. Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed and Developing countries on India (India's
interests, diaspora)

Q--While harmonising the patent law in the country with the provisions of the TRIPS
Agreement, India has attempted to balance its obligations under the international treaty
and its commitment to protect and promote the public health considerations of people in
the country and elsewhere. Critically comment.
The Hindu
India after becoming a signatory of TRIPS Agreement, duly amended its patent act to meet
the requirements of agreement. The Indian Patents Act 1970, amended in 2005, provided
a 20 years patent protection to innovations that were likely to bring enhanced benefits to
people of India. The concerns of civil society vis-a-vis cost of healthcare were also met by
introducing section 3(d) to the amended act, which explicitly provided that innovations will
have to show enhanced efficacy. Another article in the act provided for compulsory license
to medicines which were beyond the reach of common citizens. The act thus walked a
tightrope between promoting R&D and ensuring public health.
The two articles have been a major point of debate. The decisions have been criticized by
multinational pharmaceutical companies for being anto-innovation. According to
multinationals, the decisions will worsen the R&D environment of the country and will
therefore negatively impact public health in long term.
The two decisions are however landmarks from the point of view of public health. The two
drugs, regulated through the act, were significantly out of reach of poor patients. India was
thus legitimate to invoke provisions under the patents act, which is consistent with the
TRIPS Agreement. Multinationals have anyways indulged in anti-people practices such as
evergreening to increase the life of patents, in past. The patents act provides due
protection in such as scenario.

Q-While the differences between India and the U.S. over intellectual property rights (IPR)
have threatened to derail economic relations, it should be possible to sort them out
through discussions. Comment on the controversy and the way forward in resolution of
differences between two countries.
The Hindu
Differences between India and US over IPR righs violation specially in the pharmaceutical
sector have resulted in US categorizing India as Priorty watch list country in its infamous
special 301 report. The report is a key expression of US trade policy and any country
demoted to Priority Foreign Country faces potential sanctions.
India argues that its compulsory license, that on Bayers patent was targeted against
monopoly over a life saving drug and was used only once. Even the US itself issues
compulsory licenses to combat monopolistic practices. The patentability issue over
Novartis was subject to scrutiny by Indias highest court, the Supreme Court and upheld.
Pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest corporate sectors in the US and the country is
not expected to take the issue lying down. For India on the other hand , the
pharmaceutical and services industries are two of the shining stars of a largely knowledge
based economy and any harm on these will be resisted.
The US being a trade powerhouse must fairly agree upon a common platform like WTO for
such disagreements.

For Indias part, It has ranked a dismal 134 out of 189 countries in world rankings for
hospitable places to invest and start a new business. That need to be corrected.
In the long run focus must not waver from core issues of a relationship. As worlds largest
and oldest democracies, India and US share much in common and both stand to only lose
over vilification of such disagreements. Annual trade between India and the US currently
stands at $100 billion and both have repeatedly stressed on increase the annual trade of
$100 billion figure five-fold over the next decade. The 3 mn strong Indian American
diaspora has enriched American politics, economy and academia. Further, over 100,000
Indian students come to study in the United States every year. India & the US also share a
common vision of the future security architecture for the world, especially the Asia Pacific
region.
An example can be borrowed from US-Canada relationship. Despite IPR issues both
countries are viewed as best of friends, indicating a mature relationship.Long term Indo-US
relationship will be founded on core beliefs, understanding of the others compulsions and
an agreement to compromise.



Q-Discuss the areas of concern in trade between India and the European Union. Examine
the impact of these concerns on the growth of trade between these two.

Major areas of concern between India & European Union (EU) on trade are related to
standards, services, agriculture, intellectual property regime & human rights.
Recent ban on Alphonso mangoes & 4 varieties of vegetables due to non-compliance with
sanitary & phyto-sanitary standards has strained exports. EU demands a strict IP regime
while India maintains that its patent rules comply with Trade related Intellectual Property
system of World Trade Organization. This conflict has affected pharma & music industry.
India wants more access to EUs service market, in addition to liberalized Visa policy. EU
demands entry into agriculture, dairy & retail market of India. But European dairies are
highly subsidized & Indias dairy sector is not enthusiastic to receive them. Further, India
has reservations on human rights, labor laws & environment issues because they are not
directly related to trade.
As a result, Indias bilateral trade with EU shrank to around 75 billion in 2012, as
compared to 80 billion in 2011. Agreement on Trade & investment has been delayed.
To improve relations, India needs to better its reputation internationally. EU has to avoid
impression of following a biased or punitive approach. Furthermore, an open mindset
towards each other may push trade relations to a new height.


Q-Compare and contrast how Russian economy grew since the inception of communism
and its subsequent fall later.
Business Standard
Russian economy grew at rates outpacing the capitalist west through the 1950s and 60s,
matched them in 1970s and then started to lag behind, reaching a nadir in 2000 by when
the economy had shrunk by half since soviet collapse.The economy had a resurgence since
then, growing at 7% pa. But it again slipped to 3-4% and is now virtually zero.
The initial high growth was due to the transitioning of economy from an agrarian one to an
industrial one. The public enthusiasm in the communist economic model was high and the
bureaucracy was new and committed. Being a closed economy it was insulated from the
ripple effects of the great depression and the economic effects of the world wars.
By the 70s the enthusiasm had waned, and the lack of profit motive and private
entrepreneurship hit the economy hard. Revenue expenditure and spending on public
goods esp military became untenable. The Red Mafia and black-money grew rapidly
and hurt the economy bad.

Russia or the erstwhile USSR happens to be the first state to adopt state economy. It
adopted communism after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Owing to its huge petroleum
and natural gas reserves and huge industrial base, its economy saw huge surge in first few
decades.
The great economic crisis of 1930s impacted western market economies badly followed by
the crisis after second world war. However Russia survived the impact and faced only a
little blow. In 1950s and 1960s Russia outpaced all the capitalist economies of the world
and matched their pace in 1970s.
The growth rate in Russia however started declining in 1980s . Since all the resources were
owned by the state and people did not get fruits of their hard work and innovation, it
worked as a disincentive for them. The huge expenditure in the production of defence
equipments due to the cold war neglected health, education and other sectors. The
inefficient government policies exacerbated the situation and resulted in the discontent
among the people.
Russia finally had to resort to market economy and privatisation post 1990s due to the
disaster witnessed by its economy and polity in the form of disintegration. This led to
creation of many oligarchies there. However again its vast natural resources and technical
expertise came to the rescue and the economy revived. Its economy has witnessed many
ups and downs in the last decade. Of late Russia is feeling the heat due to the dispute with
EU and USA because of Ukraine crisis. However Russian economy is robust now and more
prepared to survive a blow.



Russia after revolution of 1917 entered into a phase of dictatorship to finally communism.
But after 1950 things started to change and Russia was on a path of high growth even
outpacing more established western partners. This was due to modernization, setting up
up of modern industries and its natural resources base proved adequate to carry high
growth.
But as we know communism has certain inherent drawbacks i.e lack of motivation to carry
hard work as people were not allowed its fruits, suppression of personal freedom, press
muzzling etc.
But above all Cold war changed the nature of production in favour of military and in many
cases even if it was uneconomical it was carried in the name of national prestige. So
economy had her way and a fall was noticed and subsequently disintegration of soviet
union.
Now Russia embraced market based economy and due to its abundance natural resources
and technical know how it was back on path of growth but Global economic meltdown and
other international realities and her involvement in disputes had putted back economy on
downward trajectory.
So Russsia had a Zig Zag growth path before communism and after its end.


28. Important International institutions, agencies, for a (structure, mandate)


Q-Comment and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW) role in eliminating violence against women.


The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW), also known as an international bill of rights for women
was adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly. it has been ratified by 188
states till now.
it consists a preamble and 30 articles which define what constitutes
discrimination against women and set up an agenda for national action to
end such discrimination.
By accepting the Convention, States commit themselves to undertake a
series of measures to end discrimination against women in all forms, and-
Rejection of violence against women as it impedes the advancement of
women and maintains their subordinate status
Equality of women and men under the law; protection of women and girls
through the rule of law
Demand security forces and systems to protect women and girls from
gender-based violence, to establish tribunals and other public institutions to
ensure the effective protection of women against discrimination; and
Recognition of the fact that distinct experiences and burdens of women
and girls come from systemic discrimination
Ensure that womens experiences, needs and perspectives are
incorporated into the political, legal and social decisions that determine the
achievement of just and lasting peace
The Convention ensures womens equal access to equal opportunities in,
political and public life- including the right to vote and to stand for election
as well as education, health and employment. It affirms womens rights to
acquire, change or retain their nationality and the nationality of their
children.
It has been successful to a significant level in controlling honor killings,
female infanticides, rapes and domestic violence against the women and
promoting womens participation in decision-making at all levels.

Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women is an
international treaty adopted by UNGA in 1979. It has been ratified by 188
member countries. It is described as the international bill of rights for women
aimed at reducing the prejudices against women and ensuring equal
participation of the section.
The treaty establishes an agenda for the action for ending the sex based
determination practices. It provides that the states must ensure in
eliminating the stereotyping of the men and women as the superior and
inferior genders. The states are required to ensure gender equality through
the legislative framework. The member countries should provide effective
redressal mechanism for the protection against discrimination for
women.The institutions should be setup for safeguarding the interests of the
women. The women should be protected by adequate security forces to
eliminate the cases of gender violence. It makes provisions for the equal
participation of the women in decision making.
Despite the low reporting , there has been an increase in the gender based
violence in India. There is need for ensuring the provisions under the CEDAW
to take steps to reduce gender based violence . Increased research would
lead to deciphering the cause and effect of the events, thereby preventing
them. An increased in education and reforms in the socio cultural norms in
the society would aid in improving the conditions of women.


Q--Comment on important issues that decided the outcome of recently held
elections to the European Parliament.
The Hindu
The European Parliament is the only elected body under EU which has the
responsibility of passing laws and supervising the commissioners under European
Commission. Its election thus has great significance on how the laws applicable to
all 28 EU members will be placed and what would be their implications on world
relations.
The European parliament elections conducted this year heavily got tilted to
Eurosceptic parties who got a bigger vote share and seats on the account of
protest vote by the citizen of all EU countries against the damaging post recession
economic policies of their own national government and of EU.
Another major issue in this election was immigration and hence the anti-EU and
anti-immigration party won in UK. The other places have also seen similar
sentiments in surging the anti-EU votes. It was highly debated that the free labour
markets in EU has resulted into many emigrants who are taking away the job from
natives.
The current EU parliament elections though has shown the sentiments of
concerned citizen, it is a serious concern if the anti-EU and anti-immigration
parties get their dominance in EU parliament. They may then affect the law
making process and blocking many progressive legislations concerning trade,
employment and free market.



Q--Why was the European Union established. Critically examine why it expanded
towards East and with what consequences.
Business Standard
Ans. European Union was established in 1993 as a 15 member political union
under the Maastricht Treaty to ensure free movement of people, good and
services across the union and have a common market across all member states.
The primary aim of the establishment of EU was the unification of Europe and
form a block which has a coherent view on all major international issues.
Since its inception, the membership of EU has increase to 28, mostly with the
addition of East European countries. These countries added later are relatively
poor and less developed as compared to original 15 EU States, but their
integration into the Union has helped both sides to a large extent. While the
Original 15 members got access to cheap labour and raw materials, thus
increasing their industrial production and competitiveness, the newly added
members received direct investment, superior technology and also direct aid from
the EU members to help in their socio-economic development.
As a result, these countries progressed relatively better than their neighbors, who
were still not in European Union. This has created a regional economic divide and
a demand from these Non-EU members to join the Union. This has led to the
eastward extension of the EU.
However, the expansion is not without its consequences. There are
apprehensions in the West European countries about the possible flooding of
their labour markets by immigrant from newly inducted countries. Also, there are
apprehensions about the ability of EU to integrate these countries economically,
given the financial troubles, EU is facing. Other than that, there is growing distrust
between EU and Russia, who wishes to create a separate Eurasian Union, similar
to EU and comprising of East European States bordering Russia.

The eastern expansion of EU took place as former Soviet-block countries were
fascinated by the free market economy , fundamental values of democracy and
rule of law in EU countries. Besides, some of the the old EU members had interest
in outsourcing their labour intensive tasks to the newcomers.

The expansion initially met with resistance by some of the old members as the
entrants were largely poor agricultural economies. This led to apprehensions of
overburdening of EU budget because of enlargement. However the problem was
resolved with an unexceptional commitment shown by the EU leaders, albeit with
a reduction in the budget as a proportion of Europes GDP.
The new member countries have caught up considerably vis a vis their old
counterparts and in some cases, they have even out-paced them . This
corroborates that the purpose with which the enlargement was carried out i.e
boost in GDP growth and improvements in living standards has been partially
achieved and is on the right track. The enlargement has been mutually beneficial
proposition as old members got cheap labour by outsourcing the labour-intensive
works resulting into global competitiveness of the EU-15 members .The newbies
on the other hand gained much need investments, jobs, and knowledge transfer.
Thus, the new members seem to have an smooth integration into the EU and that
too without ceding their sovereignty.
The enlargement has faced some challenges as well, because, a large part of the
EU budget goes to new members. The problem has been compounded by the
low-level of public administration in these countries. Moreover , the crisis in
Ukraine has been attributed to this enlargement as more people in Ukraine now
share the European vocation. This has led to the conflict between Russia and EU
of late.


Q--Critically evaluate the role played by the European Union in bringing about the
European integration within Europe and with rest of the world.
The Hindu
From ravages of WW1 and WW2,Europe moved to the process of regional peace
through treaties
Complimenting developing n developed world..
Cuurently GDP of EU is approx. 23% of global GDp and increased regional
integration has increased regional prosperity
Problems and dangers to EU:
1)Lack of Faith IN EU (Here Eurozone)after credit crisis where multiple countries
suffered due to financial breakdown. Hence there are concerns of lack of financial
sovereignity.
2) Nationalist right wing parties are harping on this concerns to come out of EU
and follow an independent foreign policy and economic policy.
3)Austerity measures on Greece and other PIGS countries has turned the
sentiment against eu(Germany) dictations.It has led to Right wing parties
prominence.
4)Major country like UK are mulling over coming out of Eu.
Hence need for greater growth and less of painful austerity to keep EU together.


Q---Critically evaluate the contribution of UN Peacekeeping missions to world
peace.
The Hindu
UN peacekeeping force since its inception has carried more than 60 missions with
16 live missions currently. Its work has been commendable in the war torn
countries after and during cold war period. Further its work in restoring peace in
the countries like Mali, Haiti has been phenomenal.
The UN peacekeeping force is also currently working in the war torn countries like
Libya, Syria etc and bringing some peace in the life of inhabitants there.
But , there has been certain controversies regarding western dominance of the
force. Western countries are the major donor in the upkeep of peacekeeping
force and hence has a virtual veto power on its operations. And the countries like
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China who are major contributors of the troops
are often sideline. Thus there is a demand for security reforms in the force so that
every member get a fair representation.
Further, the operations of the peacekeeping force are often carries without any
local support and participation. This in turn result in a hostility of the natives
towards the force. Moreover when the force leave after ending the conflict, the
country often revert back to the crisis situation eg: Mali. Thus it is required that
operations are carried with the cooperation of the local authorities. This would
give a credibility to the peace keeping operations and will also nurture the
authority to take control of the situation when it departs.


a. It take lots of time before member states sends their troops for the
mission. This causes loosing on time and hence loosing on mission

2. The Communication problem: The locals at trouble time finds it difficult to
share the nature of problem with the forces and even if they share they only can
communicate half of the problem.
Even in the view of the above mentioned lacunaes , the usability of UN
Peacekeeping force is unquestionable. But the reforms needed, if implemented
will provide further strength to the force which is the need of the hour.




Q---Critically comment on Indias achievements in meeting the targets of
Millenium Development Goals.
The Hindu
MDG goals strive for social and human development by reducing poverty levels,
and improving health indicators.As far as Indias performance is concerned, we
will get a mixed picture. We have done marginally well in universalization of
elementary education by enacting right to education, Mid day meal scheme, and
reaching upto 100% Gross enrollment ratio. Similarly, we have launched various
schemes to reduce poverty like MGNREGA, right to work. In the health sector,
National Rural Health Mission and recent initiative of National Health Mission,
JSY, ICDS are few of schemes. But ground realities are not very parallel to the
initiatives due to poor implementation, poor monitoring, lack of infrastructure,
funds and lack of awareness. We are the worst performer in mortality and
maternal health in South Asia. Though institutional deliveries has shown an
ascending trend but the improvement is very far from the MDG goal. Moreover
regional imbalances play a crucial role. On one hand, Kerala has achieved nearly
100% institutional delivery and crossing the MDG goal in reducing mortality, on
the other hand, worst performer states, Haryana, Rajasthan has brought down
the national average. To summarize, we are far from the MDG goals and have to
work upon the implementation of policies for the same.


Q--Write a note on the UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses
of International Watercourses.
Livemint
Reference
UN convention on Low of the Non-navigational Use of Water Resources is an
international framework governing non-navigational use of trans-boundary fresh
water resources. Its noteworthy that fresh water includes both surface water
and ground water because of the hydrological linkage between the two.
It prescribes four basic obligations:
Equitable and reasonable utilization of countries
Prevent significant harm to other country
Prior notification of planned measures
Protection on preservation of water resources
All participating countries will indulge in equal but reasonable use of water. They
must PREVENT harm to other countries by prior notification of planned project
and by other means. Prevention is emphasized because its difficult to halt or
modify the project once its started eliminating the option of remedy. Ecological
aspect is stressed upon by controlling pollution and preserving water course.
This provides a framework of principles to deal with trans national rivers with
space for modifying to specific need. With the ratification of 35th nation i.e.
Vietnam, this will come into force from August.
Roughly 60% of the all fresh water runs within cross border basin. Plus, keeping in
mind climate change, pollution, growing population and their water need; this
treaty will help manage water resource with least conflict

Q) Asia wants a new specialized bank to fill the gaps left by the World Bank and
the Asian Development Bank. Comment.
Livemint
Asian countries have long felt underserved and misunderstood by the World Bank
and IMF which were initially set up after World War II to, fund development
projects and help governments manage temporary financial difficulties
respectively. In the middle of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, they made an
unsuccessful attempt to establish an Asian monetary fund in spite of considerable
international opposition.
Now, Asian countries are seeking to establish the Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank to channel regional financing into infrastructure development that helps
Asia at both the national and regional levels. This initiative is led by China, with
improved economic power and financial influence. As the West, is still recovering
from the 2008 financial crisis it is less able to impose its will this time.
Before this dreams turns into reality, some important challenges like, determining
key appointments and decisions; proper blending of developmental and
commercial objectives; efficiently exploiting public-private partnerships;
environmental and social sustainability of the projects etc, must be coped with.
The new institution should work well with its existing counterparts ADB, IMF and
World Bank. Rather than duplicating, it should focus on filling gaps and correcting
market and institutional failures.
Asia has a chance to do today what it couldnt do in the late 1990s. Though, ability
does not guarantee success. A lot of challenges must be overcome if the initiative
is to truly benefit the region, and not just serve as a political statement.



Q--In your opinion, what India needs to do to get a permanent seat at UNSC?
Comment.
The Indian Express
The power structure of world has significantly changed since the inception of
UNSC. And in todays situation having 1/6 of the humanity and third economic
strength in the PPP term, India deserves a permanent seat in UNSC. India has
been trying in this direction for several years, but without success. Some steps,
India needs to take in this direction:
Forming a unified front with other contenders: Though India via G4(India, Japan,
germany and Brazil) has contented for a position in the UNSC. But it must be
taken in account that any such grouping is unlikely to get support of African
countries. Thus grouping should be more inclusive and acceptable.
2.Garnering support of the existing P5: Though all P5 countries except China
support Indias contention, but any serious effort in this direction has not been
there except empty rhetoric. India should push them to take a serious stand and
at the same time should try to get support of China via more cooperative
engagement in the platforms like G20, WTO and BRICS.
Active involvement in the world affairs: India is seen as a pacifist country in the
world affairs. Even in its own neighborhood, its role is not even of a regional
power as compared to China. And if India wants world to take its candidature
seriously, it has to become active participant.
The coming BRICs summit and UNGA can be the starting platforms for India to
work in these directions.
(c)Use soft power diplomacy to influence the global opinion in Indias favour.
Mutlimedia and widespread propoganda can be used for this.
(d) Convincing P5 about the preimmenet role India can play in the emerging
security scenario in middle east and South China Sea dispute.
(e) Enhancing global faith and confidence in Indias nuclear program by adhering
to IAEA protocol and greater transparency in its nuclear program.
( f) India should also improve its own record of human rights especially in naxal
area, North East and Jammu & kashmir. This will leverage its claim to play a role in
global security.
(g) Using various diplomatic channels during global negotiation.
(h) India can utilise its arm deals and opening up of economy as attractive offers
to P5 to get their support in its demand for permanent seat in UNSC.



Q) Critically analyse the role of BRICS alliance in the changing global order.
The Indian Express
There are clear signs of fast changing global order. The emerging countries are
trying to ssert themselves against the gegemony of old order; BRICS is one such
expression.
BRICS is a united voice of five rapidly developing countries to pretect and
promote their interest. These nations are already united in their demand for
reforming various international organisations. They could push for much needed
reforms in the membership of the UNSC, since many of its members such as India,
Brazil and South Africa are aspiring for its membership. They could pitch for a shift
in the voting pattern of International Finance Institution (IFI) in favour of one
country- one vote. BRICS is already panning to set up a development bank on this
principle.
Many mega Free Trade Agreements FTA) such as Trans-Atlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership(TTIP) are attempting to tweak on trade barriers,
undermining WTO. BRICS can certainly safeguard its interest by developing joint
coping strategies.
The continued vocal negotiations on climate change front and Doha round of
negotiations, has indeed protected the developing and least developed countries
from the diktat of developed ones.
In light of the NSA snooping, BRICS should work in the direction of global internet
governance. For that, first it needs to evolve a common approach by
accommodating differences.
Each of these has seen their vulnerability to US moneytary policy. They can
persuade USA to determine its moneytary policy taking into account global
economic impact. The expected launch of foreign exchange reserve fund will be
future relief against such emergency.
Beside, it could be a forum for greater involvement of these nations in
international conflict resolution. This is again crucial keeping in mind Western
intervention in West Asia, Crimea etc.
BRICS could well be a vehicle of balancing the power structure of the world
creating and equitable global order.


Q--Examine the objectives of establishing a New Development Bank by the BRICS
countries. Do you think there is a need for another world financial institution?
Comment.
The Hindu
BBC
BRICS countries have the following objectives in establishing a New Development
bank:
a) Help esp. developing/less developed countries cope with BoP (Balance of
payments) or any financial crises,
b) To provide development loans at low interest rates for esp. developing/less
developed countries
c) To cut high level of dependence on Bretton woods Institutions like IMF, World
Bank by poorer nations of the world so that credit is easily available in the
developing world itself.
Yes, another world financial institution like New Development Bank(NDB) will be
helpful for the world because:
1) The flow of loans/credits should be unconditional and equitable for nations. If
NDB can ensure this, as against current functioning of Bretton Woods systems,
then it will be beneficial.
2) NDB will make South-South Cooperation especially, much easier. It will also try
to get developed countries as its members, which will also augur well for North-
South Cooperation on more equal terms.
3) The more the supply of loans for development alongwith proper
implementation, the better the worlds poors condition will be. It is a win-win for
human development globally.
Therefore, under leadership of BRICS countries, setting up of NDB will be
beneficial for the world, provided operational issues (headquarter city, rotational
governance etc.) are properly established for smooth cooperation and running of
the bank.


Q-- Why does India want to become member of APEC group? Analyse benefits of
joining the group.
Business Standard
Reference
Ans: With renewed economic vigour and emphasis on global integration APEC has
emerged as a natural foray for Indias economic aspirations. APEC membership
offers multiple benefit to India. These are:
(a) Opening up of a vast market consisting of 40% of humanity and contributing
44% to global trade.
(b) Provide additional source of raw material.
(c) Substantiate Indias need for investment in core sectors through FDI.
(d) Opportunity to join the emerging regional block with a uniqe membership of
both developed and developing countries.
(e) To leverage technical expertise in trade facilitaion of APEC to liberalise its own
trade environment.
India is at a threshold of demographic dividend. A new Manufacturing policy and
emphasis on skill development will not reap fruits untill we integrate our
economy with the world. APEC membership will be a step to realise the dream of
global manufacturing hub. It will open new forays to our expanding economy.
Trade investment, technical cooperation, opportunity to sign FTAs will ensure
sustainability to our growth. Thus, APEC is unique opportunity that India should
grab but with due deligence to local senstivities so that we may not fall prey to
economic might of developed partners of APEC.


Q--In the light of recent court judgements on the issue of granting compulsory
licences to Indian companies to manufacture generic drugs, critically discuss the
associated IPR issues and significance of these judgements.
Business Standard
To promote investment in research and development in drugs and medicine drug
producer are given right to exclusive production of specific drug for a given period
of time. Production of this drug by any other manufacturer will be considered as
violation of the patent under IPR. As a signatory to TRIPS of WTO India had to
comply with this norm and restrict production of such drugs by generic
manufacturer.
However on the other hand this involves issue of availability of drugs in terms of
quantity and price of it. Due to exclusive production of these vital drugs it has
become a humanitarian issue as denial of treatment by these drugs might lead to
serious consequence for deprived patients. The situation becomes even more
grim in case of India which has a large population, low income level and high
prevalence of diseases. Thus to counter this India included provision of
compulsory licensing in its law on drug IPR. This enables government to allow
any company which is capable of providing same drug in larger quantity and at
lower price to produce it after taking license for the same. Recent case of
production of Nexavar by Natco Pharma and suit by Bayer highlights the need of
this provision as price of Natco produced Nexavar is Rs. 8,800 compared to Bayer
produced Rs. 2,80,000 for monthly does of 120 tablets.


Q) From Indias perspective, explain why is it important to reform both UNSC and
IMF.
The Hindu
From Indias perspective, explain why is it important to reform both UNSC and
IMF.
Ans: Indias demand for reforms in UNSC and IMF can be analysed
mathematically, geographically, and politically.
(a) Mathematically: when these organisations were formed there members were
few so they represented a larger percentage. For example When UN was formed
it had 51 members so a security counsil of 5 represented 10% of members. With
global participation now this percentage has shrinked to 2%.
(b) Geographically: it give undue weightage to Europe and America. For instance
Europe with 5%population holds Chair of IMF and 33% share of UNSC.
(c) Politically: veto power enjoyed by these P5 gives them undue advantage to
decide world affairs.
India presently holds 17% of humanity, is the 4th largest economy in PPP terms
and has emerged as a growth pole of world economy in 2008 economic recession.
In the coming decade India will have 30% of the workforce of world. Its pragmatic
relation with its neighbour is an evidence of its diplomatic maturity. In the
emerging scenario in south China Sea India is uniquely placed to play a key role.
With the rise of Asia in 21st century Indias demand for reforms in UNSC and IMF
are not only justified but also imperative to establish a more representative and
participative global order. These reforms will enhance the legitimacy of world
organisations.

Q--Write a note on the U.N. Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) and its
relevance to India.
The Hindu
Ans. UNCLOS came into force in 1994 and defines the rights and responsibilities of
the nations with respect to the use of maritime natural resources. It defines 6
major zones :
a) Internal Waters
b) Territorial Waters
c) Contiguous Zone
d) Maritime cultural zone
e) Exclusive economic zone
f) Continental Shelf
Although India do not have major maritime conflicts with her neighbors relating
to demarcation of boundaries, one particular issue is with Bangladesh in Bay of
Bengal. Recently the judgement on this case was announced by the Permanent
Court of Arbitration at The Hague. In the judgement, the court has provided for 3-
step analysis for dividing the continental shelf and EEZ.
This works out good in case of inner continental shelf and EEZ but in case of outer
continental shelf, which extends beyond 200 nautical miles, there are separate
provisions under UNCLOS. It states that such claims must be submitted to CLCS
which will give the final award. One such claim regarding India and Bangladesh is
pending before CLCS. But the Permanent Court of Arbitration has delimited these
territories also in its award which may create some issues if the award of CLCS
comes different from what is presently awarded.
Whatever be the outcome, one thing is certain that the resolution of these
disputes will help India and Bangladesh strengthen their relations more and
develop a fruitful partnership in many other spheres.

Q-- Indias silence on critical global issues fits poorly with its global aspirations.
Critically comment.
The Indian Express
India aspires to be a global power. Not today, not tomorrow; but in a deliberate
step-by-step manner. Starting from controlling the SAARC, through controlling
South Asia, to being a world power , the position cemented by a permanent seat
in UNSC.
In international issues a nation should not punch above its own weight. The P5
meddles in everything and everywhere because they have the means to back up
their words. Till such power is Indias, it would augur well to be silent on issues
that has no bearing for it..
The over-arching principle of international diplomacy is national interest, not
morality. Moralizing should be resorted to only when it serves national interest.
Claiming moral high-ground wins no friends, but only ridicule, as was clearly seen
in 1962.
India is not silent on every critical global issue. It leads the developing nations in
the WTO, fighting for food security and poor agriculturists, in India and
elsewhere. It has a definite stand on terrorism, on nuclear proliferation, on
climate-change mitigation. The last two not globally popular but bold stands
rooted in reality.
India is voices its opinion and backs it up with action where it should and it can.
She is being as assertive as her current status lets her. There is no point in acting
like a super-power when she is not one.


The country which was a leader in the development of knoweldge in ancient
period has begun to be just a follower of values of other countries.The following
are the instances where india could prove its credentials by firming on its opinion
but could not do:
1.Sri lanka-UNGA resolution
2. Israel-palestine issue
3.Bangladeshs political turmoil
4.Thailand Crisis
5.Syrian turmoil
6.Iraq invasion of U.S
7.Iran + P5+1 dialogue
8.somalian crisis(al shabab )
9.Climate change Agreement
Indias Aspirations:
1. UNSC Reforms,Expansion,seat at UNSC
2.Member of Nuclear suppliers group
3.Voting rights at International monetary fund,world bank
4.Governance Reforms at Intl Financial Institutions
5.Becomming the leader of developing nations
6.Equal say at WTO .
While there are many instances where india can be seen to be lagging while
following up on its aspirations but the constraints( such as economic
fudamentals,bilateral-internal politics,technology backlog) has to be overcome .


Q) Radical plans by the World Bank to relax the conditions on which it lends up to
$50 billion a year to developing countries have been condemned as potentially
disastrous for the environment and likely to weaken protection of indigenous
peoples and the poor. Critically examine.
The Hindu
The leaked mail of the World Bank clearly indicates that they want to lend up to
$50 billion/ year to developing countries by easing the environmental protection
norms. Earlier in 1980s and 1990 the World bank had put series of restriction and
rules for Protection of Environment before lending money, after the project like
Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river and Palm tree deforestation in
Indonesia.
Easy lending will again stimulate the countries for Economic growth by neglecting
the Environment and the Local Population rights. The onus of Environment
protection will shift completely to the individual countries.
It will lead to deforestation, pollution and disasters on the name of Economic
Growth. In countries like India where we have provisions like Green Tribunal and
where civil society is awake to a large extent, it is still possible that Government
will think twice before neglecting environment concerns but there are many
countries where there is absolutely no deference exists.


Q--Critically comment on the functioning of UN Security Council
The Hindu
UNSC is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. It
imposes sanction, sends peace keeping force and authorizes military action. It
consists of five permanent members with veto power and ten non-permanent
members, elected on a regional basis for two years. Its the only UN organ with
authority to enforce binding resolution.
Its success in the last six or seven decades have been mixed one, often failures
overshadowing successes. Its peace keepers have received the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1988. It has successfully operated in Namibia, Congo, Sudan, Rwanda etc. But
its activeness related to small countries is absent in case of powerful contries. It
was mostly paralysed during the cold war era. Its permanent members with veto
powers, have largely used it to pretect their own strategic interest. Thus the quick
action taken during oil rich quait in crisis, was no seen in the case of resource
poor Rwanda. There has been no punitive action against violators of its
resolution. Western powers dominating the security council, often ignored or
bypassed it, if they could not take it along with them. Western intervention in
Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya speaks volume about intransigence of some members. Its
inability to stop Israili attacks on Gaza strip, claiming about 800 lives, mostly
civilians, exposes its weakness. It has humiliated itself many times by not being
able to arrange adequate peace keeping force and fund in time for missions it has
committed through resolution.
Much demanded reform in the security council needs to be urgently brought
forth to help it play its role in preserving global peace or it will have the same end
as the League of Nations.



2) Critically comment on Indias stance on all WTO related issues.
Business Standard
WTO is an international organization mandated with promoting international
trade among member countries and remove barriers of international trade.
However since the Doha round of talks in 2001 there has been lot of contentious
issues among the developed nations and India:
1)With the recent passing of NFSA , India is poised to cross the limit of AMS in
agriculture. Also its alleged trade distorting subsidies of MSP and through PDS is
being contended by developed nations ( primarily USA). However its refusal to
support the recent agreed on trade felicitation agreement in Bali ( till concrete
decision is not taken on agricultural subsidy issue) might be seen as a deal
breaker( largely because it was unilateral). One of the important advantage that
India has been is the support it enjoys from both underdeveloped and developing
nations in international forums. But this may be seen as blocking a much
necessiated boost to both WTO as well as increase in international trade.
International forums should be approached with a sense of caution and
diplomacy( so that India does not get alienated and isolated there). Key is now to
convince the developing nations ( through increased cooperation in BRICS and
IBSA) to rally behind Indias stand.
2)Countries( particularly USA) are wary of Indias alleged callous approach to
TRIPS( in light of recent decision on Naxavar). However , this issue of compulsory
licencing and decisions on ever greening are fully compliant to Indias
committments towards WTO and TRIPS and India shoul take caution in not getting
pressurized into accepting uneven and unfair terms.


Q) The recent hostilities between Israel and Palestine are not rooted in only the
immediate tensions between them; they are a product of recent changes that
have taken place in the region. Examine.
The Hindu
The reasons for the recent tensions between Israel and Palestine can be
attributed to the following factors:
1. Truce between Hamas and Fatah: Israel is not comfortable of the association
between Hamas and Fatah. Due to the militant record of Hamas and its anti Israel
activities, Israel does not trust it and sees this event as a problem for Israel's
security.
2. Iran-US peace: The successful talks between Iran and P5+1 has also added to
the insecurity of Israel, as Iran is one of the prominent economic supporter of
Hamas. Thus the apprehension that the US may not in future remain uncritical
supporter of Israel's cause is also a source of concern for Israel.
3. Acceptance of the Palestine as an observer state by the UN: The move by UN to
give the status of observer state to Palestine has opened the platform for
Palestine to take the Israel in international court, and this has increased
apprehension of Israel.
All these factors have given impetus to already existing tension between the two
countries and are some what responsible for the present situation in the Gaza
strip. Though the apprehensions of Israel are not unwarranted but it should
understand that its paranoid behavior will eventually do more harm than good to
its security concerns. Instead of distrusting each other, Israel and Palestine should
give each other a chance for peaceful settlement. The friendship between Hamas
and Fatah can be used to bring the extremist also on the negotiation table, and
Israel should view it as an opportunity rather a threat.


Q--Critically evaluate the idea of BRICS Bank and its significance to India.
Business Standard


BRICS bank has been started by these Brazil, China, India, Russia and South Africa
in an attempt to challenge the existing IMF and fund there developments and
interests. However, it can have both positive as well as negative aspects
Positives
1. This will help these countries to have a parallel institute to IMF and would not
be bullied by West and US interest
2. Funds will be available for Infrastructure and other development needs
3. Better economic and political grip on the world
4. first major chance for India to stand for a multilateral international institution
without western world involvement.
Negatives
1. India is not a cash rich country and giving Rs. 60,000 crore to this bank at this
point when we are finding it difficult to fund our infrastructure and bridge fiscal
deficit seems ironical
2. This money is same as the money we are planning to gain from disinvestment
of PSUs. It seems Govt. is selling equity in Indian firms for funding a foreign
institute.
3. China can now pursue their African interests under BRICS banner, it will hide
their selfish resource oriented interests
4. Bank headquarter in Shanghai has strengthen Chinas position more than any
other BRICS country
6. China have a history of intervening and stopping Asia Development Bank
attempt to fund north east development, in such circumstances it seems very
unlikely that China will be enthusiastic in funding India through BRICS bank
However, we can see both positive and negative points emerging over BRICS bank
but only time can tell if the decision was right. Still I believe the Govt. should
delayed BRICS bank for 3 to 4 years and consolidated its fiscal position before
plunging into its international ambitions.


Q--Do you think the doctrine of South South cooperation is still relevant?
Comment.
The Hindu
Most of the southern nations got independence in the mid 20th century . Most of
them were colonies of the European nations. As a result remained
underdeveloped throughout the colonial period. To prevent any such neo-
colonialism and protect the common interests of development, south south
doctrine was developed.
In the initial years, the Non aligned movement was torchbearer of the south
south doctrine. It made sure southern nations would not become a tool to be
used by the two Cold War blocs to further their interests. It had considerable
success, but later lost momentum.
In the 1980-90s most of the southern nations started opening their markets. To
protect their markets from the much developed and mature companies of the
northern countries, the south-south doctrine was revived to project a unified and
thus more strong stand in international forums.
In the 21st century, the increased debate about climate change has once again
strengthened the ss doctrine. And projected the united stand of common but
differentiated responsibilities .
Southern nations share a similar history and this has bonded them. Also similar
economies, concerns about international trade, climate change , fear of
exploitation of developed nations Incase of split among the nations has Kept the
doctrine relevant.

TTEP angle.
From Indias point of view
1) The doctrine has to be kept relevant because India is seen as a leader in this
respect. India by projecting as pursuing combined interests of southern nations
can make its interests more vocal.
2) India by invoking the doctrine can get easy access to Southern growing and
huge potential markets.
3) Leadership among these nations is crucial for India to project itself as a global
power, seat in the UNSC


Q) Write a critical note on Indias relationship with the South American nations.
The Hindu
Over the years South American nations were not in the priority foreign policy list
of India. But that is changing. Increasing democratisation of the continent,
budding entrepreneurs, significant youth population, immense natural resources
have increased their significance to India.
India current relation with South America is very minimal. India imports
petroleum oil from Venezuela, Colombia and Mexico. Except for Brazil , other
countries receive very little attention. Very low people to people exchange. Very
little direct flight and sea connectivity.
Possible Areas of cooperation
1) South America has 5 times the landmass of India. Huge fertile lands. India can
look for agricultural cooperation and can even take lease some land. India can
conduct joint agricultural research and development with Brazil and Argentina.
2) increase petroleum imports to relieve over dependence on volatile gulf areas.
3) invest in oil exploration and extraction in these areas.
4) Huge mineral resources can be tapped.
5) India can provide assistance to their space programmes and also provide
launching and satellite facilities.
6) Brazil can be a source for ethanol. Which can help reduce our dependence on
petroleum.
Way forward
1) India has to sign FTAs with Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Peru , the
largest trading countries.
3) use BRICS platform to connect with these countries
4) increase diplomatic exchange. Increase flight connectivity.

Q) The Indian government has made it clear that the Bali agreement will not be
ratified unless Indian demands are met. This is both a strategic and a tactical
mistake. Critically comment.
Business Standard
Bali agreement in the December 2013 was a significant move which break the
stagnation of more than a decade long Doha talks. The significant trade
facilitation agreement was accepted by all the members, and a temporary
solution for the food subsidy was adopted, with a promise that the steps will be
taken in the direction of a permanent solution.
But India now has said that it will not ratify the trade facilitation agreement till a
permanent solution for food subsidy is found. This move will again bring the Doha
talks to a stagnation with all or none approach. Though the the provisions like
improving ports structure, easing custom laws etc will be beneficial to the trade of
India, but India cant be criticized for its stand on the food subsidy because nearly
60% of its population is dependent on the agriculture, and in the purview of the
food security bill it may cross the de-minimus level(10%) allowed for the
subsidies.
And it cant be said that India is a lone aberrant in this issue. The African countries
has also said that they will implement the trade facilitation agreement on the
provisional basis until the food subsidy issue is being solved. And India is also
supported by China, and Cuba in its move.
Thus, if the developed countries really want to solve the issue, instead of blaming
India they should understand the problems of developing countries. And show the
same diligence in reaching towards the solution on the food subsidy issue as they
are showing towards the trade facilitation agreement.