Masters of Engineering (Telecommunication)

Project Report on
POWER LINE COMMNIC!TION MO"EL
IN ! #O$E #OL" NETWOR%
&une '(()
$T!NLE* C#!C%!PP!N
I"+ ,-./0,'1
Abstract
T2e po3er line communication mo4el5 in t2is report5 is 6eing simulate4 for 2ouse2ol4 purpose In
course of t2e researc2 4one for t2is report7 t2ere 3ere numerous fin4ings of applications ot2er
t2an po3er transmission t2roug2 PLC s8stem9 In t2is report5 a 4etaile4 stu48 approac2 2as 6een
un4erta:en in or4er to implement a mo4el for po3er line communication c2annel 32ic2 is
connecte4 to a 2ouse2ol4 from t2e po3er station9 It 2as also 6een note4 t2at PLC tec2nolog8 can
6e use4 for 4ual purposes7 32ic2 inclu4es transmitting po3er signal t2roug2 po3er line ca6les as
3ell as transmitting 6inar8 information using t2e same e;isting ca6les 32ic2 are use4 for
transmitting po3er9
T2e nee4 for using coupling capacitors insi4e t2e transmission line is also 6eing 4iscusse49 !
4etaile4 summar8 on 4ifferent c2annel parameters an4 its c2aracteristics are also t2e points of
researc2 in t2is report9 T2e parameter <alue calculation is also of prime importance 6ecause it
3ill ena6le us to mo4el a 6etter an4 efficient po3er line communication s8stem9
T2is report 3ill target t2e 6asic concept of po3er line communication c2annel (PLC) an4 its past
tren4s 3ill 6e reflecte4 upon9 More emp2asis 3ill 6e gi<en for t2e current stan4ar4s use4 in PLC
tec2nolog89 =urt2ermore5 t2ere 3ill 6e a 4iscussion on future tren4s in t2is fiel4 as 3ell as t2ere
3ill 6e a listing of its current applications9
Moreo<er5 t2ere is an emp2asis on t2e stu48 of 4ifferent PLC mo4els t2at 2a<e 6een esta6lis2e4
earlier9 !mong t2e mo4els5 t2e noise mo4el 3ill 6e gi<en more importance 6ecause it pla8s a
<er8 <ital role in constructing a po3er line communication c2annel9 =urt2ermore5 <oltage an4
fre>uenc8 anal8sis from 6ot2 transmitter an4 recei<er si4e of t2e PLC s8stem 3ill 6e
implemente4 68 simulate4 results9
T2e tools 6eing use4 at present for mo4elling PLC s8stem are man8 6ut t2e tool use4 in t2is
project is $imulin:9 $imulin: soft3are is a44?on feature of Matla6 soft3are9 T2is tool 3ill 6e
e;tremel8 2elpful in ena6ling us to o6tain t2e simulate4 results of fre>uenc8 response5 c2annel
c2aracteristics an4 parameters settings for t2e 4ifferent components in PLC s8stem9
ii
Acknowledgements
I 3oul4 li:e to t2an: "r9 pul @una3ar4ana5 project super<isor an4 gui4e5 for t2e en4less
support an4 gui4ance7 an4 3it2out 32om t2is project report 3oul4 not 6e complete49


iii
Declaration

I 2ere68 certif8 t2at no part of t2is project report 2as 6een copie4 from an8 ot2er stu4ents 3or:
or from an8 ot2er source e;cept 32ere 4ue ac:no3le4gement is ma4e9
i<
Table of Contents
!6stract99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999ii
!c:no3le4gements999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999iii
"eclaration99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999i<
C2apter ,? Intro4uction99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
,9, Po3er Line Communication C2annel (PLC)+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
C2apter ' ? Po3er Line C2annel?C2aracteristics an4 Implementation99999999999999999999999999999999999999999990
C2apter 0 ? "ifferent !pproac2es =ollo3e4 in PLC Mo4elling999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999A
09, Noise Mo4eling+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999)
09' Top?4o3n Mo4els for PLC C2annel Transfer =unction+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,(
090 Bottom up Mo4els for PLC C2annel Transfer =unction+99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,,
09. @eneral Mo4els se4 for PLC c2annel mo4elling99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,'
091 $imulation tools99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,'
C2apter . ? "ifferent PLC Concepts !4opte4 in #ome Net3or:9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,0
C2apter 1 ? PLC mo4elling in me4ium <oltage net3or:999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,A
19, n4ergroun4 ca6le parameters+99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,A
19' O<er2ea4 Line parameters+99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,/
190 $inusoi4al <oltages an4 currents?stan4ing 3a<es+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,)
19. Pre4icte4 Influence of fre>uenc8 in line lengt2s+99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999',
191 Car8ing t2e position of PLC signal injection+9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999''
19- $imulation results for t2e o<er2ea4 line configuration+9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999'0
19A !rial MC net3or: $imulation+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999'-
C2apter - ? Po3er Line Communication (PLC) Mo4el99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999'/
-9, Transmitter Bloc: (coupling circuit)+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990,
-9' Passi<e elements+9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990'
-90 Recei<er si4e (4ecoupling circuit)+99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999900
-9. Po3er C2annel+999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990.
C2apter A? $imulate4 results999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999901
C2apter / ? Conclusions999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990-
References999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990A
<

<i
Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Power Line Communication Channel PLC!"
Po3er line communication c2annel (PLC) 2as 6een in use for long for communication an4 4ata
transferring9 Its main a4<antage is t2at it uses e;isting infrastructure 32ic2 inclu4es 3ires t2at
e;ist to e<er8 2ouse?2ol4 connecte4 to t2e po3er line net3or:9 T2e Po3er line communication
c2annel5 in general can 6e mo4elle4 as 2a<ing a time?<ar8ing fre>uenc8?4epen4ent signal?to?
noise ratio o<er t2e communication 6an43i4t29 T2e po3er lines main aim is to 4istri6ute po3er
in a lo3 <oltage to 4ifferent 2ouse?2ol4s9 In or4er to ma:e it useful for communication5 a4<ance4
communication met2o4s are nee4e49
!ccor4ing to t2e aut2ors in D,E5 t2e Po3er line net3or: is a large in2a6ite4 area consisting of a
2ig2 <oltage po3er pro4ucing po3er plant5 me4ium <oltage su6stations an4 lo3 <oltage gri4s9
T2e po3er line communication c2annel consists of t2ree 6asic elements+ transmission line in
32ic2 carrier energ8 is passe4 for communication5 transmitter 6loc: comprising t2e line trap5
line tuner5 coupling capacitor an4 t2e recei<er 6loc: 32ic2 comprises of its tuning an4 6loc:ing
components9
T2e line trap pro<i4es 6loc:ing of t2e carrier signal so t2at t2e transferre4 carrier energ8 signal
is controlle4 accor4ing to t2e situation5 i9e9 communication o<er t2e po3er line can 6e regulate49
T2is is accomplis2e4 68 implementing t3o L?C circuits 3it2 <aria6le in4uctances an4
capacitances9 T2ese parameters are selecte4 in suc2 a 3a8 t2at5 t2e circuit ten4s to resonate at a
particular fre>uenc8 t2us 6loc:ing t2e carrier signal 9=urt2ermore line tuners are use4 for
impe4ance matc2ing 6et3een t2e po3er line an4 t2e transmitterFrecei<er 32ic2 is ac2ie<e4 68
installing series?resonant L?C circuit tune4 to carrier fre>uenc85 impe4ance matc2ing transformer
an4 also a protecti<e 4e<ice9
$ince t2e po3er?lines are normall8 6uilt for electricit8 4istri6ution5 t2e8 are not suita6le for
communication purposes9 T2is is 4ue to t2e fact t2at in po3er lines5 <ar8ing le<els of impe4ance
an4 attenuation 4ue to s3itc2ing of electrical e>uipments are fre>uent9 Moreo<er time?<ariant
interferences from <arious sources lea4 to a <er8 poor performance of t2e s8stem9 T2erefore in
<ii
t2is mo4e of communication5 t2e transmission capa6ilit8 is restricte4 resulting to se<ere
6an43i4t2 constraints5 po3er limits5 an4 2ig2 le<els of noise9
Normall85 po3er plant pro4uces 2ig2G<oltage po3er 32ic2 is t2en transferre4 to me4ium le<el
su6?stations5 32ere t2e 2ig2 <oltage po3er is con<erte4 to me4ium le<el po3er5 !fter3ar4s its
t2en 4istri6ute4 to lo3 <oltage gri4s from 32ere it goes to 4ifferent 2ouse2ol4s9
T2e po3er pro4uce4 from t2e po3er plant normall8 falls in t2e range of .(( %C an4 me4ium
le<el falls in t2e range 6et3een ,( %C 32ile t2e lo3 <oltage is in t2e range of .(( C9 T2e lo3
<oltage gri4s consist its o3n su6?station 32ic2 is inturn is connecte4 to . lo3 <oltage lines9 T2e
lo3 <oltage lines consist of 0 p2ases an4 one neutral9
Ca6le Bo;es are use4 to attac2 t2eses lo3 <oltage lines from t2e gri4s to eac2 2ouse 2ol4s9
T2ere 2a<e 6een man8 milestones ac2ie<e4 in t2is area of communication9 Its future applications
inclu4es 2armoniHing 6roa46an4 3ire line access tec2nologies 3it2 e;isting ra4io ser<ices so
coe;istences mig2t 6e optimiHe4 an4 it 3ill 6e a :e8 element in t2e rapi4 4eplo8ment of
6roa46an4 Po3er Line Tec2nolog8 s8stems5 32ic2 3ill utiliHe 2ig2 fre>uenc8 6an4s9
Ot2er applications of PLC are automatic meter rea4ing5 programma6le controllers5 an4
4eman4Fsuppl8 management9 PLC 2ome net3or:ing is its anot2er major application suc2 as
s2are4 internet5 printers5 files5 2ome control games5 4istri6ute4 <i4eo5 remote monitoring an4
securit89
T2e possi6ilities of PLC are en4less an4 if its features5 suc2 as more compati6ilit8 to 4ata
communications at a muc2 faster rate 3it2 less suscepti6ilit8 to noise is ac2ie<e45 t2en it 3ill 6e
a significant milestone in t2is researc2 area9

<iii
Chapter # - Power Line Channel-Characteristics and Implementation
T2e 6asic c2aracteristics of t2e po3er line communication c2annel consist of Noise5 attenuation5
impe4ance5 an4 p2ase s2ift9 To :no3 more a6out t2e c2aracteristics of t2e po3er line c2annel5 it
is nee4e4 to mo4el t2e c2annel in t3o mo4es+ t2e8 are noise an4 attenuation mo4el5 =urt2ermore
simulation is 4one to :no3 t2e fre>uenc8 response of t2e c2annel9
!ccor4ing to aut2ors D'E5 in a po3er line c2annel5 attenuation increases proportionall8 to t2e
4istance of t2e c2annel 9Normall8 t2e po3er line is connecte4 to 2ouse 2ol4 appliances 3or:ing
in a lo3 <oltage me4ium 32ic2 lies in t2e range of ,(( to 0(( :#H9 T2ese po3er ca6les are
connecte4 to t2e 2ome appliances an4 in or4er to fin4 out t2e fre>uenc8 response of t2e c2annel5
t2e response of t2e appliances to t2e c2annel is o6ser<e49 T2erefore t2e o<erall po3erlines
net3or: is :no3n as a 4istri6ution s8stem 32ic2 comprises of comple; electronics pro4ucts an4
electrical s8stems5 6ut t2eses s8stems 4o not communicate 3it2 eac2 ot2er an4 4o not 2a<e a
common interface among t2em9
Moreo<er it is foun4 out t2at5 to esta6lis2 a po3er line in 2ouse 2ol4s5 it is essential to 2a<e cost
effecti<e ca6les an4 also it s2oul4 conser<e energ8 an4 s2oul4 2a<e a44itional features suc2 as
plug an4 pla85 self configuration5 an4 assignment for 2ome appliances D0E9
T2e major a4<antage of PLC c2annel is t2at e;isting po3er ca6les in t2e 2ouse 2ol4s can 6e use4
for setting up a 4istri6ution s8stem9 T2erefore t2e8 can 6e use4 6ot2 for po3er an4 4ata
communication purposes9 T2e 4isa4<antage in a lo3 <oltage en<ironment is t2e 2ig2 attenuation
cause4 68 t2e net3or:5 32ic2 can 6e a<oi4e4 using repeaters along t2e lengt2 of t2e po3er line
c2annel9
Normall85 to get more insig2t of c2aracteristics of t2e po3er line c2annel5 it is nee4 to anal8se
t2e c2aracteristics of Noise 32ic2 is incorporate4 in t2e po3er line c2annel9
Noise comprises of four components 32ic2 are 6ac:groun4 noise5 impulse noise5 s8nc2ronous
noise5 continuous noise5 in 32ic2 after mo4elling of t2e po3er line c2annel in t2e range of ,(( to
0(( :#H5 t2e a<erage <alue 3as foun4 out to 6e ? '091 469 Moreo<er5 t2e components of noise
2a<e a significant effect on t2e po3er line9
i;
T2e 6ac:groun4 noise is ta:en into consi4eration from t2e general appliances in t2e 2ouse 2ol4s5
impulse noise is ta:en from lig2t emitte4 from lig2t 4immers7 t2e 2ig2er t2e 6rea: lengt2 of t2e
4immer5 2ig2er t2e intensit8 of t2e lig2t9 D.E9 ! 4etail stu48 of t2e transmission line is essential to
:no3 more a6out t2e fre>uenc8 response of t2e po3er line c2annel9
T2e aut2ors reflects upon t2e concept t2at D.E5 t2e transmission line consists of 0 parts 32ic2
comprises of core insulation5 ca6le insulation s2eat2 an4 t2e outer con4uctor of t2e transmission
line 32ere it lies insi4e a 4ielectric s2eat2 jac:et9 #ere t2e ra4ius of t2e con4uctor is ta:en as 'r
an4 after t2e insulation5 it is 4enote4 as "9

$igure 1" An illustration of the Transmission line. %&'
T2e ca6les use4 for t2e po3er line transmission is ta:en as a 4istri6ute4 net3or:5 in 32ic2 t2e
<oltages an4 currents <ar8 3it2 time an4 lengt29
In D1E5 t2e aut2ors refres2 our :no3le4ge 68 mo4elling t2e e>ui<alent lumpe4 circuit of t2e
transmission line9 #ere t2e line parameters of t2e transmission line consist of in4uctance (L)5
resistance(R) an4 con4uctance (@)9 T2erefore5 if 3e 2a<e to :no3 t2e c2aracteristics of t2e
po3er line5 t2en it is essential to :no3 t2e instantaneous <oltage an4 current <alue 9T2e
illustration in =igure ' tells us e;actl8 2o3 t2e instantaneous current an4 <oltage is measure4 at
time t an4 t I 49
;


$igure #" An illustration of the Transmission line. (onate et al. #))*+ pp ,-&-,-,!
In D1E5 t2e c2aracteristics of t2e po3er line c2annel can 6e categoriHe4 68 t3o intrinsic
parameters7 t2e c2aracteristic impe4ance an4 t2e propagation constant9
T2e8 can 6e calculate4 68 6elo3 mention formula+
!ccor4ing to aut2ors D-E5 t2e line parameters can 6e calculate4 68 t2e formula+
;i

$ince t2ere are <arious no4es connecte4 to t2e po3er line net3or:5 impe4ance mismatc2es occur
in t2em9 "ue to t2e c2aracteristic impe4ance mismatc2es occurring in 4ifferent parts of t2e
net3or:5 it pa<es 3a8 for multi? pat2 propagation of t2e c2annel9
T2e aut2ors in D,E emp2asiHes on t2e fact t2at 4ue to t2e fre>uent usage of telecommunication
an4 simultaneous spatial use of electricit8 2as pro4uce4 a 32ole ne3 4imension for po3er line
communication c2annel9 In t2e present scenario5 internet is 6eing 3i4el8 use4 aroun4 t2e 3orl4
an4 if t2is can 6e transmitte4 o<er electricit85 t2en in future5 uni<ersal information super2ig23a8
3ill e<entuall8 6e realiHe49 T2is 3ill ena6le e<er8 2ouse2ol4 an4 ot2er organiHation to get
connecte4 among t2em9
;ii
Chapter . - Different Approaches $ollowed in PLC /odelling
!ccor4ing to aut2ors DAE5 po3er line tec2nolog8 can 6e use4 for man8 multime4ia
tec2nologies9 It can 6e a 6rea: t2roug2 for t2e 4e<elopment of smart 2omes9 T2eses smart 2omes
can incorporate in4oor multime4ia interc2ange 32ic2 until no3 is consi4ere4 68 man8 people as
fiction9 PLC t2erefore 2as numerous applications 32ic2 can 6e use4 for t2e a4<ancement of
e;isting tec2nologies9 T2e aut2or are emp2asiHing on t2e mo4elling aspect of po3er line
communication c2annel in an in4oor en<ironment9 T2e8 furt2er e;plain t2at it is possi6le to
create a po3er line communication s8stem to support multime4ia applications 3it2 a spee4 of
'(( M6 per secon4s9 T2erefore5 it s2oul4 6e consi4ere4 an alternati<e source of 2ome G
net3or:ing tec2nolog89 T2e perfect mo4elling of a plc c2annel 2as not 6een 8et foun4 out9 T2is
is 4ue to t2e fact t2at 32ile mo4elling t2e po3er line communication c2annel5 researc2ers fin4
pro6lems in fre>uenc8 an4 time response of t2e c2annel5 noise5 an4 t2e topolog8 in 32ic2 t2e
c2annelling is implemente49
T2e8 2a<e gone on classif8ing 4ifferent mo4els for po3er line c2annel9 T2e8 are+
,9 Noise mo4elling
'9 Top?4o3n approac2 for transfer function mo4elling
09 Bottom?up approac2 for transfer function mo4elling
.9 $imulation tools
19 Mo4elling in fre>uenc8 an4 time 4omain
T2e :e8 concept 6e2in4 noise mo4eling is to filter out t2e specific pro6a6ilit8 4ensit8 function
32ic2 is re>uire4 for t2e purpose of c2annel mo4eling9 T2e filtering is 4one from man8 noise
components 32ic2 are present from its spectral 4ensit89 T2e 4ifferent noise components present
in t2e spectral 4ensit8 are colore4 noise5 6ac:groun4 noise5 perio4ic impulse noise5 narro3 6an4
noise an4 as8nc2ronous impulsi<e noise9 T2e filtering of t2e pro6a6ilit8 4ensit8 function for t2e
re>uire4 parameters is 4one 68 ta:ing repeate4 measurements 32ic2 results in scattere4
<aria6les9 T2eses scattere4 <aria6les contain t2e re>uire4 parameters for mo4elling t2e po3er
line communication c2annel9
!ccor4ing to aut2ors in D-E top 4o3n approac2 mo4elling is prone to measurement errors9 T2is is
4ue to t2e fact t2at it 2as a4opte4 t2e empirical met2o4olog89 T2e aut2ors emp2asis on t2e fact
;iii
t2at5 alt2oug2 it is eas8 to implement an4 retrie<e t2e computational results 6ut 4ue to errors5 it is
onl8 use4 sel4om among researc2ers to mo4el a po3er line communication c2annel9
T2e computations are 4one to fin4 out t2e transfer function of t2e po3er line communication
c2annel9 T2is transfer function 3ill 4epen4 on parameters suc2 as fre>uenc8 an4 time 32ic2
s2oul4 6e appropriate for mo4elling purpose9 T2e ot2er name use4 for empirical met2o4olog8 is
priori met2o49
T2e 6ottom up approac2 accor4ing to aut2ors 2as 6een 3i4el8 accepte4 mo4elling tec2ni>ue for
po3er line communication mo4eling9 T2e 32ole i4ea is 6ase4 on pro<en t2eories regar4ing
po3er line c2annels9 T2erefore5 t2e <alues of t2e c2annel parameters are foun4 out in precision
32ic2 3ill ena6le researc2es to fin4 out t2ere appropriate <alues 32ic2 3ill 6e suita6le for
mo4eling t2e c2annel9 T2is met2o4 is 2ar4 to implement 4ue to t2e fact t2at its computation are
not so eas8 to 3or: out9 T2erefore it ta:es lot of time an4 energ8 to 3or:out t2e calculations
nee4e4 for t2e implementation of t2e c2annel9 T2e a4<antage for t2is mo4elling is its capa6ilit8
to pre4ict c2ange in t2e transfer function 32en t2ere is c2ange in t2e net3or: 6ecause t2e <alues
of t2e parameters can 6e altere4 since t2e8 are formulate49
=urt2er t2e aut2ors D,(E 2a<e e;plaine4 t2e importance of simulating a gi<en mo4el to c2ec: for
t2ere accuracies9 T2e8 can 6e c2ec:e4 for t2e parameter accurac8 so t2at a proper c2annel can 6e
mo4elle49 T2e simulation tool accor4ing to aut2ors 3ill onl8 6e muc2 efficient if it is 2uman?
user frien4l89
T2e aut2ors also mention t2e possi6ilit8 of mo4elling po3er line communication c2annel in time
an4 fre>uenc8 4omain 32ic2 is :no3n as t2e ec2o mo4eling9 T2e time 4omain mo4eling is 4one
68 using t2e top?4o3n approac29 T2e pro6lem face4 68 t2e top?4o3n approac2 is t2at t2e
comple;ities in mo4eling increases 32en eac2 3iring joint 2as multiple 6ranc2es9
T2e mo4elling 4one in t2e fre>uenc8 mo4elling is 4one in matri; representation9 T2e
c2aracteristics of t2e po3er line communication c2annel are put in t2eses scattering matrices for
furt2er anal8sis9 T2e a4<antage of t2e matri; representation accor4ing to t2e aut2ors is t2at t2e
4iscontinuities in impe4ances are consi4ere4 68 t2e matrices5 4espite t2e net3or: 6eing comple;9
;i<
T2e matri; representation is implemente4 usuall8 on computers9 T2e matri; representation is
usuall8 use4 in implementing t3o G port net3or:s9 T2ese t3o?port net3or:s are 3i4el8 use4 in5
computers an4 for ot2er transmission purposes9 T2e t3o parameters t2at can 6e use4 68 t2e t3o
port net3or: 3ill 6e t2e <oltage Gcurrent parameter an4 t2e inci4ent?reflecte4 parameter9
T2e figure illustrate4 6elo3 3ill gi<e us some i4ea a6out t2e matri; representation 32ic2 is
implemente4 in c2annel mo4elling9

$igure ." An illustration of two-port matri0 a. transmission b. scattering
Let us no3 see t2e 4ifferent met2o4s to mo4el a po3er line communication c2annel in 4etail9
..1 1oise /odeling"
It is necessar8 to mo4el noise component of t2e po3er line c2annel 32en mo4eling t2e po3er
line communication c2annel as a 32ole 9to mo4el noise9 !t first5 3e 2a<e to i4entif8 t2e 4ifferent
components of noise9 T2e8 are generall8 categoriHe4 in 6ac:groun4 noise an4 impulsi<e noise9
;<
T2e 6ac:groun4 noise is usuall8 mo4ele4 in t2e fre>uenc8 4omain 3it2 a 4ecrease4 <oltage
profile9
T2e propose4 mo4el for 6ac: groun4 noise 68 t2e OPER! consortium is mentione4 6elo3+

32ere ! (infinit8) is t2e po3er 4ensit8 4ifference 6et3een ! infinit8 an4 ! (() is gi<en 68 !o9
T2e error pro4uce4 accor4ing to aut2ors D,,E5 in t2e po3er line transmission c2annel is occurring
4ue to t2e impulsi<e noise 32ic2 is cause4 4ue to t2e s2ort time inter<als9 T2is is 4ue to t2e fact
t2at impulse noise contains 2ig2 spectral 4ensit89 T2e impulse noise is c2aracteriHe4 in time t2e
time 4omain9 T2e8 furt2er 4escri6e t2at t2e8 2a<e site4 3or: 4one on 4ifferent ot2er noise
mo4eling 32ic2 uses a 4ifferent approac29 =or e;ample5 stoc2astic mo4el 32ic2 is 6ase4 on
mar:o< c2ain9
T2e8 2a<e e<en cite4 c2annel mo4eling in t2e 3orst case scenario5 32ic2 is t2e Mi44letons
class ! noise mo4el 32ic2 is meant for 6ac:groun4 an4 impulse noise9 #ere t2e apart from
t2eses general components of noise5 32ite noise is consi4ere4 as c8clostationar8 process9 T2ese
noises are generall8 ma4e 32en 6roa4casting signals from a s2ort5 long or mi44le range 3a<e9 It
is usuall8 ta:en as t2e sum of multiple sine noises9 T2e mo4elings of t2eses specimen are
consi4ere4 to 6e 4one in a specific mo4ulation tec2ni>ue9
..# Top-down /odels for PLC Channel Transfer $unction"
T2e aut2ors 2a<e cite4 in t2e 3or: 4one 68 Jimmermann an4 "ostertD/E5 32o tal: a6out t2e
multipat2 mo4el 6eing as empirical approac2 for t2e PLC c2annel mo4eling9 T2e multipat2
mo4eling consists of a4<antages an4 4isa4<antages9 T2e a4<antages of t2is t8pe of mo4eling are
far more t2an its 4isa4<antages9 T2e algorit2m use4 for mo4eling multipat2 is comparati<el8
eas8 to implement5 32ic2 3ill ena6le efficient simulation of t2e c2annel9 #ere5 t2e onl8
4ifference is t2at t2e measurements of t2e c2annel parameter 32ic2 is re>uire4 for t2e
;<i
implementation of c2anneling is 4one pre<iousl8 an4 altere4 accor4ing to t2e c2ange in t2e
net3or:9
T2is 32ole process accor4ing to aut2ors in D,0E5 generall8 is tiresome if simulation tool is use4
for mo4eling9Multipat2 mo4eling is 4one in transmission lines connecte4 to 4ifferent 2ouse
2ol4s9 #ere5 4ifferent num6er of 6ranc2es is connecte4 to t2e po3er gri49 T2is po3er gri4
connects 4ifferent 2ouse2ol4s to a su6 station9 "ue to mismatc2es occurring insi4e t2e 6ranc2es5
internal reflection of signal occurs 32ic2 results in an open circuit9 T2e circuit is opene4 6ecause
t2ere is 4ifference in c2ange in t2e loa4 impe4ance an4 line c2aracteristic in t2e transmitter si4e9
T2e multipat2 mo4eling is consi4ere4 to 6e a fre>uenc8 selecti<e fa4ing c2annel since t2e
c2annel propagates an4 reflects 4ifferent signals for 4ifferent fre>uencies9 #ere5 t2e pat2 c2osen
68 t2e reflecte4 signal is c2osen in multiple pat2s5 2ence t2e name multipat2 propagation9
... 2ottom up /odels for PLC Channel Transfer $unction"
T2is mo4el is 6ase4 on a t2eoretical <ersion of t2e top 4o3n mo4el5 32ere it is not necessar8 to
calculate measurements9 It is 4escri6e4 as a 4eterministic mo4el5 32ere 3e 2a<e to 4etermine t2e
mo4eling parameter5 for e9g9 topolog85 ca6le t8pes5 c2annel c2aracteristics5 internal impe4ance
on eac2 of t2e 6ranc29
T2is process of 4etermining 4ifferent parameters in mo4eling po3er line communication
c2annel5 3ill 6e <er8 time consuming an4 4ifficult to ac2ie<e9 T2erefore5 t2e matri;
representation approac2 is useful 32en it is use4 as t3o?con4uctor transmission line9 T2is is a
3i4el8 use4 met2o4 for mo4eling t2e c2annel9 T2erefore it is al3a8s 4one in a 3a8 t2at5 t2e
c2annels are mo4ele4 in a 0 4 matri; representation5 so t2at t2e fre>uenc8 in4ifference are all
inclu4e49
T2e conclusion of t2is particular met2o4 D)Eis suc2 t2at t2e actual parameters can onl8 6e
o6taine4 32en t2e c2annel 2as 6een simulate4 an4 simultaneousl8 all t2e effects ma4e 68 t2e
passi<e elements in t2e c2annel are not ta:en into account9 T2is particular t8pe of mo4eling 4oes
not inclu4e 3iring an4 ot2er e;ternal connections5 t2erefore t2e costs in<ol<e4 in installing t2is
e>uipment 3ill cost more t2an t2e con<entional mo4e of c2anneling9
;<ii
..& 3eneral /odels 4sed for PLC channel modelling.
Mo4el 6ase4 on instantaneous amplitu4e of t2e mains <oltage s2o3 a slig2t <ariation 6ecause
electrical 4e<ices are connecte4 to t2ese 2ig2 parameter loa4s9 =urt2er mo4els are 6ase4 on
e;tension of general simulation tools suc2 as Monte Carlo simulation tool 32ic2 uses a 3a<elet
6ase4 e;pansion9 T2is 32ole process is 4one in time?4omain simulation 32ic2 ena6les us to
perform results 3it2 2ig2 accurac89
..5 6imulation tools
PLC c2annel mo4eling is 4one 68 using simulation tool in 6ot2 3a8s9 T2e8 can 6e 4one 68 t2e
empirical met2o4 an4 also can 6e 4one 68 t2e 4eterministic manner9 T2e simulation tool
generall8 uses emulation 2ar43are to mo4el t2e c2annel an4 retrie<e t2e result9
More o<er t2e aut2ors emp2asis t2at it is <er8 important to :no3 t2at people s2oul4 6e
concerne4 a6out t2e c2anneling to 6e practical9
;<iii
Chapter & - Different PLC Concepts Adopted in 7ome 1etwork
$igure &" 3eneral illustration of plc model in home network
!ccor4ing to aut2ors DAE5 t2e a6o<e illustration clearl8 4epicts t2e sc2ematic 4iagram of a 2ome
net3or: PLC c2annel9 T2e po3er gri4 is connecte4 to a particular 2ouse?2ol4 t2roug2 a separate
connection9 #ere t2e transmission 3ire is connecte4 to t2e po3er suppl8 32ic2 is locate4 insi4e
t2e computer9 T2e a4<antage of using t2e PLC is t2at 3e can transmit 6inar8 4ata along 3it2
po3er along t2e transmission line9 T2is process is clearl8 4epicte4 in t2e illustration 32ic2
s2o3s t2at t2e input gri4 is connecte4 to t2e router 32ic2 is separatel8 connecte4 to t2e personal
electronic 4e<ices suc2 as personal computers an4 ot2er microprocessor 6ase4 4e<ices9
;i;
$igure 5" PLC noise model implementation
T2e noise mo4el pro4uce4 68 &ung s 8 '((' 2as propose4 a mo4el for po3er line communication
c2annel9 #ere t2e concept foun4 out 68 t2e aut2or is t2at 32en t2e fre>uenc8 is increasing5
attenuation in t2e c2annel increases 3it2 it9 T2erefore 3e can consi4er t2e fre>uenc8 in t2e
c2annel to 6e proportional 3it2 t2e attenuation pro4uce49
#ere t2e input signal is gi<en to 4ela8 elements 32ic2 are 4enote4 68 T,5 T' upto TN9 T2e
in4i<i4ual elements are put into 4ifferent summations simultaneousl89 T2e in4i<i4ual signals are
a44e4 68 con<oluting signals 4enote4 68 %,5 %' upto %n elements in4i<i4uall89 !ll t2eses
in4i<i4ual elements are a44e4 onto t2e summer9 T2e output o6taine4 r (t) is a con<olute4 pro4uct
of t2ese an4 are o6taine4 in 4ifferent noise components9 T2e noise components are categoriHe4
into impulse noise continuos noise an4 perio4ic noise9
T2e summation is also 4one 3it2 t2e presence of noise5 32ic2 pro4uces 32ite noise component9
T2e pro4uct o6taine4 r (t) 3ill 6e containing 4ifferent spectral components of 32iter noise9 T2e
Mo4eling is 4one 68 :eeping <ie3 of all t2eses elements9
T2e a6o<e propose4 mo4el is 4one in or4er to fin4 t2e po3er line communication mo4el in 2ome
net3or:9 Later 3e 3ill see t2e implementation of general communication mo4el9
;;
$igure 8" PLC model done in a neighborhood images from google.co.in!
T2e a6o<e illustration 4epicts in 4etail t2e usage of e;isting po3er line 3iring for 4ata
communication purposes9 #ere t2e 6ac:6one of t2e net3or: is t2e po3er line ca6le 32ic2 is
connecte4 to a main router or a s3itc29 T2e 6it information is t2en 4istri6ute4 for <arious
purposes9 #ere t2e <oltage line use4 for 2ouse2ol4 uses a t2res2ol4 <oltage of '.( C9 T2e po3er
is transmitte4 t2roug2 t2e plc pipeline computer 9T2e main 4ata is coming from t2e satellite <ia
4is2 antenna9 No35 a net3or: is create4 68 4ifferent 2ouse2ol4s using t2e same po3er line for
4ata transmission9
!ccor4ing to aut2ors DAE5 t2e t3o mo4e of propagation use4 in resi4ential net3or: is t2e
common Gmo4e an4 pair mo4e Gpropagation9 T2e common mo4els use4 for t2is purpose is t2e
,.F'?,(F' an4 ,.F0?/F0 ca6les9 T2e common met2o4 a4opte4 for simulating c2annel mo4els is
;;i
using $PICE circuit simulation or 68 t2e matri; representation 9T2e 4ominants propagation mo4e
3ill 6e allo3e4 for partial separation 9t2e appliances connecte4 to t2e net3or: cause current
im6alance 32ic2 are also calle4 t2e common?mo4e9
PLC communication c2annel 2ol4s go4 for lot of electronics appliances9 T2e 3ireless ser<ices
32ic2 are affecte4 4ue to RPL mo4eling in t2e range of ,?0( M#J 6an49 T2e met2o4 to mo4el
t2e RPL is a4opting a p28sical approac29 B8 a4opting t2is met2o45 one can ac2ie<e pat2
attenuation an4 ra4iati<e common mo4e current9 T2e ca6les use4 for in4oor are s2orter t2an t2e
ca6les use4 for out4oor purposes9 T2e ca6les use4 are less in uniform an4 geometr89 T2ese RPL
consists of man8 4i<isions9
T2e pat2s a4opte4 in t2e implementation of RPL are 2ot (6lac:)5 neutral (32ite) an4 safet8
groun49 @roun4 loops are forme4 4ue to t2e current capacit8 an4 ot2er safet8 consi4erations9
Moreo<er Ban3ell T5 t2ere is an increasing ten4enc8 to ma:e K2ome?run connectionsL '( amp
circuit 6rea:er on t2e ser<ice panel9
;;ii
Chapter 5 - PLC modelling in medium 9oltage network

!ccor4ing to t2e aut2ors D/E5 it 2as alrea48 6een note4 t2at PLC s8stems are use4 for
transmitting po3er at a particular fre>uenc8 32ic2 can also 6e use4 as a source of transmitting
information 6its9 T2ese applications are 4one 68 utiliHing t2e po3er gri4s installe4 in t2e po3er
line communication c2annel9 PLC tec2nolog8 can 6e ma4e to 3or: in me4ium <oltage net3or:
68 using a communication 6ac:6one 32ic2 3ill 6e connecte4 to e<er8 po3er using e>uipment
insi4e t2e 2ouse2ol49 !part from t2ese applications5 PLC tec2nolog8 can also 6e use4 for man8
ot2er energ8 relate4 ser<ices9 T2ese ser<ices inclu4e 4iagnosis regar4ing t2e state of t2e net3or:5
controlling 2ouse2ol4 e>uipments an4 ot2er automate4 e>uipments9 !ll t2ese applications are
ma4e 68 using t2e po3er gri45 32ic2 is attac2e4 to t2e po3er line communication c2annel9 T2e
po3er gri45 alt2oug25 2as not 6een 4esigne4 for t2e 4ata transmission5 6ut pro<es to 6e 3or:ing
in a 6a4 manner for signal transmission9 T2ere are a lot of 2in4rances to t2is tec2nolog8 suc2 as
noise interferences5 c2annel attenuation 4ue to t2e increase4 num6er of loa4s7 t2e most important
6eing t2e 4ifferent approac2es to net3or: topolog8 in t2e me4ium <oltage gri49 T2e procee4ings
3ill 6e on t2e responses o6taine4 68 performing t2e simulation of po3er line communication
c2annel in me4ium <oltage net3or:9 =urt2ermore5 t2e c2annel c2aracteristics an4 t2e cross?tal:s
in<ol<e4 32ile transmitting signal is also stu4ie49 Moreo<er5 emp2asis is gi<en on creating a
me4ium <oltage 4istri6ution net3or: 68 using 4ifferent fre>uencies9
T2ere are 4ifferent mo4el approac2es un4erta:en to conceptualiHe me4ium <oltage (MC)
net3or:9 ! mo4el approac2 is carrie4 for o<er2ea4 lines5 un4ergroun4 ca6les an4 4istri6ution
transformers9 T2e simulation tool use4 2ere is t2e !TP?EMTP routines9
5.1 4nderground cable parameters"
T2e first 3or: un4erta:en to o6tain t2e un4ergroun4 ca6le parameter is constructing a t2ree?
p2ase pipe?t8pe crosse4?lin:e4 pol8et28lene (MLPE) insulate4 ca6le 32ic2 is 6urie4 un4er t2e
groun45 one meter 4eep9 T2is is t2e main tool re>uire4 for t2e stu48 of signal propagation un4er
t2e groun49 #ere t2e cross?section of t2e transmission line is '.(mm9 T2ere are t2ree ca6les
present insi4e t2e outer ca6le9 T2e outer ca6le is insulate4 3it2 pol8<in8lc2lori4e (PCC) an4 t2e
ra4ius is 4enote4 68 R0 32ic2 is 2a<ing a measurement of .19-1(mm9 T2e ot2er t2ree inner
con4uctors are ma4e up of steel5 copper an4 aluminum respecti<el8 3it2 R,5 R' respecti<e
;;iii
ra4ius9 T2is po3er line ca6le is t2en simulate4 68 using t2e !TP?EMTP routine to o6tain t2e
c2annel parameters an4 to :no3 a6out t2eir c2aracteristics9
5.# :9erhead Line parameters"
T2is particular parameter is o6taine4 68 using t2ree?p2ase 3ires in a 2oriHontal arrangement9 T2e
4imension of t2e con4uctors is )1mm ; '5 32ere t2e 2eig2t of t2e con4uctor is /mm an4 is ma4e
to stan4 on 3oo4en poles9 #ere t2e constants or t2e c2annel parameters are calculate4 68 t2e
!TP?EMTP routines9 T2e major concept ta:en into consi4eration is t2e attenuation cause4 68 t2e
s:in effect an4 t2e eart2 surface9 T2e pollacHe:s an4 carsons formula gi<es us t2e impe4ance
matri; to o6tain t2e eart2 current pat29 T2e eart2 is suppose4 to 6e2a<e as a normal con4uctor for
t2e s2unt a4mittance matri;9 T2e a6o<e t3o mo4els are simulate4 using t2e time 4omain9 T2e
simulation tool use4 2ere is !TP?EMTP as 3ell9
$igure 8" /; o9erhead transmission line configuration
Non?linearities of t2e parameters insi4e t2e transformer an4 man8 of t2e core 4esigns are cause4
68 t2e 4epen4enc8 of fluctuations in fre>uencies9 T2e 6elo3 4iagram 4epicts t2e t2ree?p2ase 48n
transformer 32ic2 is initiall8 simulate4 68 t2e BCTR!N supporting routine of t2e EMTP
routine9 T2is is 4one in or4er to get 4etails regar4ing t2e lo3 fre>uenc8 responses from t2e
c2annel9 T2e main concept follo3e4 2ere is 4isregar4ing t2e non?linearities e;presse4 68 t2e
parameters9 =or t2is to 6e accomplis2e45 superposition principle is applie4 to t2e c2annel
c2aracteristics9 Moreo<er5 passi<e elements li:e capacitors 32ic2 are properl8 measure4 are
;;i<
summe4 up 3it2 t2is to o6tain 2ig2 fre>uenc8 capaciti<e coupling 6et3een t2e 3in4ings of t2e
transmission line9 T2e stra8 capacitances use4 are+
Capacitance use4 6et3een MC 3in4ings an4 groun4 (Cmg)
Capacitance 6et3een LC 3in4ings an4 groun4 (Clg)
Capacitance 6et3een 3in4ings (Cml)
T2e 6elo3 illustrate4 figure 3ill gi<e us 4etaile4 insig2ts regar4ing t2e transformer 4istri6ution
mo4el 32ic2 is retrie<e4 68 using NPL simulation9
$igure *" Distribution transformer model for 1PL simulation.
5.. 6inusoidal 9oltages and currents-standing wa9es"
T2is concept is accomplis2e4 68 injecting a 2ig2 fre>uenc8 signal in a transmission line5 32ic2
pro4uces a stan4ing 3a<e 6e2a<ior along t2e transmission line9 T2is is cause4 68 t2e reflections
pro4uce4 in signals at t2e en4 of t2e line an4 line termination9 T2is is also affecte4 across t2e
lengt2 of t2e line9 T2e signal is attenuate4 mi43a8 6et3een t2e line after3ar4s it is su6jugate4
for amplification5 t2ere685 reac2ing its initial <alue at t2e opening of t2e line9 T2e mi43a8 lengt2
is 4enote4 68 9 $imultaneousl85 32en t2e po3er signal reac2es t2e >uarter 3a<elengt2 of t2e
transmission line5 resonance p2enomena occurs insi4e t2e po3er line communication c2annel5
32ere t2e <oltage function 4escen4s at a greater spee49 T2is p2enomena 2appens 32en t2e
lengt2 of t2e c2annel line 6ecomes e<en or o44 multiple of t2e >uarter 3a<elengt29 D,(E
;;<
$imulation results for t2e un4ergroun4 ca6le+
T2e 6elo3 4iagram clearl8 4epicts t2e simulate4 results for t2e <oltage profiles a4apte4 in
4ifferent line lengt2s9
$igure -" 6ignal 9oltage profiles for different line lengths
$igure ," /odal wa9elengths %1)'
;;<i
#ere t2e me4ium <oltage 4istri6ution ca6le as 4epicte4 in t2e a6o<e figure is stu4ie4 first 32ere
it contains a t2ree?p2ase pipe?t8pe MLPE ca6le9 T2e lengt2 of t2e ca6le is in multiples of
1((meters 32ic2 can 6e e;cee4e4 to 1(((meters9 T2e po3er signal 32ic2 is transmitte4 t2roug2
t2ese ca6les 2a<e an amplitu4e of , <olt RM$ 5 32ic2 is transmitte4 at t2e start of
t2e ca6le an4 t2e en4 of t2e line is left out to 6e in open con4ition9 T2ere are t3o mo4es in 32ic2
t2is me4ium <oltage signal is injecte4 into t2e transmission line9 T2ese t3o mo4es 32ic2 are
stu4ie4 an4 simulate4 are 4ifferent coupling mo4es9 T2ese t3o mo4es are+
$2iel4 to p2ase mo4e ($P)
P2ase to P2ase mo4e (PP)
#ere insi4e t2e $P mo4e5 t2e transmitte4 signal is injecte4 at one p2ase an4 it is retrie<e4 6ac:
t2roug2 an un4ergroun4 s2eat25 32ile in t2e PP mo4e5 t2e po3er signal is injecte4 6et3een t3o
p2ase con4uctors9 T2e <oltage profiles for t2e a6o<e mentione4 mo4es 2a<e minute 4ifferences9
T2ese mo4es are simulate4 using a normal mo4al transformation9 In t2e case of pie?t8pe mo4el5
t2e effect of eart2s surface is neglecte4 4ue to t2e EM= s2iel4ing of t2e surface of t2e eart29
T2ere are minute 4ifferences in t2e PP as 3ell as t2e $P t8pes9
5.& Predicted Influence of fre<uenc= in line lengths"
T2e stan4ing 3a<e signal measurements in t2e me4ium <oltage ca6le are recor4e4 for altering
<alues of signal fre>uencies an4 ca6le lengt29 T2e 3a<elengt2 for t2e signal fre>uenc8 of )1
%#H is ta:en as '(00 meters5 32ile t2e >uarter 3a<elengt2 an4 1 times 2alf 3a<elengt2 is ta:en
as 1(( meter an4 1((( meters respecti<el89 T2e 6elo3 4epicte4 4iagram 3ill clearl8 gi<e us t2e
i4ea of fre>uenc8 an4 line lengt2 influence 32ile transmitting signal in a po3er line
communication c2annel9
;;<ii
$igure 1)" Influence of fre<uenc= and line length in PLC
5.5 ;ar=ing the position of PLC signal in>ection"
It is <er8 necessar8 to c2ec: t2e actual signal injection position in t2e po3er line communication
c2annel9 =or t2is to accomplis25 t2e simulation in !TP?EMTP is implemente49 In t2e case of
1((( meter long line5 a 4istance of ,'1( meters5 '1(( meters5 0A1( meters an4 1((( meters5 are
plotte4 to install t2e e;citation source in t2e c2annel line9
#ere 6ot2 t2e en4s of t2e lines are ma4e to 6e open circuite49 #ere t2e o<erall topolog8 of t2e
transmission line is consi4ere4 to 6e constructe4 in 6ranc2es so t2at t2ere are multiple pat2s for
signal propagation9 T2is concept 3ill 6e furt2er un4erstoo4 68 glancing on t2e 6elo3 illustrate4
figure9
;;<iii
$igure 11" 6ignal 9oltage profiles for PLC signal in>ected at 1#5) meters
$igure 1#" 6ignal 9oltage profiles for PLC signals in>ected at #5)) meters
5.8 6imulation results for the o9erhead line configuration"
In t2is scenario5 a me4ium <oltage t2ree?p2ase o<er2ea4 line configuration proce4ure is
follo3e49 T2e mo4es use4 in t2is process are t2e same 32ic2 3ere use4 for t2e pre<ious
;;i;
configurations9 #ere t2e influence of fre>uenc8 an4 line lengt2 are in suc2 a 3a8 t2at line
lengt2s up to multiples of ,(( meters 32ic2 are e;cee4e4 to 0'(( meters an4 simulation is 4one
for <arious fre>uencies9 T2e effect of fre>uenc8 an4 line lengt2 for t2is configuration is 4epicte4
in t2e 6elo3 illustrate4 fre>uenc8 response 4iagram9
$igure 1." Influence of fre<uenc= and line length at o9erhead line configurations
!part from t2ese influences5 t2e transformer 2as a major impact on po3er transmission9 =or t2is5
an o<er2ea4 line of ,( :m is installe4 32ere t2e fre>uenc8 of )1 %#H is injecte4 into t2e
transmission line9 #ere t2e transmission line is open en4e45 32ic2 is 4one in t2e first case9 In t2e
secon4 case5 t2e line is terminate4 3it2 a ,(( :ilo <olt ampere transformer 3it2 a 2ig2 <oltage
terminal at t2e en4 of t2e terminal9 In case 05 6ot2 t2e en4s are s2ort?circuite49 In t2e fourt2 case5
,(( :ilo <olt ampere transformer is installe4 at t2e mi44le of t2e transmission line 32ile its lo3
<oltage terminals are open?circuite49 !n alternati<e met2o4 is use4 in t2e 1
t2
case9 T2e
4ifferences 6et3een t2e a6o<e mentione4 cases is 4epicte4 in t2e 6elo3 illustrate4 4iagram9 Eac2
case in t2e 4iagram is situate4 at a 4istance of ,( :m apart 32ere all are 2a<ing t2e same
fre>uenc8 of )1 %#H9
;;;
$igure 1&" 6ignal 9oltage profile for o9erhead line with different transformer configurations.
T2ere is also t2e necessit8 of simulating t2e cross?tal: in<ol<e4 32ile transmitting t2e po3er
signal in a po3er line communication c2annel9 #ere t2e po3er signal is injecte4 6et3een
con4uctors ! an4 B 2a<ing a <oltage reference signal 4enote4 as 9 T2e cross?tal: occurring
from cases , to 0 4uring t2e transmission of t2e signal is recor4e49 T2e cross?tal: 32ic2 is
pro4uce4 follo3s a <er8 similar stan4ing 3a<e pattern 32ic2 3as pro4uce4 in all t2e cases as
pro4uce4 in t2e o<er2ea4 line transmission configuration9 T2e figure 6elo3 3ill clearl8 gi<e us
t2e similarities 6et3een t2ese t3o simulation results9
;;;i
$igure 15" 6ignal 9oltage profile of the transmitted signal and cross-talk.
5.* Arial /; network 6imulation"
#ere t2e s8stem 4escription consists of t2e MC 4istri6ution net3or: 32ic2 consists of su6?
station 3it2 a main transformer of ,MC!5 ,1(F'( :ilo <olt 32ic2 is connecte4 to t2e
transmission s8stem9 #ere t2e step?4o3n transformers 2a<e t2e similar c2aracteristics of t2e
pre<ious transformers9 To stu48 a6out t2e transmission c2aracteristics5 num6er of case scenarios
is ta:en9
Net3or:s 3it2 all lines open?en4e4
!ll transformers connecte45 LC terminals open
Compensation capacitors connecte4
Transformers an4 compensation capacitors connecte4
#ere t2e <aria6le fre>uenc8 signal is injecte4 6et3een points ! an4 B at t2e point N$o9 In t2is
simulation5 3e get to un4erstan4 t2at t2ere is a slig2t p2ase s2ift in t2e stan4ing 3a<e <oltage
profile9 But t2e insertion at points $, an4 $0 causes attenuation in t2e signal5 6ecause t2e
;;;ii
transmission line at impe4ances '9'' o2ms5 9,' o2ms at 1 %#H an4 )1 %#H act as a s2ort circuit
for t2e signal9 T2e 6elo3 4iagram 3ill 4epict t2e MC net3or: configuration9
$igure 18" /; network configuration
;;;iii

Chapter 8 - Power Line Communication PLC! /odel
T2e mo4el 32ic2 2as 6een 4e<elope4 in t2is project 2as 6een 4one 3it2 $imulin: soft3are9 T2e
$imulin: soft3are as 3e alrea48 came across in t2e pre<ious c2apter is an a44 on feature of
Matla69 $imulin: 6ase4 mo4els 2elp us to anal8se s8stem c2aracteristics in a 6etter 3a89 It is a
:no3n fact t2at 3e can alter t2e parameters in t2e mo4el to get t2e 4esire4 result7 t2erefore it is
possi6le to recreate t2e smaller <ersion into large scale realit89 T2e mo4el 32ic2 is 4epicte4 in
t2is c2apter is a small miniaturiHe4 <ersion of PLC s8stem9 T2e aim of t2is mo4el is to esta6lis2
a po3er line communication in a 2ouse 2ol4 net3or:9
We 3ill 6e ta:ing into notice 2o3 4ata an4 po3er are simultaneousl8 transmitte4 from
transmitter si4e to t2e recei<er si4e9 T2e mo4el 3ill gi<e us an insig2t regar4ing t2e usage of
coupling capacitor in t2e mo4el9 =urt2ermore 3e 3ill see e<er8 component use4 in t2e mo4el in
4etail9 Moreo<er 3e 3ill see 32at all specifications are nee4e4 to set parameters in t2eses
components9 T2e mo4el 3ill gi<e us clear cut i4ea for t2e <alues to 6e use4 in t2ese components9
=inall8 t2e mo4el 3ill pro<i4e us simulate4 result of t2e output o6taine4 in t2e recei<er si4e in
accor4ance of an8 error 4etection an4 correction met2o4s9
T2e mo4el 4epicte4 2ere in t2is c2apter (=ig ,/) is 4i<i4e4 into . parts9 T2ere 3ill 6e 4etaile4
anal8sis of e<er8 part later in t2is c2apter9 T2e first part is t2e source 6loc: 32ic2 is mar:e4 in
re4 colour9 It contains 6inar8 source elements 9t2e secon4 part is transmitter coupling circuit
6loc: 32ic2 is coloure4 in green9 T2e t2ir4 part is t2e recei<er 4ecupling circuit 32ic2 is in 6lue9
T2e c2annel is mar:e4 in magenta 9It consists of <arious components insi4e t2e c2annel 32ic2
are essential for t2e transmission of po3er t2roug2 t2e main lines9 T2e output recei<e4 from all
parts of t2e PLC mo4ule is fe4 into a common 4ispla8 or scope generator 9T2e scope pro<i4es us
fee4 6ac: from <arious parts of t2e mo4el an4 t2e c2anges occurring in amplitu4es as 3ell as in
fre>uenc89
Po3er line communication mo4el uses a signal 32ic2 is mo4ulate4 3it2 a 2ig2 fre>uenc8 carrier
3a<e9 T2e coupling circuit ena6les t2is communication signal in t2e transmitter si4e to couple
3it2 t2e po3er line 32ic2 is t2en recei<e4 68 t2e 4ecoupling circuit connecte4 to t2e recei<er
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si4e9 T2e figure (,A) gi<es a 6rief i4ea to 32ic2 t2e PLC s8stem 3ill loo: li:e in a simulate4
en<ironment9 D,.E
$igure 1* 6chematic diagram of Power line communication channel. %1&'
T2e signal generate4 in t2is mo4el can 6e fe4 4irectl8 to t2e po3er line c2annel after coupling5
pro<i4e4 it s2oul4 6e a 2ig2 fre>uenc8 signal9 T2e important parameters as 4epicte4 68 t2e
aut2ors in D,.E are t2e output impe4ance (Jt) of t2e transmitter5 input impe4ance (Jr) of t2e
recei<er9 "ifferent components ma:e up t2e po3er line c2annel suc2 as t2e po3er line carrier
unit (PLC) 32ic2 is use4 in t2e transmission an4 reception of signal5 coupling 6loc: for
clamping 2ig2 fre>uenc8 signals to t2e po3er line an4 a mo4em to con<ert mo4ulate4 signal to
4emo4ulate4 ones9 T2e 3ea:er signals are transmitte4 3it2out an8 4ifficult8 68 using 6oosters or
repeaters to e;ten4 t2e 4istance co<ere4 9Moreo<er5 E;tractors are use4 in 6et3een t2e
communication lines to pro<i4e an interface 6et3een lo3 <oltage 4istri6ution transformers
32ic2 are generall8 foun4 in 2ouse 2ol4 net3or:9 T2eses signal 32ic2 are generall8 transmitte4
68 t2is met2o4 are calle4 BPL signals9 Customers 3it2in t2ese Lo3 <oltage net3or: areas
normall8 recei<e t2ese signals9 !ccor4ing to aut2ors in D,.E5 4ifferent mo4els 2a<e 6een
intro4uce4 32ic2 nee4s more error 4etection an4 correction5 t2us ena6ling t2e mo4el to simulate
t2e 4esire4 output9
T2e follo3ing illustration 4epicts t2e esta6lis2ment of po3er line communication s8stem in a
simulate4 en<ironment (=ig ,/) 9T2e e;planation is gi<en in t2e later 2alf of t2is c2apter9
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O

$ig 1- Power line communication s=stem in a simulated en9ironment 6imulink /odel!
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8.1 Transmitter 2lock coupling circuit!"
$ig 1, Transmitter 2lock
T2e transmitter 6loc: 6asicall8 consists of a linear transformer connecte4 to t2e main po3er line9
T2e input of t2e transformer is connecte4 in series 3it2 a capacitor an4 resistor9 T2e output of t2e
transformer is connecte4 in series 3it2 a capacitor 9t2e main purpose of t2is capacitor is to
maintain t2e flo3 of current in t2e circuit9 ! 6loc: for controlling current source is :ept for
managing o<erflo3 of current9
T2is 6loc: 2as t3o connections5 one port is connecte4 in series 3it2 a capacitor 9t2e ot2er port is
connecte4 to t2e current measurement 6loc:9 T2e current measurement 6loc: is necessar8 for
getting t2e simulate4 current output 9T2erefore7 t2is 6loc: is connecte4 to t2e scope for
simulation result9 T2ere are t3o parallel lines of capacitances use4 for maintaing t2e flo3 of
current9 It s2oul4 6e note4 t2at t2e <alues of t2e capacitances must 6e :ept in 2ig2er <alues to
6loc: 2ig2er fre>uencies 32ic2 s2oul4 6e 6loc:e49
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T2e output s2oul4 6e fe4 across t2e loa4 32ic2 is RLC filter9 T2e loa4 is connecte4 to anot2er set
of filter 32ic2 filters out more un3ante4 2ig2 fre>uenc8 signals9 T2is no4e is ta:en out into t2e
scope 9$imulate4 result is s2o3n later in t2e coming c2apter9
T2e ne;t aspect 32ic2 3ill 6e 4iscusse4 is t2e parameter settings use4 for 4ifferent components9
=irst t2ere 3ill 6e an insig2t regar4ing passi<e elements use4 in t2e circuit9 $econ4l85 t2ere 3ill
6e insig2ts on acti<e elements li:e transformer9
8.# Passi9e elements"
Capacitors"
#ere t2e <alue for capacitance is gi<en 2ig2 accor4ing to normal stan4ar4s9 T2e <alue gi<en for
capacitance is , picofara49
Transformer"
T2e <alue gi<en for linear transformers in t2e first 3in4ing is as follo3s+
=ig '( linear transformer parameter
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T2e nominal fre>uenc8 gi<en to t2is 6loc: is generate4 automaticall8 68 $imulin: generator9
8.. ?ecei9er side decoupling circuit!"
$ig #1 ?ecei9er side block
T2is 6loc: is similar to t2e transmitter 6loc:9 T2e 4ifference for t2is 6loc: is t2at it uses onl8 one
loa4 circuit as compare4 to t2e transmitter 6loc:9
T2e <alues for t2e 4ifferent passi<e elements use4 2ere are 4ifferent from t2at use4 in t2e
transmitter 6loc:9 T2e follo3ing are t2e <alues gi<en to eac2 element for 4ecoupling t2e signal
from t2e transmitter si4e9 T2e scope use4 2ere gi<es us t2e current flo3 recei<e4 at t2e recei<ing
si4e9
Calues use4 for passi<e elements for t2is 6loc: are t2e same as pre<iousl8 use4 in t2e transmitter
6loc: 9t2e onl8 4ifference 2ere is t2e parameter setting of t2e capacitances9 T2e <alues of t2e
capacitances gi<en 2ere are 1(((((( fara4s9 It is to 6e note4 2ere t2at 2ig2 <alue is gi<en to t2e
capacitors to ena6le 6loc:ing of 2ig2 fre>uenc8 signals9
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T2e input to t2is 4ecoupling circuit is t2e com6ine4 <oltage an4 4ata fro t2e po3er line9
T2e simulate4 result is s2o3n later for t2is 6loc: in 32ic2 3e can clearl8 see t2e 4ifference in
amplitu4es of t2e signals from 6ot2 t2e si4es9
8.& Power Channel"
$ig #. Power Channel and simulated scope output
T2e main po3er lines use4 in t2is mo4el is a ' p2ase 4istri6ute4 line9 T2e lengt2 of t2e main
po3er line is ta:en as , %m9 ! circuit 6rea:er is use4 for transmitting po3er as it is a man4ator8
re>uirement 32en simulating transmitting po3er 9it is couple4 3it2 R?L filter9 T2e source for
alternating <oltage is a lo3 <oltage signal 32ic2 is of '.( <olts9 T2e 6loc: use4 for simulate4
result is fe4 into t2e scope generator9
T2e simulate4 results are 4epicte4 in t2e ne;t c2apter9
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Chapter *- 6imulated results
T2e simulate4 result o6taine4 s2o3s output <oltages from e<er8 6loc: of t2e po3er line
communication s8stem9 $imulation 2as 6een 4one 3it2 4ifferent t8pes of source signals9 T2e
signal pro4uce4 for t2is simulation en<ironment is gi<en specification as follo3s+
=re>uenc8 of !lternating Coltage source+ -( #ertH7 !mplitu4e of Coltage source+ '.( C
!mplitu4e of generate4 source signal+ (90 <olts7 =re>uenc8 of generate4 signal+ ,(( #ertH
Lengt2 of t2e po3er line ,((( meters
*.1 6ine wa9e "
T2e 6elo3 illustration is t2e simulate4 result for a sinusoi4al 3a<e 32en transmitte4 t2roug2 a
po3er line communication s8stem+
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$ig #& simulated results for sine wa9e
T2e first 3in4o3 s2o3s us t2e original transmitte4 $INE W!CE signal 3it2 a6o<e gi<en
specifications5 secon4 3in4o3 s2o3s t2e <oltage coming out from t2e coupling circuit situate4
in t2e transmitter si4e9 T2e t2ir4 3in4o3 4epicts t2e com6ine4 <oltage of ' p2ase po3er signal
an4 6inar8 signal o6taine4 68 t2e recei<er9 T2e 6ottom 3in4o3 4epicts t2e po3er passe4 t2roug2
t2e ' p2ase line9 T2e amplitu4e of t2e com6ine4 output <oltage is slig2tl8 lesser t2an t2e original
transmitte4 3a<e9 T2e output <oltage contains amplitu4e of (9) COLT$9 T2e po3er signal un4er
auto simulation pea:s a6o<e (91 <olts9
*.# 6aw Tooth @a9e
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$ig #5 6imulated result for saw tooth wa9e.
T2e first 3in4o3 s2o3s us t2e original transmitte4 $!W TOOT# signal 3it2 a6o<e gi<en
specifications5 secon4 3in4o3 s2o3s t2e <oltage coming out from t2e coupling circuit situate4
in t2e transmitter si4e9 T2e t2ir4 3in4o3 4epicts t2e com6ine4 <oltage of ' p2ase po3er signal
an4 6inar8 signal o6taine4 68 t2e recei<er9 T2e 6ottom 3in4o3 4epicts t2e po3er passe4 t2roug2
t2e ' p2ase line9 T2e amplitu4e of t2e com6ine4 output <oltage is slig2tl8 lesser t2an t2e original
transmitte4 3a<e9 T2e output <oltage contains amplitu4e of (9) COLT$9 T2e po3er signal un4er
auto simulation pea:s a6o<e (91 <olts9
*.. 6<uare @a9e
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$ig #8 6imulated result for s<uare wa9e

T2e first 3in4o3 s2o3s us t2e original transmitte4 $P!RE W!CE signal 3it2 a6o<e gi<en
specifications5 $econ4 3in4o3 s2o3s t2e <oltage coming out from t2e coupling circuit situate4
in t2e transmitter si4e9 T2e t2ir4 3in4o3 4epicts t2e com6ine4 <oltage of ' p2ase po3er signal
an4 6inar8 signal o6taine4 68 t2e recei<er9 T2e 6ottom 3in4o3 4epicts t2e po3er passe4 t2roug2
t2e ' p2ase line9 T2e amplitu4e of t2e com6ine4 output <oltage is slig2tl8 lesser t2an t2e original
transmitte4 3a<e9 T2e output <oltage contains amplitu4e of (9) COLT$9 T2e po3er signal un4er
auto simulation pea:s a6o<e (91 <olts9
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Chapter - - Conclusions
"ue to t2e increasing nee4 for 6etter infrastructure in 2ouse2ol4s5 PLC tec2nolog8 an4 its
relating 4e<ices pla8 a <ital role in 6uil4ing a 6etter communication net3or:9 PLC tec2nolog8 as
4iscusse4 in t2e report pro<i4es a platform for 6ot2 t2e po3er transmission as 3ell as 4ata
transmission9 T2e tec2nolog8 use4 in po3er line communication for 4ata transmission is an
ongoing tren4 32ic2 3ill re<olutionise t2e concept of po3er transmission9 In t2is report5 t2e
emp2asis 3as to mo4el a me4ium <oltage PLC net3or: for a 2ouse2ol4 68 o6taining t2e
simulation results9
T2e simulation results s2o3 t2at 68 o6taining t2e c2annel parameter an4 c2aracteristic <alues5 it
is easier to mo4el a po3er line communication c2annel in a more efficient manner9 $imulation
results for MC net3or:s fro un4ergroun4 me4ium <oltage ca6le is also stu4ie4 an4 results 2a<e
6een pro4uce49 In a44ition to t2is5 t2e responses pro4uce4 68 4istri6ution transformers to a
signal <oltage profile are also esta6lis2e49 "ifferent case scenarios regar4ing t2is PLC
tec2nolog8 2a<e 6een foun4 out9
T2e main emp2asis of t2is report 3as to fin4 t2e connection 6et3een t2e po3er gri4 an4 t2e
2ouse2ol4 appliances an4 t2ere685 to fin4 out t2e 4ifferent mo4eling met2o4s use4 for t2is
purpose9 It 3as foun4 out t2at noise pla8e4 a <er8 important role in t2e po3er line mo4el9 $o it is
necessar8 to mo4el noise component as 3ell for t2e PLC mo4eling9 T2e fre>uenc8 response of
noise as 3ell as its spectrum gi<es us a 4etaile4 :no3le4ge a6out t2e 2in4rances cause4 68 it5
32en transmitting a po3er signal9 In or4er to accomplis2 t2is5 man8 case scenarios 2a<e 6een
implemente49
It is also mentione4 t2at t2e current tren4s in PLC tec2nolog8 3ill lea4 t2e 3a8 to an a4<ance4
form of communication net3or: 32ic2 3ill ena6le us in future to en2ance t2e PLC tec2nolog8
in an efficient manner9
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?eferences
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$tate of t2e !rt an4 =uture Tren4s IEEE Communication Magazines, pp 0.?.(9
D'E Lotito 5 ! 5 =iorelli 5R 5 !rrigo 5 " 5 Q Cappelletti 5 R 5 '((A5 N ! complete Narro3 Ban4
Po3er Line Communication no4e for !MR 91EEE Communication magazines5
pp ,-,?,--9
D0E !9& #an Cinc: Q @9 Lin4ell5 '((,5 N$ummar8 of contri6utions at t2e international
$8mposiums on Po3er Line Communications an4 its !pplications9ISPLC 20015 pp90/0?.,09
D.E B9!9 Mor:5 "9Isc2c2en:o5M 9Wang5 !9"9 *erra6elli5 R9P9 Puest Q C9P9 %inne '((15 NPo3er
line Carrier Communications $8stem Mo4elingInternational Conference on Power Systems
Transients(ISPT0!"#
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Communication C2annel in t2e =re>uenc8 Range of , M#H to 0( M#H5 NT%e International
Conference on &Com$uter as a Tool' Warsa35 $eptem6er )?,'5 '((A5 pp9 )/.?)//9
DAE @erar4o Laguna an4 Ricar4o BarrRon5 K$ur<e8 on In4oor Po3er Line Communication
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$al<a4or IranHo5 &uan Carlos Ri<eiro5 "a<i4 RuiH5 an4 Luis Manuel Torres5 KE;ten4ing t2e
;l<i
Po3er Line L!N p to t2e Neig26or2oo4 TransformerL5 IEEE Communications Magazine5
!pril '((09
D,(E C9 Belo< 5 N9 Pal48ae< 5 !9 $2amae< 5 P9 Leisner 5 !9 &o2ansson an4 I9 Belo<5 KMat2ematical
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Po3er Line Communication Tec2nolog8L IEEE, '((A9
D,,E T2omas Ban3ell, &!ccurate In4oor Resi4ential PLC Mo4el $uita6le for C2annel an4 EMC
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'((19
D,'E T9!9 Papa4opoulos5 B9"9 Batalas5 !9 Ra4is an4 @9%9 Papagiannis5 KMe4ium Coltage
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D,0E !gustin Ja6allos5 @uillermo &9 Ra<era5 !le; Callejo an4 &osep M9 $elga5 K$imulation an4
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'((A9

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