1

PETE 411
Well Drilling
Lesson 11
Laminar Flow
2
Lesson 11 - Laminar Flow
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power-Law
Rotational Viscometer
Laminar Flow in Wellbore
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Annuli
3
Read
ADE Ch. 4 to p. 138
HW #5
ADE Problems 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
Due Friday, Sept. 27, 2002
4
Newtonian Fluid Model
Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate

A
F
,
L
V
ally Experiment =
=
5
Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids

A
F

L
V
=
6
Newtonian Fluid Model
In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is
directly proportional to the shear rate (in
laminar flow):
i.e.,
The constant of proportionality, is the
viscosity of the fluid and is independent of
shear rate.

=
sec
1
2

cm
dyne

=
.
7
Newtonian Fluid Model
Viscosity may be expressed in poise or
centipoise.
poise 0.01 centipoise 1
s cm
g
1
cm
s - dyne
1 poise 1
2
=

= =
2
cm
sec dyne

=
.
8
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for a
Newtonian Fluid
Slope of line = == =
.
=
9
Example - Newtonian Fluid
10
Example 4.16
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
2
Distance between plates = 1 cm
Force reqd to move upper plate at 10 cm/s
= 100 dynes.
What is fluid viscosity?
11
Example 4.16
poise 5 . 0
cm
s dyne
5 . 0
10
5
2
=

= =
1 -
2
sec 10/1
dynes/cm 20 / 100
/
/
rate shear
stress shear
= = =
L V
A F

cp 50 =
=
12
Bingham Plastic Model
13
Bingham Plastic Model
- if
- if 0
if
y y p
y y
y y p
< =
=
> + =

and
y
are often expressed in lbf/100 sq.ft
14
Bingham Plastic Model
2
2
2 2
48 . 30
sec
980 454
*
100 100
1

=
ft
cm
cm
lbf
g
ft
lbf
ft
lbf
2
2
dyne/cm 79 . 4
100
1 =
ft
lbf
(p.134)
1 dyne is the force that, if applied to a standard 1 gram body,
would give that body an acceleration of 1 cm/sec
2
15
Example 4.17
{parallel plates again!}
Bingham Plastic Fluid
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
2
Distance between plates = 1 cm
1. Min. force to cause plate to move = 200 dynes
2. Force reqd to move plate at 10 cm/s = 400 dynes
Calculate yield point and plastic viscosity
16
Example 4.17
Yield point,
2 2
y
y
cm
dynes
10
cm 20
dynes 200
A
F
= = =
2 2
cm
dynes
79 . 4
ft 100
lbf
1 but =

79 . 4
10
y
= =
2
ft lbf/100 09 . 2

+ =
p y
17
Example 4.17
cp 100 . e . i
p
=
poise 1 1
10
10 20
2
=

=
cm
s dyne
p

+ =
cm 1
cm/s 10
cm 20
dynes 200
cm 20
dynes 400
2 2
p

Plastic viscosity,
p

+ =
p y
by given is
18
Power-Law Model
19
Power-Law Model
n = flow behavior index
K = consistency index
0 if K
0 if K
1 n
n
< =
=

20
Power-Law Model
2
2
2
n
2
n
ft
cm
48 . 30
sec
cm
980
lbf
g
454
*
ft
s lbf
ft
s lbf
1

. poise . eq 479 cm / s dyne 479

ft
s lbf
1
2 n
2
n
= =

. cp . eq 900 , 47
ft
s lbf
1
2
n
=

21
Example 4.18
Power-Law Fluid
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
2
Distance between plates = 1 cm
Force on upper plate = 50 dyne if v = 4 cm/s
Force on upper plate = 100 dyne if v = 10 cm/s
Calculate consistency index (K) and
flow behavior index (n)
22
Example 4.18
v = 4 cm/s
( )
n
n
n
4 4
4 K 5 . 2
1
4
K
20
50
K
=

=
=

Area of upper plate
= 20 cm
2
Distance between plates
= 1 cm
Force on upper plate
=50 dyne if v = 4 cm/s
( (( (i) )) )
23
Example 4.18
v = 10 cm/s
( )
n
n
n
10 10
10 K 5
1
10
K
20
100
K
=

=
=

Area of upper plate
= 20 cm
2
Distance between plates
= 1 cm
Force on upper plate
=100 dyne
if v = 10 cm/s
( (( (ii) )) )
24
Example 4.18
Combining Eqs. (i) & (ii):
5 . 2 log n 2 log
5 . 2
4 K
10 K
5 . 2
5
n
n
n
=
= =
7565 . 0 n=
( )
n
K 4 5 . 2 = ( (( (i) )) )
( (( (ii) )) )
( )
n
K 10 5 =
25
Example 4.18
From Eq. (ii):
poise eq. 8760 . 0
10
5
10
5
K
7565 . 0 n
= = =
cp. eq. 6 . 87 K =
( )
n
K 10 5 =
( (( (ii) )) )
26
Apparent Viscosity
Apparent viscosity = ( / )
is the slope at each shear rate,

. , ,
3 2 1
27
Apparent Viscosity
Is not constant for a pseudoplastic fluid
The apparent viscosity decreases with
increasing shear rate
(for a power-law fluid)
(and also for a
Bingham Plastic fluid)
28
Typical Drilling Fluid Vs.
Newtonian, Bingham and Power
Law Fluids
0 00 0
(Plotted on linear paper)
29
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:
2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:

=
rate shear
viscosity absolute
stress shear
=
=
=

+ = * ) (
p y
viscosity plastic
point yield
=
=
p
y

What if
y
= == = 0?
30
3. Power Law Fluid:
When n = 1, fluid is Newtonian and K =
We shall use power-law model(s) to
calculate pressure losses (mostly).
n
) ( K

=
K = consistency index
n = flow behavior index
Rheological Models
31
Figure 3.6
Rotating
Viscometer
Rheometer
We
determine
rheological
properties
of drilling
fluids in
this device
Infinite
parallel
plates
32
Rheometer (Rotational
Viscometer)
Shear Stress = f (Dial Reading)
Shear Rate = f (Sleeve RPM)
Shear Stress = f (Shear Rate)
) ( f =
BOB
sleeve
fluid
Rate Shear the (GAMMA), of value
the on depends Stress Shear the ), TAU (

33
Rheometer - base case
RPM sec
-1
3 5.11
6 10.22
100 170
200 340
300 511
600 1022
RPM * 1.703 = sec
-1
34
Example
A rotational viscometer containing a Bingham
plastic fluid gives a dial reading of 12 at a rotor
speed of 300 RPM and a dial reading of 20 at a rotor
speed of 600 RPM
Compute plastic viscosity and yield point
12 - 20
300 600 p
=
=
cp 8
p
=

600 600 600 600
= 20

300 300 300 300
= 12
See Appendix A
35
Example
8 - 12
p 300 y
=
=
2
y
ft lbf/100 4 =

600 600 600 600
= 20

300 300 300 300
= 12
(See Appendix A)
36
Rotational Viscometer, Power-Law Model
Example: A rotational viscometer containing
a non-Newtonian fluid gives a dial reading of
12 at 300 RPM and 20 at 600 RPM.
Assuming power-law fluid, calculate the flow
behavior index and the consistency index.
37
Example
cp eq. 67 . 61
511
12 * 510
511
510
7370 . 0
12
20
log 322 . 3 log 322 . 3
7372 . 0
300
300
600
= = =
=

=
n
K
n
n

600 600 600 600
= 20

300 300 300 300
= 12
38
Gel Strength
39
Gel Strength
= shear stress at which fluid movement begins
The yield strength, extrapolated from the
300 and 600 RPMreadings is not a good
representation of the gel strength of the fluid
Gel strength may be measured by turning the
rotor at a low speed and noting the dial
reading at which the gel structure is broken
(usually at 3 RPM)
40
Gel Strength
In field units,
In practice, this is often approximated to
06 . 1
g
=
2
ft 100 / lbf
2
ft 100 / lbf
The gel strength is the maximumdial reading
when the viscometer is started at 3 rpm.

g
=
max,3
41
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:
(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow
42
It looks like concentric rings of fluid
telescoping down the pipe at different velocities
3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe
- Newtonian Fluid
43
Table 4.4 - Summary of Laminar Flow
Equations for Pipes and Annuli
Fictional Pressure Loss Shear Rate at Pipe Well
Newtonian
Pipe Pipe
Annulus Annulus
2
_
f
d 500 , 1
v
dL
dp
=
2
1 2
_
f
) d d ( 000 , 1
v
dL
dp

=

d
v 96
_
w
=

) d d (
v 144
1 2
_
w

44
Table 4.4 - Summary of Laminar Flow
Equations for Pipes and Annuli
Fictional Pressure Loss Shear Rate at Pipe Wall
Bingham Plastic
Pipe Pipe
Annulus Annulus
d 225 d 500 , 1
v
dL
dp
y
2
_
p
f

+ =
) d d ( 200 ) d d ( 000 , 1
v
dL
dp
1 2
y
1 2
_
p
f

=

p
y
_
w
7 . 159
d
v 96

+ =

p
y
1 2
_
w
5 . 239
) d d (
v 144

45
Table 4.4 - Summary of Laminar Flow
Equations for Pipes and Annuli
Fictional Pressure Loss Shear Rate at Pipe Well
Power-Law
Pipe Pipe
Annulus Annulus
n
n
n
f
n
d
v K
dL
dp

+
=
+
0416 . 0
/ 1 3
000 , 144
1
_
n
n
n
f
n
d d
v K
dL
dp

=
+
0208 . 0
/ 1 2
) ( 000 , 144
1
1 2
_
) n / 1 3 (
d
v 24
_
w
+ =

) n / 1 2 (
d d
v 48
1 2
_
w
+

46
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations
for Rotational Viscometer
Newtonian
Model
N a
N
300
=
N
r
066 . 5
2
=

300 a
=
or
47
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for
Rotational Viscometer
300
N
or
1
p N y
1
=
rpm 3 at
max g
=
Bingham Plastic Model
300 600 p
=
) (
N N
300
or
1 2
N N
1 2
p

=
p 300 y
=
or
or
48
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for
Rotational Viscometer
Power-Law Model

=
1
2
N
N
N
N
log
log
n
1
2

n
300
) 511 (
510
K

=
n
N
) N 703 . 1 (
510
K
or

=
or
or
) log( 322 . 3 n
300
600

=
or