Sexual Reproduction

Recap of ecology and write up for study of an ecosystem

Cell Diversity
Cell Division

Photosynthesis
Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Plant Responses
Vegetative Reproduction
The senses
Nervous System
The endocrine system




Respiration
DNA and RNA
Variation and Evolution
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Crosses and Heredity
Human Defence System
Viruses
Correcting Mocks

Skeletal System and Muscles

Note: Enzyme Expts
Revision
The Breathing System
Chapter 30
Aidhm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk&feature
=related

Breathing and Respiration
Breathing is gas exchange.
Respiration is the release of energy


The Human Respiratory System
Located in the chest of thorax.
Parts and their
functions
Nostrils Allow air to enter the nose
Nose Air is filtered by hairs (traps & filters large dust
particles), moistened and warmed
Pharynx (throat) Connects the nose and mouth to the larynx
Epiglottis Prevents food going down the trachea
Larynx (voice box) Vocal cords which vibrate to make sound
Parts and their
functions
Trachea (wind pipe)
Tube containing C shaped rings of cartilage
(prevents trachea from collapsing). Divides into 2
bronchi.
Bronchus
(plural = bronchi)
Lined with cilia and mucus-secreting cells. The
mucus traps dust and the cilia move the mucus up
and out of the airpipes, into the oesophagus.
Bronchiole (plural
= bronchioles)
Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles. Transport air
to the alveoli.
Trachea, bronchus and bronchioles are made of muscle, elastic
fibres and cartilage.
Alveoli (air sacs)
The site of gaseous exchange.
Only one cell thick and is covered by a network
of capillaries.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into red blood
cells
Carbon dioxide diffuses from red blood cells
into alveoli
Pleural Membrane
Double membrane.
Pleural cavity: Between the 2 membranes, there is
a fluid which allows for friction free movement of
the lungs.
Parts and their
functions
Click on the Air Drawn in buttons to explore the animation.
Click on the Passage of air buttons to explore the animation.
Inhalation and Exhalation

In and out but which way around?
Inhalation
or
Inspiration
1. Intercostal muscles contract
2. Ribcage moves up and out
3. Thorax enlarges
4. Diaphragm contracts and flattens, which increases size of
thorax
5. Reduced pressure in thoracic cavity causes lungs to
expand
6. Pressure of air in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.
So air rushes in.
Exhalation
or
Expiration
1. Intercostal muscles relaxes
2. Ribcage moves down
3. Thorax volume reduces
4. Diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape.
5. Air rushes out.

Note: the average breathing rate is 15 breaths per minute.

Mechanism of breathing
Bell Jar Model
Did you
know.


Gaseous Exchange
Tales place in the alveoli
Alveoli
Adapted for gas exchange
by having
Huge surface area
Thin walls
Moist surfaces (oxygen
and carbon dioxide can
only diffuse when in
solution)
Good blood supply
Carbon Dioxide and Water
At cells: Carbon dioxide and water diffuses out of
cells as the cell cytoplasm has higher concentration
of carbon dioxide and water than the blood
At alveoli: Blood has higher concentration of carbon
dioxide and water than alveoli so they diffuse into
alveoli
Oxygen
At alveoli: blood has lower concentration of oxygen
than alveoli so oxygen diffuses into blood
At cells: Cell cytoplasm has lower concentration of
oxygen, so it diffuses out of blood and into the cell
Oxygen combines with the pigment haemoglobin in
the red blood cells. Red blood cells carry 97% of the
oxygen. The other 3% is carried in the plasma

The lining cells of the nose, trachea and bronchi produce a
sticky mucus that traps dust and germs.
White blood cells in the alveoli can engulf bacteria and foreign
matter.
How are the lungs protected
against infection
Breathing Disorders
Asthma
What causes people to have an
asthma attack
What do people feel like when
having an attack
What can prevent it
Breathing Disorders
Asthma inflammation & constriction of
bronchi
Bronchitis
Emphysema destruction of alveoli
TB elasticity reduced (bacteria)
Pneumonia fills with fluid
Symptoms
Coughing
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Causes
Allergens: Animals, Smoke, Exercise
Allergy inflammation reaction. Narrows
bronchioles.

Treatment
Bronchodilators
Avoid allergens

Can you.
Aidhm
Control of human breathing
Controlled by Carbon Dioxide
Levels
Part of brain that controls breathing: Medulla
oblongata which monitors the concentration
of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma to form
carbonic acid which is slightly acidic.
Normal blood plasma: pH 7.4
The brain detects the drop in pH and sends an
impulse to the intercostal muscles and
diaphragm to contract.
Control of human breathing

Exercise causes the
levels of carbon
dioxide in the blood
to increase (due to
increased respiration)
therefore this causes
the rate of breathing
to increase.
Control of human breathing
The Effect of Exercise
100
75
50
25
225
175
125
75
5 mins 10 mins 15 mins 20 mins
Rest Exercise
Heart
rate/min
Breathing
rate/min
Recovery
Exam Question
Can you