Chapter 13.

Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
Chapter 13. Elasticity

Elastic Properties of Matter
13-1. When a mass of 500 g is hung from a spring, the spring stretches 3 cm. What is the spring
constant ! m = 0.500 "g# x = 0.03 m, F = W = mg $
F = -kx;
%
&0.50 "g'&(.) m*s '
0.03 m
F
k
x
= = ; " + 163 ,*m
13-%. What -ill .e the increase in stretch for the spring of Pro.lem 13-1 if an additional 500-g
mass is hung .lo- the first ! F = W = mg $
%
&0.500 "g'&(.) m*s '
163 ,*m
F
x
k

= = # / + 3.00 cm
13-3. 0he spring constant for a certain spring is found to .e 3000 ,*m. What force is re1uired to
compress the spring for a distance of 5 cm
F = kx = &3000 ,*m'&0.05 m'# F = 150 ,
13-2. 3 6-in. spring has a 2-l. -eight hung from one end, causing the ne- length to .e 6.5 in.
What is the spring constant What is the strain ! / + 6.5 in. 4 6.0 in. + 0.50 in. $
&2 l.'
#
0.5 in.
F
k
x
= = k = ).00 l.*in.
0.50 in.
6.00 in.
L
Strain
L

= = # Strain = 0.0)33
13-5. 3 coil spring 1% cm long is used to support a 1.)-"g mass producing a strain of 0.10. 5o-
far did the spring stretch What is the spring constant
# & ' &1%.0 cm'&0.10'
o
L
Strain L L strain
L

= = = # 6 + 1.%0 cm
%
&1.) "g'&(.) m*s '
#
0.01%0 m
F
k
L

= =

k = 1270 ,*m
172
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-6. 8or the coil of Pro.lem 13-5, -hat total mass should .e hung if an elongation of 2 cm is
desired
F = mg = kx;
%
&1270 ,*m'&0.02 m'
(.)0 m*s
kx
m
g
= =
; m = 6.00 "g
Youngs Modulus
13-7. 3 60-"g -eight is suspended .y means of a ca.le ha9ing a diameter of ( mm. What is the
stress ! 8 + mg + &60 "g'&(.) m*s
%
'# 8 + 5)) ,# : + 0.00( m $
% %
-5 %
&0.00( m'
6.36 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = #
%
5)) ,
0.00707 m
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress + (.%2 / 10
6
Pa
13-). 3 50-cm length of -ire is stretched to a ne- length of 50.01 cm. What is the strain
6 + 50.01 4 50 cm#
0.01 cm
50 cm
L
Strain
L

= = # Strain = %.00 / 10
-2
13-(. 3 1%-m rod recei9es a compressional strain of -0.0002. What is the ne- length of the rod
# & ' &1%.0 m'&-0.0002'
o
L
Strain L L strain
L

= = = # 6 + -0.002)0 m
L = Lo + L = 1%.000 m 4 0.002)0 m; L + 11.((5 m
13-10. ;oung<s modulus for a certain rod is 2 / 10
11
Pa. What strain -ill .e produced .y a
tensile stress of 2%0 =pa
6
11
2%0 / 10 Pa
#
2 / 10 Pa
Stress Stress
Y Strain
Strain Y
= = =
Strain = 1.05 / 10
-3
175
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-11. 3 500-"g mass is hung from the end of a %-m length of metal -ire 1 mm in diameter. >f
the -ire stretches .y 1.20 cm, -hat are the stress and strain What is ;oung<s modulus for
this metal ! F = mg + &500 "g'&(.) m*s
%
'# F + 2(00 ,# D + 0.001 m# L + 0.012 m $
% %
-7 %
&0.001 m'
7.)5 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = =
-7 %
2(00 ,
7.)5 / 10 m
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress + 6.%2 / 10
(
Pa
0
0.012 m
%.00 m
L
Strain
L

= =
# Strain = 7.00 / 10
-3
(
-3
6.%2 / 10 Pa
7 / 10
Stress
Y
Strain
= = # ; + ).(1 / 10
11
Pa
13-1%. 3 16 ft steel girder -ith a cross-sectional area of 10 in.
%
supports a compressional load of
%0 tons. What is the decrease in length of the girder ! ; + 30 / 10
6
Pa# 1 ton + %000 l. $
6 % %
& 20, 000 l.'&16 ft'&1% in*ft'
#
&30 / 10 l.*in. '&10 in. '
FL FL
Y L
A L YA

= = =

# L = - 0.0%56 in.
13-13. 5o- much -ill a 60 cm length of .rass -ire, 1.% mm in diameter, elongate -hen a 3-"g
mass is hung from an end ! Y + )(.6 / 10
(
Pa# D + 0.001% m; Lo + 0.60 m# m + 3 "g $
% %
-6 %
&0.001% m'
1.13 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = #
8 + &3 "g'&(.) m*s
%
' + %(.2 ,#
#
FL
Y
A L
=

( -6 %
&%(.2 ,'&0.60 m'
&)(.6 / 10 '&1.13 / 10 m '
FL
L
YA
= =
# L =1.72 / 10
-2
m
176
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
?13-12. 3 -ire of cross-section 2 mm
%
is stretched 0.1 mm .y a certain -eight. 5o- far -ill a
-ire of the same material and length stretch if is cross-sectional area is ) mm
%
and the
same -eight is attached
1 1 % %
FL FL
Y
A L A L
= =

# A1 L1 = A2 L2
%
1 1
% %
%
&2 mm '&0.10 mm'
&) mm '
A L
L
A

= =
; 6% + 0.0500 mm
13-15. 3 -ire 15 ft long and 0.1 in.
%
in cross-section is found to increase its length .y 0.01 ft
under a tension of %000 l.. What is ;oung<s modulus for this -ire Can you identify the
material
%
&%000 l.'&15 ft'
#
&0.10 in. '&0.01 ft'
FL
Y
A L
= =

Y + 30 / 10
6
l.*in.
%
, stee
Shear Modulus
13-16. 3 shearing force of 20,000 , is applied to the top of a cu.e that is 30 cm on a side. What
is the shearing stress ! A = &0.30 m'&0.30 m' + 0.0( m
%
$
%
20, 000 ,
0.0( m
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress = 2.22 / 10
5
Pa
?13-17. >f the cu.e in Pro.lem 13-16 is made of copper, -hat -ill .e the lateral displacement of
the upper surface of the cu.e
5
(
* * 2.22 / 10 Pa
#
2%.3 / 10 Pa
F A F A
S
S

= = = # + 1.05 / 10
-5
rad
# &0.30 m'&
!
!

= = = 1.05 / 10
-5
rad'# ! + 3.15 m
177
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-1). 3 shearing force of %6,000 , is distri.uted uniformly o9er the cross-section of a pin 1.3
cm in diameter. What is the shearing stress. !3 + :
%
*2 $
% %
-2 %
&0.0130 m'
1.33 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = #
-2 %
%6, 000 ,
1.33 / 10 m
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress = 1.(6/ 10
)
Pa
13-1(. 3n aluminum rod %0 mm in diameter pro@ects 2.0 cm from the -all. 0he end of the .olt
is su.@ected to a shearing force of 2),000 ,. Compute the do-n-ard deflection.
% %
-2 %
&0.0%0 m'
3.12 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = # = 0.02 m# F = "#000 ,
* *
#
*
F A F A F F
S !
! A! SA
= = = =
( -2 %
&2), 000 ,'&0.02 m'
&%3.7 / 10 Pa'&3.12 / 10 m '
! =
# ! = %.5) / 10
-2
m
13-%0. 3 steel rod pro@ects 1.0 in. a.o9e a floor and is 0.5 in. in diameter. 0he shearing force 8 is
6000 l. and the shear modulus is 11.6 / 10
6
l.*in.
%
. What is the shearing stress and -hat is
horiAontal deflection
% %
%
&0.50 in.'
0.1(6 in.
2 2
D
A

= = = # = 1.0 in.# F = 6000 l.
%
6, 000 l.
0.1(6 in.
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress = 3.06 / 10
2
l.*in.
%
6 % %
&6000 l.'&1.0 in.'

&30 / 10 l.*in. '&0.1(6 in. '
F
!
SA
= =
# ! = 1.0% / 10
-3
in.
17)
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-%1. 3 1500-"g load is supported at the end of a 5-m aluminum .eam as sho-n in 8ig. 13-(.
0he .eam has a cross-sectional area of %6 cm
%
and the shear modulus is %3,700 =Pa.
What is the shearing stress and the do-n-ard deflection of the .eam
A = %6 cm
%
&10
-2
m
%
*cm
%
' + %.60 / 10
-3
m
%
# S = %3.7 / 10
(
Pa# + 5 m
%
-3 %
&1500 "g'&(.) m*s '
%.60 / 10 m
F
Stress
A
= = # Stress = 5.65 / 10
6
Pa
6
(
* * 5.65 / 10 Pa
#
%3.7 / 10 Pa
F A F A
S
S

= = = # + %.3( / 10
-2
rad
-2
# &5.0 m'&%.3( / 10 rad'
!
!

= = = # ! = 1.1( mm
13-%%. 3 steel plate 0.5 in. thic" has an ultimate shearing strength of 50,000 l.*in.
%
. What force
must .e applied to punch a B-in. hole through the plate
% %
%
&0.%5 in.'
0.02(1 in.
2 2
D
A

= = = #
%
50, 000 l.*in.
F
Stress
A
= =
F = &50,000 l.*in.
%
'&0.02(1 in.
%
'# F = %252 l.
Bulk Modulus
13-%3. 3 pressure of 3 / 10
)
Pa is applied to a .loc" of 9olume 0.500 m
3
. >f the 9olume
decreases .y 0.002 m
3
, -hat is the .ul" modulus What is the compressi.ility
)
3 3
&3 / 10 Pa'
* 0.002 m * 0.500 m
$
%
& &

= =

# % = 37.5 / 10
(
Pa
(
1 1
37.5 / 10 Pa
k
%
= = ; k = %.67 / 10
-11
Pa
-1
17(
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
?13-%2. 0he .ul" modulus for a certain grade of oil is %.) / 10
10
Pa. What pressure is re1uired to
decrease its 9olume .y a factor of 1.% percent ! C*C + -1.%D + -0.01% $
( )
( )
10
# - %.) / 10 Pa -0.01%
*
$
&
% $ %
&
& &

= = =

# $ + 3.36 / 10
)
Pa
?13-%5. 3 solid .rass sphere &E + 35,000 =pa' of 9olume 0.) m
3
is dropped into the ocean to a
depth -here the -ater pressure is %0 =pa greater than it is at the surface. What is the
change in 9olume of the sphere ! P + %0 / 10
6
Pa $
6 3
(
-PC &%0 / 10 Pa'&0.) m '
# C +
* E 35 / 10 Pa
$
%
& &

= =

# & = -2.57 / 10
-2
m
3
.
13-%6. 3 certain fluid compresses 0.20 percent under a pressure of 6 =Pa. What is the
compressi.ility of this fluid ! C*C + 0.02D + 0.0002 $
6
* 0.0002
6 / 10 Pa
& &
k
$

= =

# k = 6.67 / 10
-11
Pa
-1
13-%7. What is the fractional decrease in the 9olume of -ater -hen it is su.@ected to a pressure of
15 =Pa
6
(
C -P &15 / 10 Pa'
# +
* C E %.10 / 10 Pa
$
%
& &

= =

# &'& = -7.12 / 10
-3
Challenge Prole!s
13-%). 3 10-m steel -ire, %.5 mm in diameter, stretches a distance of 0.56 mm -hen a load is
attached to its end. What -as the mass of the load
% %
-6 %
&0.00%5 m'
2.(1 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = # F = mg;
#
FL mgL
Y
A L A L
= =

1)0
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-%). &Cont.'
( -6
%
&%07 / 10 Pa'&2.(1 / 10 m'&0.00056 m'
&(.) m*s '&10 m'
YA L
m
gL

= = # m = 5.)1 "g
13-%(. 3 shearing force of 3000 , is applied to the upper surface of a copper cu.e 20 mm on a
side. >f F + 2.% / 10
10
Pa., -hat is the shearing angle !3 + &0.02 m'
%
+ 1.6 / 10
-3
m
%
. $
-3 % 10
* 3000 ,
#
&1.6 / 10 m '&2.% / 10 Pa'
F A F
S
AS

= = =
# + 2.26 / 10
-5
rad
13-30. 3 solid cylindrical steel column is 6 m long and ) cm in diameter. What is the decrease in
length if the column supports a (0,000-"g load
% %
-3 %
&0.0) m'
5.03 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = # 8 + W + mg# 6 + 6.00 m
8 + &(0,000 "g'&(.) m*s
%
' + ).)% / 10
5
,#
#
FL
Y
A L
=

5
( -3 %
&).)% / 10 ,'&6.0 m'
&%07 / 10 '&5.03 / 10 m '
FL
L
YA
= = # L = -5.0) / 10
-3
m
13-31. 3 piston, ) cm in diameter, e/erts a force of %000 , on 1 liter of .enAene. What is the
decrease in 9olume of the .enAene
% %
-3 %
&0.0) m'
5.03 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = #
5
-3 %
%000 ,
3.() / 10 Pa
5.03 / 10 m
F
$
A
= = =
5 3
(
-PC &3.() / 10 Pa'&0.001 m '
# C +
* E 1.05 / 10 Pa
$
%
& &

= =

# & = -3.7( / 10
-7
m
3
.
13-3%. 5o- much -ill a 600-mm length of .rass -ire, 1.% mm in diameter, stretch -hen a 2-"g
mass is hung from its end
% %
-6 %
&0.001% m'
1.13 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = # F = &2 "g'&(.) m*s
%
' + 3(.% ,
1)1
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-3%. &Cont.'
( -6 %
&3(.% ,'&0.60 m'
&)(.6 / 10 '&1.13 / 10 m '
FL
L
YA
= =
# L =%.3% / 10
-2
m
13-33. 3 solid cylindrical steel column is 1% feet tall and 6 in. in diameter. What load does it
support if its decrease in length is -0.0%55 in.
% %
%
&6 in.'
%).3 in.
2 2
D
A

= = = #
FL
Y
A L
=

# L + 1% ft + 122 in.
6 % %
&30 / 10 l.*in. '&%).3 in. '&0.0%55 in.'
&122 in.'
YA L
F
L

= =
# 8 = 1.50 / 10
5
l.
13-32. Compute the 9olume contraction of mercury if its original 9olume of 1600 cm
3
is
su.@ected to a pressure of 200,000 Pa. ! 1600 cm
3
+ 1.6 / 10
-3
m
3
$
-3 3
(
&200, 000 Pa'&1.6 / 10 m '
# C
* %7.0 / 10 Pa
$ $&
%
& & %

= = =

# & = -%.37 / 10
-)
m
3
.
?13-35. What is the minimum diameter of a .rass rod if it is to undergo a 200 , tension -ithout
e/ceeding the elastic limit ! Elastic limit + 37( / 10
6
Pa $
%
6
6
37( / 10 Pa#
2 37( / 10 Pa
F D F
A
A

= = = #
%
6
2
&37( / 10 Pa'
F
D

=
% -6 %
6
2&200 ,'
1.32 / 10 m
&37( / 10 Pa'
D

= =
# D = 1.16 mm
13-36. 3 cu.ical metal .loc" 20 cm on a side is gi9en a shearing force of 200,000 , at the top
edge. What is the shear modulus if the upper edge deflects a distance of 0.0123 mm.
-5
0.0123 mm
3.575 / 10
200 mm
!

= = = # 3 + &0.20 m'
%
+ 0.160 m
%
-3 %
* 200, 000 ,
&3.575 / 10 '&0.160 m '
F A
S

= =
# S + 6.(( / 10
10
Pa
1)%
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-37. 3 steel piano -ire has an ultimate strength of a.out 35,000 l.*in.
%
. 5o- large a load can a
0.5-in.-diameter steel -ire hold -ithout .rea"ing
% %
%
&0.5 in.'
0.1(6 in.
2 2
D
A

= = = #
%
35, 000 l.*in.
F
A
=
F = &35,000 l.*in.
%
'&0.1(6 in.
%
'# F = 6)70 l.
Critical "hinking #uestions
?13-3). 3 metal -ire increases its length .y % mm -hen su.@ected to tensile force. What
elongation can .e e/pected from this same force if the diameter of the -ire -as reduced
to one-half of its initial 9alue Fuppose the metal -ire maintains its diameter, .ut
dou.les its length. What elongation -ould .e e/pected for the same load
% % %
1 1 % % %
2 2
# # #
FL FL FL FL
Y L L D L D L D
A L AY D Y Y
= = = = =

%
%
1
% 1 %
%
: % mm
&% mm'
%: 2
D
L L
D


= = =



# 6% = 0.500 mm
Fince 6 6, dou.ling L -ould also dou.le 6G 6% + 2.00 mm
13-3(. 3 cylinder 2 cm in diameter is filled -ith oil. What total force must .e e/erted on the oil
to produce a 0.) percent decrease in 9olume Compare the forces necessary if the oil is
replaced .y -ater Ey mercury ! C*C + -0.00) $
% %
-3 %
&0.02 m'
1.%6 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = = #
( )
*
$ F
%
& & &
A
&

= =

-3
#
&1.%6 / 10 '& 0.00)'
F
%

=

F = &1.005 / 10
-5
m
%
'E
8or oilG 8 + &1.005 / 10
-5
m
%
'&1.7 / 10
(
Pa'# 8oil + 17,0(0 ,
1)3
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
13-3(. &Cont.' 8or -aterG 8 + &1.005 / 10
-5
m
%
'&%.1 / 10
(
Pa'# 8- + %1,100 ,
8or mercuryG 8 + &1.005 / 10
-5
m
%
'&%7 / 10
(
Pa'# 8m + %71,200,
?13-20. 3 15 "g .all is connected to the end of a steel -ire 6 m long and 1.0 mm in diameter.
0he other end of the -ire is connected to a high ceiling, forming a pendulum. >f -e
ignore the small change in length, -hat is the ma/imum speed that the .all may ha9e as
it passes through its lo-est point -ithout e/ceeding the elastic limit 5o- much -ill the
length of the -ire increase under the limiting stress What effect -ill this change ha9e
on the ma/imum 9elocity ! : + 1 mm + 0.001 m $

% %
-7 %
&0.001 m'
7.)5 / 10 m
2 2
D
A

= = =
()e maxim*m s+ee! is t)at ,or -)i.) t)e tension .a*ses t)e
stress to ex.ee! t)e easti. imit ,or stee &%.2) / 10
)
Pa'.

) ) -7 %
%.2) / 10 Pa# &%.2) / 10 Pa'&7.)5 / 10 m '
F
( F
A
= = = ; (max = 1(5 ,

%
% %
& '
# #
m/ 0 ( mg
( mg m/ (0 mg0 /
0 m

= = = # mg + &15 "g'&(.) m*s

%
' + 127 ,
&6 m'&1(5 , - 127 ,'
15 "g
/ = ; /max = 2.37 m*s
-7 % (
&1(5 ,'&6 m'
#
&7.)5 / 10 m '&%07 / 10 Pa'
FL FL
Y L
A L AY
= = =

# 6 + 7.1( mm
()e stret.) L o, t)e -ire *n!er t)is oa! -i in.rease t)e ra!i*s 0 o, t)e +at) ,rom
6.000 m to 6.007 m. ()e arger ra!i*s +ro/i!es a smaer .entri+eta ,or.e so t)at
1( = F. + mg2 is re!*.e!. ()at -o*! t)en +ermit a sig)t3 greater maxim*m
/eo.it3 *+ to t)e +oint -)ere t)e tension again rea.)es t)e maxim*m ao-e!.
1)2
6 m
/
mg
0
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
?13-21. 3 cylinder 10 in. in diameter is filled to a height of 6 in. -ith glycerin. 3 piston of the
same diameter pushes do-n-ard on the li1uid -ith a force of )00 l.. 0he
compressi.ility of glycerin is 1.50 / 10
-6
in.
%
*l.. What is the stress on the glycerin 5o-
far do-n does the piston mo9e ! H + 5 in.# 3 + H
%
+ 7).5 in.
%
$
%
)00 l.
#
7).5 in.
F
stress $
A
= = =
%
10.% l.*in. $ =
Co + 3ho + &7).5 in.
%
'&6 in.' + 271.% in.
3
#
0
&
k
$&

=
& = -k$&o = -&1.5 / 10
-6
in.
%
*l.'&10.% l.*in.
%
'&271.% in.
3
'# & + 0.007%1 in.
3
C + 3 h
3
%
0.007%1 in.
7).5 in.
&
)
A

= = ; h + (.1) / 10
-5
in.
?13-2%. 0he t-isting of a cylindrical shaft &8ig. 13-10' through an angle is an e/ample of a
shearing strain. 3n analysis of the situation sho-s that the angle of t-ist in radians is

=
%
2

S0
-here is the applied tor1ue, is the length of cylinder, H is the radius of cylinder, and
S is the shear modulus. >f a tor1ue of 100 l. ft is applied to the end of a cylindrical steel
shaft 10 ft long and % in. in diameter, -hat -ill .e the angle of t-ist in radians
Ee careful of the consistent unitsG + 100 l. ft + 1%00 l. in.# + 10 ft + 1%0 in.
2 6 % 2
% %&1%00 l. in.'&1%0 in.'
&1% / 10 l.*in. '&1 in.'

S0

= =
# + 0.00762 rad
1)5
Chapter 13. Elasticity Physics, 6
th
Edition
?13-23. 3n aluminum shaft 1 cm in diameter and 16 cm tall is su.@ected to a torsional shearing
stress as e/plained in the pre9ious pro.lem. What applied tor1ue -ill cause a t-ist of 1
0

as defined in 8ig. 13-10. ! + 1
0
+ 0.01725 rad# H + &:*%' + 0.005 m $
2 ( 2
2
% &0.01725 rad'&%3.7 / 10 Pa'&0.005 m'
#
% %&0.16 m'
S0
S0

= = = + %.52 , m
?13-22. 0-o sheets of aluminum on an aircraft -ing are to .e held together .y aluminum ri9ets
of cross-sectional area 0.%5 in.
%
. 0he shearing stress on each ri9et must not e/ceed one-
tenth of the elastic limit for aluminum. 5o- many ri9ets are needed if each ri9et supports
the same fraction of the total shearing force of %5,000 l.
()e maxim*m stress ao-e! ,or ea.) ri/et is
% %
1
&1(, 000 l.*in. ' 1(00 l.*in.
10
F
A
= =
()is means a s)earing ,or.e o,4 F = &1(00 l.*in.
%
'&0.%5 in.
%
' + 275 l.*ri9et
5o- -e .an ,in! t)e n*m6er o, ri/ets 5 as ,oo-s4
%5, 000 l.
5%.7 ri9ets#
275 l.*ri9et
5 = = 5 = 53 ri9ets
1)6