276 THEORY OF A RCUlTECTUl'tE-

Becruse tlie tangent AC and the

clioril DF are paiallel, the intor-
ceptefl ares ( F Gl) are (Prop.
47.) c(iiial. The arc FD is there-
fore the ditfcrenee between the arc
GLD and the arc GFD. There-
fore the angle CAB, which is mea-
sured by half the arc FD, is also
measured by half the difference of
tliearcs GLD, GFD.
CoKoi.LAKY. In the same Tiy it may be demonstrated that the angle formed by a tangt
ATC
{Jig. 283.) and a secant ADB is measured by half the dittbrence of the two iiit
cepted arcs.
927. Piiop. LI. To raise a perpendicular at the extremity
of
a (/ircn. line.
At the extremity A
(Jiff.
2S4.) of the given line AH let it be recjuired to raise ;i
p
pendicular.
O
^
-^
From any point C taken above the line AB describe a circum- /
ference passing through the point A and cutting the Hue A 15 in any /
other point, as G. Draw the diameter DG and tlie right line AD;
'
this line AD will be perpendicular to the line AB.
\
The angle DAG at the circumference is measured (Prop. 42.) by \
half the arc DFG, which is half the circumference, because DCG is -i
a diainoter. The angle D.\G is therefore measured by one fourth
part of the circumference, and consequently (Defin. 10.) is a right angl
AD is (Prop.
11.)
perpendicular to the line AB.
Corolla iiY. Hence it follows that the angle at the circumference wliicli is snbte
by a diameter must be a right angle.
928. Phop. LII. From any point without a circle to draw
a tangent to that circle.
I'Tom the point A
(fig. 285.) let it be required to draw a
tangent to the circle DTB.
Draw from the centre C any right line CA
;
bisect this
right line, and from the point of division B, as a centre, de-
scribe the arc CTA. Lastly, from the point A, and tlirough
the point T, in which the two arcs cut each other, draw the
. right line AT
;
this right line AT will be a tangent to the
circle DTB. Draw the radius CT. .
f
,
~
"'
The angle CTA at the circumference, being subtended by

.
the diameter CA, is (Corol. to Prop.
51.) a right angle; therefore the line T.A is perpeii
eular to the extremity of the radius CT, and consequently (Prop.
40.) is a tangent to t
circle DTB.
Flc 2S4.
whence tilt
929. Definitions.
1. A ma</(e/na<iea/ /w/< has neither length, l)readtli. not thimci-
The physical point, now for consideration, has a supposed length and breadth excei.
ingly small.
2. A physical line is a series of physical points, and consequently its breadth is equal
that of the physical points whereof it is composed.
3. Since physical lines are composed of points, as numbers are composed of units, pcii
may be called the units of lines.
4. As to multiply one number by another is to take or repeat the first mnnber as ma
times as there are units in the second ; so to multijdy one line by amithi r is to take
repeat the tirst line as many times as there are units, that is, physical points, in t
second.
9.^0. Paop. LI1 1. The surface
of
a rectangle is equal to the
product
of
its two sides.
Let the rectangle be ABCD
(fg.
286.). If the physical
line AB be multiplied by the phj-sical line AD, the pro-
duct will be the surface ABCD.
If as many physical lines equal to AB as there are
physical points in the line AD be raised perpendicularly
upon AD, these lines AB, ah, Ike. will fill u]) the whole
surface of the rectangle ABCD. Where^'nre the surface
hk.
'.^sb.
ABCD is equal to the line AB taken as many times as there are physical points in the li
AD ;
that is, (Defin. 4.)
equal to the line AB multiplied by the line AD.
9.31. Piiop. LI V\ The surface
of
a triangle is ctpad to halfthe product
(fits
altitude and btv
11"
from the vertex of any angle A
{Jig.
287.)
of the triangle BAC be drawn AU,
p
i> h I) I) h h
h