Chap. I. GE():\IKTKY.

291
Tlie radius AL is cqua! to the radius A 1) ; l)ut AD is equal to FM
;
therefore AL ia
equal to FM.
In the rectangular triangle AFL the s((uare of the hypothemise AL is equal (Prop. S2.')
to the two squares of AF and FL taken together. Instead of AL put its equal F."\I, and
instead of AF put its equal FG ; and the square of FiM will be equal to the two scjuiires
of FG and FL taken together.
Conceive the square A BCD to revolve about the line AB. In the revolution the square
will describe a cylinder, the quadrant a hemisphere, and the triangle ABC an inverted
cone the vertex whereof will be in A. Also the line FM will form a circular section of a
cylinder, the line FL will form a circular section of a hemisphere, and the line FG a cir-
cular section of a cone.
These circular sections, or circles, are to each other (Prop. 83.) as the squares of their
radii ; therefore, since the square of the radius FM is equal to the squares of the radii FL
and FG, the circular section of the cylinder will be equal to the circular sections of the
hemisphere and cone.
In the same manner it may be demonstrated that all the other sections or circular sur-
faces whereof the cylintler is composed are ecjual to the corresponding sections or surfaces
of the hemisphere and cone. Therefore the cylinder is equal to the
L
hemisphere and cone taken together: but the cone (Prop. 112.) is
equal to a third part of the cylinder
; the hemisphere is therefore
equal to the remaining two thirds of the cylinder; and consequently
the hemisphere is double of the cone. The cone BSC
{Jiff.
356.) is
(Prop. III.) equal to a third part of the product of the radius and
base lie, which is a great circle of the sphere: the hemisphere ALD
is therefore equal to a third part of the product of the radius and
two of its great circles ; and consequently the whole sphere is equal
"^
.
''
to a third part of the product of the radius and four of its great circles.
,
Lastly, since the sphere is equal (Pro}). 113.) to a third part of
'^'
the product of the radius and surface of the sphere, and also to a third part of the pro-
duct of the radius and four of its great circles, the surface of the sphere is eijual to four
of its great circles.
Sect. 1 1
.
practical geometry.
996. Practical Geometry is the art of accurately delineating on a plane surface ntiy
plane figure. It is the most simple species of geometrical drawing, and the most generally
useful
; for the surfaces of buildings and other olyects are more frequently plane than
curved, and they must be drawn with truth, and of the re{]uired proportions, before they can
be properly executed, luiless in cases where the extreme simplicity of the form renders
it improbable that mistakes should arise. It has been defined as the art which directs
the mechanical processes for finding the position of points, lines, surfaces, and planes,
with the description of such figures on diagrams as can be intelligibly understood by de-
finition, according to given dimensions and ])ositions of lines, jjoints, &c.
No part of a building or drawing can be laid down or understood without the assistance
of practical geometry, nor can any mechanical employment in the building department be
conducted without some assistance from this branch of the science. Cases frequently occur
requiring a knowledge of very complex problems, as in masonry, carpentry, and joinery
;
but the.se will be given in other parts of this work.
The demonstration of most of the following problems will be found in the preceding
section ; we therefore refer the reader back to it for definitions, and for the proof jf
those enunciations which will follow.
raOBLEMS.
997. Problem I. To bisect a line A 15 ; that is, to divide it into Iwn equal parts.
From the two centres A and B
(_fi>/.
357.) with any equal radii describe arcs of circles
intersecting each other in C and D, and draw the line CD. Ihis will bisect the given
line in the point E.
998. Prok. II. To hiseet an angle ^ AC
From the centre A
{fig.
358.) with any radius describe an arc cutting ofT the equal
hnes AD, AE; and from the two centres D, E, with the same radius describe arcs in-
tersecting in F, then draw AF, and it will bisect the angle A, as required.
999. Prob. hi. At a (jiceu point C in a line AB to erect a ptrptudicidar.
u 2