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HomeGasAnalysersBoiler/FlueWhatisFlueGas?
WhatisFlueGas?
WhatisFlueGas?
Theincreaseinallkindsofcombustionis
contaminatingtheenvironmentwithever
greaterconcentrationsofpollutants.
Smogformation,acidrainandthegrowing
numbersofallergiesaredirectconsequences
ofthisdevelopment.Thesolutionto
environmentallysoundenergyproduction
mustthereforeinvolvereducingpollutant
emissions.
Pollutantsinfluegascanonlyeffectivelybe
reducedifexistingplantsoperateas
efficientlyaspossibleornoxiousboilersare
shutdown.Fluegasanalysisoffersameans
ofdeterminingpollutantconcentrationsand
adjustingheatinginstallationsformaximum
efficiency.
UnitsofMeasurement
Thepresenceofpollutantsinfluegascanbe
detectedfromtheconcentrationofthegas
components.Thefollowingunitsaregenerally
used:
ppm(partspermillion)
Likepercent(%),ppmdescribesa
proportion.Percentmeansxnumberof
partsineveryhundredparts,whileppm
meansxnumberofpartsinamillionparts.
Forexample,ifagascylindercontains250
ppmcarbonmonoxide(CO),thenifone
milliongasparticlesaretakenfromthat
cylinder,250ofthemwillbecarbonmonoxide
particles.Theother999,750particlesare
nitrogendioxide(N2)andoxygenparticles
(O2).
Theunitppmisindependentofpressureand
temperature,andisusedforlow
concentrations.Iflargerconcentrationsare
present,theseareexpressedaspercentages
(%).Theconversionisasfollows:
10000ppm=1%
1000ppm=0.1%
100ppm=0.01%
10ppm=0.001%
1ppm=0.0001%
Anoxygenconcentrationof21%volume
wouldbeequivalenttoaconcentrationof
210,000ppmO2.
mg/Nm3(milligramspercubicmetre)
Withtheunitmg/Nm3,thestandardvolume
(standardcubicmetres,Nm3)istakenasa
referencevariableandthemassofthe
pollutantgasgiveninmilligrams(mg).
Becausethisunitvarieswithpressureand
temperature,thevolumeinnormalconditions
istakenasreference.Normalconditionsare
asfollows:
Temperature:0C
Pressure:1013mbar(hPa)
Kane455InfraRedAnalyser
Testo3271FlueGasAnalyser
However,thisinformationaloneisnot
sufficient,becausetherespectivevolumesin
thefluegaschangeaccordingtothe
proportionofoxygen(dilutionoffluegaswith
ambientair).Themeasuredvaluestherefore
havetobeconvertedtoaparticularvolume
ofoxygen,thereferenceoxygencontent
(referenceO2).
Onlydatawiththesamereferenceoxygen
contentcanbedirectlycompared.The
measuredoxygencontent(O2)ofthefluegas
isalsoneededwhenconvertingppminto
mg/Nm3.
mg/kWh(milligramsperkilowatthourof
energy)
Calculationsaremadewithfuelspecificdata
inordertodeterminepollutantgas
concentrationsintheenergyrelatedunit
mg/kWh.Therearethusdifferentconversion
factorsforeachfuel.
Theconversionfactorsforppmandmg/m3
intotheenergyrelatedunitmg/kWhare
shownbelow.Beforeconvertingtomg/kWh,
themeasuredemissionvalueconcentrations
firsthavetobeconvertedtoundilutedflue
gas(0%referenceoxygencontent).
Theconversionfactorsforsolidfuelsalso
dependontheforminwhichthefuelis
available(inonepiece,aschippings,powder,
shredetc.)Forthisreasonthefactorsshould
becheckedcarefully.
ComponentsofFlueGas
Thecomponentsoffluegasarelistedbelow
intheorderofconcentrationinthegas.
Nitrogen(N2)
Nitrogen(N2)isthemaincomponent(79
vol.%)oftheairwebreathe.Thiscolourless,
odourless,tastelessgasplaysnopartin
combustion.Itisdrawnintotheboileras
ballast,heatedandsenttothestack.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oil/gasburners:78
%80%
Carbondioxide(CO2)
Carbondioxideisacolourless,odourlessgas
withaslightlysourtaste.Undertheinfluence
ofsunlightandthegreenleafcolour,
chlorophyll,plantsconvertcarbondioxide
(CO2)intooxygen(O2).
Humanandanimalrespirationconvertsthe
oxygen(O2)backintocarbondioxide(CO2).
Thiscreatesanequilibriumwhichgaseous
productsofcombustiondistort.Thisdistortion
acceleratesthegreenhouseeffect.The
thresholdlimitvalueis5000ppm.At
concentrationsofover15%volume(150000
ppm)inbreath,lossofconsciousnessoccurs
immediately.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:12.5
%14%andgasburners:8%11%
Watervapour(Humidity)
Thehydrogencontainedinthefuelcombines
withoxygentoformwater(H2O).This
escapeswiththewaterfromthefuelandthe
combustedair,dependingonthefluegas
temperature(FT),intheformoffluegas
CrowconTempest100FlueGasAnalyser
Carbonmonoxide(CO)
Carbonmonoxideisacolourless,odourless
breathingpoisonandistheproductofincomplete
combustion.Intoohighaconcentration,itprevents
thebloodfromabsorbingoxygen.Ifforexample
theairforbreathinginaroomcontained700ppm
CO,ahumanbeingbreathinginthatairwouldbe
deadin3hours.Thethresholdlimitvalueis50
ppm.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:80ppm
150ppmandGasburners:80ppm100ppm
Nitrogenoxides(NOX)
Athightemperatures(combustion),thenitrogen
(N2)presentinthefuelandintheambientair
combineswiththeoxygenoftheair(O2)toform
nitrogenmonoxide(NO).Aftersometime,this
colourlessgasoxidisesincombinationwithoxygen
(O2)toformnitrogendioxide(NO2).
NO2isawatersolublerespiratorypoisonwhich
causesseverelungdamageifbreathedinand
contributestoozoneformationincombinationwith
ultravioletradiation(sunlight).TheNOandNO2
componentstogetherarecallednitrogenoxides
(NOX).
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oil/gasburners:50ppm
100ppm
Sulphurdioxide(SO2)
Sulphurdioxide(SO2)isacolourless,toxicgas
withapungentsmell.Itisformedbythesulphur
presentinthefuel.Thethresholdlimitvalueis5
ppm.Sulphurousacid(H2SO3)isformedin
combinationwithwater(H2O)orcondensate.
Typicalvalueinfluegasofoilburners:180ppm
220ppm
UnburnedHydrocarbons(HC)
Unburnedhydrocarbons(HC)areformedwhen
combustionisincompleteandcontributetothe
greenhouseeffect.Thisgroupincludesmethane
(CH4),butane(C4H10)andbenzene(C6H6).
Typicalvalueinfluegasofoilburners:under50
ppm
Soot
Sootisalmostpurecarbon(C)resultingfrom
incompletecombustion.
Typicalvalueinfluegasoilburners:Smokespot
number0or1
ParticulateMatter
moisture(atahighfluegastemperatureFT)
orascondensate(atalowfluegas
temperature).
Oxygen(O2)
Theremainingoxygennotusedincombustion
inthecaseofexcessairappearsasgaseous
fluegasandisusedtomeasurecombustion
efficiency.Itisusedtodeterminefluegas
lossandcarbondioxidecontent.
Typicalvaluesinfluegas:Oilburners:2%
5%andGasburners:2%6%
Particulatematter(dust)isthenamegiventothe
smallestsolidsdistributedthroughtheair.These
mayoccurinanyshapeanddensity.Particulate
matterisformedbytheashandmineral
componentsofsolidfuels.

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