ACFM AND SCFM CORRECTIONS FOR ALTITUDE OIL-FREE, TWO-STAGE ROTARY

SCREW AIR COMPRESSORS 100 PSIG DISCHARGE PRESSURE

Altitude
Above
MSL Feet
PSIA
ACFM
Correction
Factor
Ambient
Temp.
Deg. F
Ambient
R.H.
Percent
Inlet
Pg,
H2O
PSIA
SCFM
Correction
Factor
Total
Correction
Factor
Reduction in
BHP
Percent
0 14.7 1.0000 68 36 .3389 1.0000 1.0000 0
1000 14.18 .9998 64 36 .2995 .9718 .9716 1.1
2000 13.66 .9995 61 36 .2641 .9438 .9433 2.9
3000 13.17 .9991 57 36 .2325 .9164 .9156 4.7
4000 12.69 .9988 54 36 .2042 .8899 .8888 6.3
5000 12.23 .9985 50 36 .1791 .8636 .8623 8.0
6000 11.78 .9982 47 36 .1567 .8383 .8368 9.5
7000 11.34 .9979 43 36 .1368 .8133 .8116 11.1
8000 10.90 .9976 39 36 .1191 .7878 .7860 12.6
9000 10.49 .9974 32 36 .1035 .7638 .7618 14.0
10000 10.10 .9971 32 36 .0898 .7408 .7386 15.4

*Typical ambient at elevated altitude. For different temperatures and R.H.'s,
see formula page.

ACFM AND SCFM CORRECTIONS FOR ALTITUDE OIL-FLOODED SINGLE-STAGE
TORARY SCREW AIR COMPRESSOR
Altitude
Above
MSL Feet
PSIA
ACFM
Correction
Factor
Ambient
Temp.
Deg. F
Ambient
R.H.
Percent
Inlet
Pg,
H2O
PSIA
SCFM
Correction
Factor
Total
Correction
Factor
Reduction in
BHP
Percent
0 14.7 1.0000 68 36 .3389 1.0000 1.0000 0
1000 14.18 .9984 64 36 .2995 .9718 .9703 1.8
2000 13.66 .9969 61 36 .2641 .9438 .9409 3.5
3000 13.17 .9954 57 36 .2325 .9164 .9122 5.2
4000 12.69 .9940 54 36 .2042 .8899 .8845 6.9
5000 12.23 .9926 50 36 .1791 .8636 .8572 8.5
6000 11.78 .9912 47 36 .1567 .8383 .8309 10.1
7000 11.34 .9989 43 36 .1368 .8133 .8124 11.6
8000 10.90 .9887 39 36 .1191 .7878 .7789 13.1
9000 10.49 .9874 32 36 .1035 .7638 .7542 14.6
10000 10.10 .9862 32 36 .0898 .7408 .7305 16.1

*Typical ambient at elevated altitude. For different temperatures and
R.H.'s, see formula page.

ACFM CORRECTION DUE TO ALTITUDE
Ambient pressure drops as altitude increases, increasing the pressure
ratio across the compressor. The increased pressure ratio reduces the
volumetric efficiency slightly, reducing the ACFM, as shown in Tables 1.
Table 1 is for a single-stage, oil-flooded rotary screw compressor, while

SCFM CORRECTION DUE TO ALTITUDE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
The reduced pressure at altitude decreases the density of the inlet air,
reducing the amount of "standard air" delivered. In addition, ambient
temperature drops as altitude increases. Temperature effects two
aspects of a compressor's throughput of air. First, it effects the density
of the air at intake, varying the amount of standard air delivered.
Secondly, cooler inlet air holds less moisture than standard air does (68
deg. and 36% humidity), and warmer air holds more, effecting the
amount of delivered standard air.

Saturated Water Vapor Pressures vs. Temperature


Ambient Temperature
Degrees F
Saturated Water Vapor Pressure
PSIA
32 .0886
40 .1216
50 .1779
60 .2561
68 .3389
70 .3629
80 .5068
90 .6981
100 .9492
110 1.2749
120 1.6927

Flow of Air Through an Orifice in SCFM
Pressure Flow Through Orifices
Figures in body of chart are in air flows in SCFM (Standard cubic feet /
minute)
Size
Of
Orifi
ce
(In.)
Pressure (psig)
2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 200
1/64
"
.02
4
.04
0
.06
1
.07
9
.09
6
.11
3
.12
9
.14
5
.16
1
.17
7
.19
3
.22
5
.25
6
.28
7
.31
9
.35
0
.42
8
.50
6
.66
1
1/32
"
.09
8
.16
1
.24
3
.31
9
.38
4
.45
1
.51
6
.58
1
.64
5
.70
9
.77
2
.89
8
1.0
2
1.1
5
1.2
7
1.4
0
1.7
1
2.0
2
2.6
4
3/64
"
.22
.36
3
.54
7
.71 .86
1.0
1
1.1
6
1.3
1
1.4
5
1.5
9
1.7
4
2.0
2
2.3
0
2.5
9
2.8
7
3.1
5
3.8
5
4.5
5
5.9
5
1/16
"
.39
1
.64
5
.97
2
1.2
6
1.5
4
1.8
0
2.0
7
2.3
2
2.5
8
2.8
4
3.0
9
3.5
9
4.1
0
4.6
0
5.1
0
5.6
0
6.8
5
8.0
9
10.
6
3/32
"
.88
1
1.4
5
2.1
9
2.8
4
3.4
6
4.0
6
4.6
5
5.2
3
5.8
1
6.3
8
6.9
5
8.0
9
9.2
2
10.
3
11.
5
12.
6
15.
4
18.
2
23.
8
1/8"
1.5
7
2.5
8
3.8
9
5.0
5
6.1
5
7.2
1
8.2
6
9.3
0
10.
3
11.
3
12.
4
14.
4
16.
4
18.
4
20.
4
22.
4
27.
4
32.
4
42.
3
3/16
"
3.5
2
5.8
0
8.7
5
11.
4
13.
8
16.
2
18.
6
20.
9
23.
2
25.
5
27.
8
32.
3
36.
9
41.
4
45.
9
50.
4
61.
6
72.
8
95.
2
1/4"
6.2
6
10.
3
15.
6
20.
2
24.
6
28.
9
33.
0
37.
2
41.
3
45.
4
49.
4
57.
5
65.
5
73.
6
81.
6
89.
6
110 129 169
3/8"
14.
1
23.
2
35.
0
45.
4
55.
3
64.
9
74.
4
83.
7
92.
9
102 111 129 147 166 184 202 246 291 381
1/2"
25.
1
41.
3
62.
2
80.
8
98.
4
115 132 149 165 181 198 230 262 294 326 358 438 518 677
5/8"
39.
1
64.
5
97.
2
126 154 180 207 232 258 284 309 359 410 460 510 560 685 809
105
8
3/4"
56.
4
92.
9
14
0
182 221 260 297 335 372 408 445 518 590 662 734 806 986
116
5
152
3
7/8"
76.
7
12
6
19
1
247 301 354 405 455 506 556 605 704 803 901 999
109
7
134
2
158
6
207
3
1"
10
0
16
5
24
9
323 393 462 529 595 661 726 791 920
104
9
117
7
130
5
143
3
175
2
207
1

1-
1/8"
12
7
20
9
31
5
409 498 584 669 753 836 919
100
1
116
4
132
7
149
0
165
2
181
4
221
8

1-
1/4"
15
7
25
8
38
9
505 615 721 826 930
103
2
113
4
123
6
143
8
163
9
183
9
203
9
223
9

1-
3/8"
18
9
31
2
47
1
611 744 893
100
0
112
5
124
9
137
2
149
5
173
9
198
3
222
6
246
8

1-
1/2"
22
5
37
1
56
0
727 885
103
9
119
0
133
9
148
6
163
3
177
9
207
0
236
0

1-
3/4"
30
7
50
6
76
2
990
120
5
141
4
161
9
182
2
202
3
222
3
242
2

2"
40
1
66
0
99
6
129
3
157
4
184
7
211
5
238
0


Vacuum Flow Through Orifices
Figures in body of chart are in air flows in SCFM (Standard cubic feet /
minute)
Orifice Diameter (In)"
Vacuum in inches of mercury
2" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 18" 24"
1/64" .018 .026 .032 .037 .041 .045 .048 .055 .063
1/32" .074 .100 .128 .148 .165 .180 .195 .220 .250
1/16" .300 .420 .517 .595 .660 .725 .780 .880 1.00
1/8" 1.20 1.68 2.06 2.37 2.64 2.89 3.12 3.53 4.04
1/4" 4.78 6.74 8.25 9.52 10.6 11.6 12.4 14.0 16.2
3/8" 10.8 15.2 18.5 21.4 23.8 26.0 28.0 31.8 36.4
1/2" 19.1 27.0 33.0 38.5 42.3 46.3 50.0 56.5 64.6
5/8" 30.0 42.2 51.7 59.5 66.2 72.6 78.0 88.0 101
3/4" 43.0 60.6 74.0 85.3 95.2 104 112 127 145
7/8" 58.8 82.6 101 116 130 142 153 173 198
1" 76.5 108 131 152 169 185 200 225 258


ACFM CORRECTION DUE TO ALTITUDE
Ambient pressure drops as altitude increases, increasing the pressure ratio
across the compressor. The increased pressure ratio reduces the volumetric
efficiency slightly, reducing the ACFM, as shown in Table 2. Table 2 is for
a two-stage, oil-free rotary screw compressor.

SCFM CORRECTION DUE TO ALTITUDE AND TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS The reduced pressure at altitude decreases the density of the inlet
air, reducing the amount of "standard air" delivered. In addition, ambient
temperature drops as altitude increases. Temperature effects two aspects of a
compressor's throughput of air. First, it effects the density of the air at
intake, varying the amount of standard air delivered. Secondly, cooler inlet
air holds less moisture than standard air does (68 deg. and 36% humidity),
and warmer air holds more, effecting the amount of delivered standard air.

Conversion Tables
Power Conversions
Quantity Unit Quantity/Unit
1.00 HP = 0.746 KW
1.00 HP = 550.00 FT-LBf/SEC
1.00 HP = 42.44 BTU/MIN
1.00 HP/HR = 2547 BTU/HR
1.00 Kilowatt = 1.34102 HP
1.00 Kilowatt = .2843 Ton of REF
1.00 Kilowatt = 3412.1 BTU/HR
1.00 Ton of REF = 12,000 BTU/HR
1.00 BTU/MIN = .017584 KW


Flow Conversions
Quantity Unit Quantity/Unit
1.00 CFM = 60.00 CF/HR
1.00 CFM = .028312 M3/MIN
1.00 CFM = 1.69865 M3/HR
1.00 M3/HR = .5887 CFM
1.00 Liter/Sec = 2.119 CFM
1.00 Liter = .035310 CF


Pressure Conversions
Quantity Unit Quantity/Unit
1.00 PSI = 2.31 FEET H2O
1.00 PSI = .068960 BAR
1.00 PSI = .070323 KGf/CM2
1.00 PSI = 6.89476 KILOPASCAL (kPA)
1.00 BAR = 14.5 PSI
1.00 BAR = 69.0 mBAR
1.00 KGf/CM2 = 14.22 PSI
1.00 ATM = 14.696 PSIA
1.00 ATM = 760 TORR
1.00 ATM = 29.9212 inches Hg (32F)
1.00 ATM = 101.325 kPA
1.00 KILOPASCAL = .14503 PSI


Volume Conversions
Quantity Unit Quantity/Unit
1.00 Cubic FT = 7.480520 Gallons
1.00 Cubic FT = .028312 Cubic Meters
1.00 Cubic FT = 1,728.00 Cubic Inches
1.00 Cubic FT = 28.3206 Liters
1.00 Gallon = .13368 Cubic Feet
1.00 Gallon = 231.00 Cubic Inches
1.00 Gallon = 3.785 Liters
1.00 Liters = .035310 Cubic Feet
1.00 Cubic Meter = 264.142 Gallons
1.00 Cubic Meter = 1.30795 Cubic Yards


Compressed Air Terminology and Definitions
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A
Absolute Pressure:
The sum of the gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure (PSIA). (Example: 50 PSIG
equals 50 plus atmospheric pressure, 14.7 at sea level, so 50 PSIG is the same as 64.7 PSIA
at sea level
Absolute Temperature:
The temperature of a body referred to the absolute zero, at which point the volume of an ideal
gas theoretically becomes zero. On the Fahrenheit scale this is minus 459.67F; on the
Celsius scale it is minus 273.15C. Engineering values of minus 460F and minus 273C are
used herein.
ACFM:
Actual Cubic Feet Per Minute. Refers to a volume of air (one cubic foot) at ambient
conditions, no matter what those conditions are. Changes in pressure, temperature, and
relative humidity do not change these ratings. Therefore, ACFM is a measure of volume,
regardless of weight. (see corrections for altitude chart)

After-Coolers:
Heat exchangers for cooling air or gas discharged from compressors. They provide the most
effective means of removing moisture from compressed air and gases.

Air-cooled compressors:
These are machines cooled by atmospheric air circulated around the cylinders or casings.
Altitude:
The elevation above sea level.
Atmospheric Pressure:
The pressure of the atmosphere at any location that will decrease as the elevation above sea
level increases. Sea level atmospheric pressure is 14.7 PSAI, or 29.92 inches of mercury
absolute. At 2500 feet, the pressure is 13.41 PSIA, or 27.32 inches of mercury.

Atmosphere:
A pressure measurement obtained by dividing absolute pressure by atmospheric pressure.
(Example: 114.7 PSIA/14.7 PSIA equals 7.8 atmospheres.)

Auto Drains:
Auto Drains discharge water and oil from collection points within the air system.
top
B
Barometric Pressure:
The absolute atmospheric pressure existing at the surface of the earth. It is the weight of a
unit column of air above the point of measurement. It varies with altitude and, at any given
location, with moisture content and weather.
Base plate:
A metallic structure on which a compressor or other machine is mounted.
Boolean logic:
The logic of binary systems, such as control systems in which all operations my be reduced to
on/off, open closed, or some similar dichotomous basis.
Booster Compressors:
Machines designed for compressing air or other gases from an initial pressure, which is
above atmospheric pressure, to a higher pressure.
Brake Horsepower:
The actual horsepower output to the drive motor.
top
C

Capacity:
Capacity of a compressor is the actual volume rate of flow of gas compressed and delivered
at conditions of total temperature, total pressure, and composition prevailing at the
compressor inlet.

Capacity (Actual):
Quantity of gas actually compressed and delivered to the discharge system at rated speed of
the machine and under rated pressure conditions. Actual capacity is usually expressed in
cubic feet per minute (cfm) at first stage inlet gas conditions.

Check Valve:
A valve that permits flow in one direction only.
Clearance:
When referring to a reciprocating compressor cylinder is that volume contained in one end of
the cylinder which is not swept by the movement of the piston. It includes space between
piston and head at the end of the compression stroke, space under the valves, etc., and is
expressed as a percentage of the piston displacement per stroke. Clearance may be different
for the two ends of a double-acting cylinder. An average is generally used.
Clearance pocket:
An auxiliary volume that may be opened to the clearance space to increase the clearance,
usually temporarily, to reduce the volumetric efficiency of the compressor
Coalescing Filter:
Removes small particles, dirt, and oil from the compressed air.
Compressibility:
The factor of a gas or a gas mixture that causes it to differ in volume from that of a perfect
gas when each is under the same pressure and temperature conditions. Occasionally it is
called deviation. It must be determined experimentally.
Compression, adiabatic. This type of compression is effected when no heat
is transferred to or from the gas during the compression process
Compression, isothermal. isothermal compression is a compression in
which the temperature of the gas remains constant. For perfect gases, it is
represented by the equation PV is a constant, if the process is reversible,
Compression, polytropic. Compression in which the relationship between
the pre~ sum and the volume is expressed by the equation Pv is a constant.
Compression Efficiency:
The ratio of the theoretical work requirement (using a stated process) to the actual work
required to be done on the gas for compression and delivery. Expressed as a percentage,
compression efficiency accounts for leakage and fluid friction losses, and thermodynamic
variations from the theoretical process.
Compression Ratio:
Ratio of absolute discharge pressure to the absolute intake pressure (CR).

Compressors:
Machines designed for compressing air or other gases from an initial intake pressure to a
higher discharge pressure.

Constant Speed Control:
Unit runs continuously but matches air supply to demand by "loading" or "unloading" the
compressor.
Critical pressure:
The limiting value of saturation pressure as the saturation temperature
approaches the critical temperature.
Critical temperature:
The highest temperature at which well defined liquid and vapor states exist. It
is sometimes defined as the highest temperature at which it is possible to
liquify a gas by pressure alone.
top
D

Density:
The weight of a given volume of gas, usually expressed in lb/cu ft at specific temperature and
pressure.
Desiccant Air Dryers:
A device that will remove moisture for dew-point requirements to -40 or a -100 degrees F.
Dewpoint:
The temperature at which the vapour in a space (at a given pressure) will start to condense
(form dew). Dewpoint of a gas mixture is the temperature at which the highest boiling point
constituent will start to condense.
Diaphragm:
A stationary element between the stages of a multistage centrifugal
compressor, It may include guide vanes for directing the flowing medium to
the impeller of the succeeding stage. In conjunction with an adjacent
diaphragm, it forms the diffuser surrounding the impeller.
Diaphragm routing:
A method of removing heat from the flowing medium by circulation of a
coolant in passages built into the diaphragm.
Diffuser:
A stationary passage surrounding an impeller, in which velocity pressure
imparted to the flowing' medium by the impeller is converted into static
pressure
Discharge Pressure:
The total gas pressure (static plus velocity) at the discharge flange of the compressor.
Velocity pressure usually is considered only with dynamic compressors.
Note: Pressure may be expressed as gauge or absolute pressures. psiG plus atmospheric
pressure equals psiA. Note that psiG does not define a pressure unless the barometric
pressure (atmospheric) is also stated.
Discharge Temperature:
The temperature existing at the discharge flange of the compressor.
Note: In a multistage compressor, the various stages will have different discharge pressures
and temperatures.
Displacement:
Displacement of a compressor is the volume swept out per unit of time; it is usually expressed
in cubic feet per minute

Double Acting Compressors:
Machines in which compression takes place on both strokes per revolution in each
compressing element.

Double Stage Compressors:
Machines in which compression from initial to final pressure is completed in two stages.
Dry-Bulb Temperature:
The ambient gas temperature.
Dry Gas:
Any gas or gas mixture that contains no water vapour and/or in which all of the constituents
are substantially above their respective saturated vapour pressures at the existing
temperature. (See Wet Gas).
Note: In commercial compressor work, a gas may be considered dry (even though it contains
water vapour) if its dewpoint is low at the inlet condition (say minus 50 to minus 60F).
Dryer:
An integral part of the compressed air system that removes the heat of the compressed air
and also removes the moisture from the air due to the heat loss.

Dynamic:
Machines where air or gas is compressed by the dynamic action of rotating vanes or
impellers imparting velocity and pressure to the air or other gases.
top
E

Efficiency:
Any reference to efficiency of a dynamic type compressor must be accompanied by a
qualifying statement which identifies the efficiency under consideration, as in the following
definitions.
Efficiency, compression. Ratio of calculated isentropic work requirement to
actual thermodynamic work requirement within the cylinder, the Inner as
determined from the cylinder indicator card.
Efficiency, isothermal. Ratio of the work calculated on an isothermal basis to
the actual work transferred to the gas during compression.
Efficiency, mechanical. Ratio of thermodynamic work requirement in the
cylinder (a shown by die indicator card) to actual brake horsepower
requirement.
Efficiency, polytropic. Ratio of the polytropic compression energy
transferred to the gas no the actual energy transferred to the gas.
Efficiency, volumetric. Ration of actual capacity to displacement, stated as a percentage.
Enthalpy:
(Heat Content) The sum of the internal and external energies.
Entropy:
A measure of the unavailability of energy in a substance.
top
F

Filters:
Are devices for separating and removing dust and dirt from air before it enters a compressor.
Flange connection:
The flange connection (inlet or discharge) is a means of connecting the casing to the inlet or
discharge piping by means of bolted rims (flanges).

Free air:
Free air is defined as air at atmospheric conditions at any specific location. Because the
altitude, barometer, and temperature may vary at different localities and at different times, it
follows that this term does not mean air under identical or standard conditions.
top
G

Gas:
While from a physical point of view a gas is one of the three basic phases of matter, and thus
air is a gas, a special meaning is assigned in pneumatics practice. The term gas refers to any
gas other than air.

Gauge Pressure:
The pressure on the gauge measured above atmospheric pressure (PSIG); that is, that
measured on a given gauge, not effected by altitude or atmospheric pressure.
top
H

Head, adiabatic. The energy in four pounds required to compress adiabatically and to deliver
one pound of a given gas from one pressure level to another.
Head, polytropic. The energy in foot pounds required to compress
polytropically and to transfer one pound of a given gas from one pressure
level to another.
Horsepower, brake:
Brake horsepower is the horsepower input to the compressor shaft, or more generally to any
driven machine shaft.

Horsepower, theoretical, or ideal:
The ideal, or theoretical horsepower of a compressor is defiled as the horsepower required to
compress adiabatically the air or gas delivered by the compressor through he specified range
of pressures.

Humidity, specific:
Specific humidity is the weight of water vapour in an air vapour mixture per pound of dry air

Humidity, relative:
The relative humidity of a gas (or air) vapour mixture is the ration of the partial pressure of the
vapour to the vapour saturation pressure at the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
top
I

Ideal Compression Ratio:
In two-stage units, the square root of the total compression ratio is used to size stage
compression ratio and balances the load between stages (ICR).
Ideal Gas:
Follows the perfect gas laws without deviation. Practically, there are no ideal gases, but it is
the basis from which calculations are made and corrections applied.
Impeller:
The part of the totaling element of a dynamic compressor that impacts energy to the flowing
medium by means of centrifugal force. It consists of a number of blades mounted so as to
rotate with the shaft.
Inlet Pressure:
The total pressure (static plus velocity) at the inlet flange of the compressor. Velocity pressure
is usually considered only with dynamic compressors. (See note under Discharge Pressure).
Inlet Temperature:
The temperature at the inlet flange of the compressor.
Note: In a multistage compressor, the various stages may have different inlet temperatures.
Inter-Coolers:
These are heat exchangers for removing the heat of compression between stages of a
compressor. They usually condense and remove a considerable amount of moisture as well.

Intercooling:
This is the removal of heat from the air or gas between stages or stage group.
Intercooling degree of. The difference in air or gas temperatures between
the inlet of the compressor and the outlet of the intercooler.
Intercooling, perfect. Perfect intercooling exists when the temperature of the
air leaving the intercoolers equals the temperature of the air at the
compressor intake.
Isentropic cornpression:
An adiabatic compression with an increase in entropy; a reversible-adiabatic
compression.
top
L

Liquid piston:
A liquid piston compressor is a rotary compressor in which a vaned rotor revolves in an
elliptical casing, with the rotor spaces sealed by a ring of liquid rotating with it inside the
casing.

Load factor:
This factor is the ration of the average compressor load during a given period of time to the
maximum rated load of the compressor. It applies also to air tools, where it is the product of
the work factor times the time factor.

Logic Controls:
These are control devices the operation of which may be reduced to binary operation such as
an on-off, 0-1, or open-closed. They are also referred to as digital controls.
top
M

Mechanical Efficiency:
The ratio, expressed in percent, of the Thermodynamic Work Requirement in the cylinder to
the actual shaft horsepower.
Mechanical Ratio:
Multi-Stage only. The ratio of the displacements of the low pressure and high pressure stages
(MR).

Moisture Separators:
Devices for collecting and removing moisture precipitated from the air and gas during the
process of cooling.

Multi-casing Compressor:
When a single motor or turbine drives two or more compressors, each with a separate
casing,, the combined unit is called a multi-casing compressor.

Multi-Stage Compressors or Compound Compressors:
A machine in which compression from initial to final pressure is completed in two or more
distinct steps or stages.
top
N
Normal Air:
The term used for average atmospheric air at sea level in a temperate zone where it contains
some moisture. It is defined in the ASME Test Code For Displacement Compressors as being
at 14.696 psiA, 68F, 36% RH, and weighing 0.075 lb/cu ft. The K value is 1.395.
top
O

Oil/Water Separator:
A device that separates the remaining compressor oil from condensate.
top
P

Particulate Filter:
Removes small particles and dirt from the compressed air.
Perfect Intercooling:
Is obtained when the gas is cooled to first stage inlet temperature following each stage of
compression.
Performance Curve:
This curve is a plot of expected operating characteristics, e.g., discharge pressure vs. inlet
capacity, shaft horsepower vs. inlet capacity.

Piston Displacement:
Net volume actually displaced by the compressor piston or rotor at rated machine speed,
generally expressed in cubic feet per minute (usually cfm) For multi-stage compressors, the
piston or rotor displacement of the first stage only is commonly stated as that of the entire
machine.
Polytropic Head:
An expression used for dynamic compressors to denote the foot-pounds of work required per
pound of gas.
Positive Displacement:
A machine where successive volumes of air or gas are confined within a closed space and
pressure is increased as the volume of the closed space is decreased

Pressure (PSI):
Pounds-Per-Square-Inch- a rating of Air Pressure in the system. (PSIG) "Gauge" Gauge
pressure shows amount of air pressure above ambient

Pressure Discharge:
Discharge pressure is the absolute total pressure at the discharge flange of a compressor

Pressure, intake:
Intake pressure is the absolute total pressure at the inlet flange of a compressor.

Pressure rise:
This is the difference between the discharge pressure and the intake pressure

Pressure static:
Static pressure is the pressure measured in a flowing stream (liquid or gas) in such a manner
that no effect on the measurement is produced by the velocity of the stream.
top
R

Rotary Screw Compressors:
Machines that use male and female helical rotors to smoothly compress air.

Receivers:
Receivers are tanks used for the storage of air discharged from compressors. They serve
also to damp discharge line pulsation's.

Reciprocating Compressors:
Machines that use a reciprocating motion (piston) to compress air.

Refrigerated Air Dryer:
A device that will remove moisture for dew-point requirements no lower than 33-degrees F.

Rotor:
The rotor is the rotating element of a machine and, in the case of a compressor, is composed
of the impeller (or impellers) and shaft, and may include shaft sleeves and a thrust balancing
device.

Rotary Compressors:
These are machines in which compression is effected by the positive action of rotating
elements. (Capable of 100% Duty)

Rotary Screw:
Machines that use male and female helical rotors to smoothly compress air

Rotary, Sliding Vane:
Such compressors are machines in which axial vanes slide radially in an eccentrically
mounted rotor.

Rotary, two-impeller positive displacement:
These are machines in which two mating lobed impellers revolve within a cylinder or casing
and are prevented from making contact with each other by timing gears mounted outside the
cylinder.

Rotary, liquid-piston compressors:
These are machines in which water or other liquids are used, usually in a single rotating
element, to displace the air or gas handled.
top
S

Saturation:
Occurs when the vapour is at the dewpoint or saturation temperature corresponding to its
partial pressure. A gas is never saturated with a vapour. The space occupied jointly by the
gas and vapour may be saturated, however.
Saturation (degree of):
The ratio of the weight of vapour existing in a given space to the weight that would be present
if the space were saturated at the space temperature.
Saturated Air-Vapour Mixture:
Is one in which the space occupied by the mixture is saturated with water vapour at the
mixture temperature.
Saturated Vapour Pressure:
The pressure existing at a given temperature in a closed vessel containing a liquid and the
vapour from that liquid after equilibrium conditions have been reached. It is dependent only
on temperature and must be determined experimentally.
Saturation Pressure:
Another term for Saturated Vapour Pressure.
Saturation Temperature:
The temperature corresponding to a given saturated vapour pressure for a given vapour.
SCFM:
Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute. At "standard conditions" (see above) will one standard cubic
foot of air actually occupy one cubic foot of volume. Another way to express one standard
cubic foot of air is .075 of a pound of air. A standard cubic foot varies in volume as it deviates
from standard conditions, but it always weighs .075 of a pound. Therefore, SCFM is a
measure of weight, regardless of volume. (see corrections for altitude chart)
Seals:
Seals are devices used between rotating and stationary parts to separate, and minimize
leakage between, areas of unequal pressures.

Single-Acting Compressors:
Machines in which compression takes place on one stroke per revolution in each
compressing element.

Single-Stage Compressors:
Machines in which compression from initial to final pressure is complete in a single step or
stage.
Slip:
The internal leakage within a rotary compressor. It represents gas at least partially
compressed but not delivered. It is determined experimentally and expressed in CFM to be
deducted from the displacement to obtain capacity.
Slip RPM:
The speed required of a rotary compressor to maintain a given discharge pressure, supplying
leakage only (zero actual output). The factor must be established by experiment.
Specific Gravity
The ratio of the density of a given gas to the density of dry air, both measured at the same
specified conditions of temperature and pressure, usually 14.696 psiA and 60F. It should
also take into account any compressibility deviations from a perfect gas.
Specific Heat:
(Heat Capacity) The rate of change in enthalpy with temperature. It is commonly measured at
constant pressure or at constant volume. The values are different and are known as cp and
cv respectively.
Specific Humidity: (See Humidity).
Specific Volume:
The volume of a given weight of gas, usually expressed as cu ft/lb at specific conditions.
Standard Air:
Measured at 68 degrees F, 14.7 PSIA, and 36% relative humidity (.075lb/ft3 density). This
agrees with the Compressed Air and Gas Institute (CAGI). The gas industries uses 60
degrees F, 14.7 PSIA, and dry as conditions for standard air (SCFM).
Standard Pressure and Temperature (SPT):
Generally is 14.696 psiA and 60F unless specifically stated otherwise.
State:
(of a system or part thereof) Its condition at an instant of time as described or measured by its
properties.
Suction Pressure:
Absolute static prevailing at the suction of the ejector.
Super-Compressibility:
A term used with various meanings, most frequently the same as compressibility, although
this is not assured. A current ASME Power Test Code uses it as a ratio of gas densities rather
than volumes. Therefore it is 1/Z in this case. Super-compressibility should never be used
unless its meaning is clarified completely. Compressibility is much to be preferred and is used
herein.
top
T

Temperature rise ratio:
This is the ration of the computed isentropic temperature rise to the measured total
temperature rise during compression. For a perfect gas, this is equal to the ration of the
isentropic enthalpy rise to the actual enthalpy rise.

Torque:
Torque is a torsional moment or couple. It usually refers to the driving couple of a machine or
motor.

Turbine:
A turbine is a prime mover in which a stream of fluid, such as water, steam or gas, provides
the impulse to drive a bladed rotor.

Two-Stage Compressors:
These are machines in which air or gas is compressed from initial pressure to an intermediate
pressure in one or more cylinders or casing.
top
V

Vacuum Pumps:
Machines for compressing air or other gases from an initial pressure that is below
atmospheric pressure to a final pressuring that is near atmospheric

Vapour Filters:
Are filters designed for the removal of vapours and odours, which still may be present, after
the air has passed through the coalescing and/or particulate filters. The activated carbon
element attracts residual vapours and binds them to the surface of the activated carbon grain
molecules.
Vapour Pressure:
The pressure exerted by a vapour confined within a given space. The vapour may be the sole
occupant of the space, or may be associated with other gases.
Volumetric Efficiency:
The ratio of the actual inlet capacity (ACFM) to the first stage displacement expressed as a
percentage. Volumetric efficiency varies by clearance or blow-by, heating losses, valve
losses, and specific gravity of gas being compressed.
top
W

Water-Cooled Compressors:
These are machines cooled by water circulated through jackets surrounding the cylinders or
casings.
Wet-Bulb Temperature:
is used in psychrometry and is the temperature recorded by a thermometer whose bulb has
been covered with a wetted wick and whirled on a sling psychrometer. Taken together with
the dry-bulb temperature, it permits determination of the relative humidity of the atmosphere.
Wet Gas:
Any gas or gas mixture in which one or more of the constituents is at its saturated vapour
pressure. The constituent at saturation pressure may or may not be water vapour.
Work:
Energy in transition and is defined in units of Force times Distance. Work cannot be done
unless there is movement.

How to Choose the Right Air Compressor
Air compressors have been around for well over 100 years and have as many
uses as there are tools that use air. One reason for their popularity is because
air as a resource is safe, flexible, clean and convenient. These machines
have evolved into highly reliable pieces of equipment that are almost
indispensable in most of the applications they serve. Compressors can come
in a wide variety of different types and sizes.
Ultimately, as with any tool, air tools and the compressors that drive them,
have to save the user time and money on any given project. Most
compressed air tools are more powerful and typically lighter than standard
electric tools or battery powered cordless tools. They are used by virtually
every industrial sector from aircraft to automobiles to dairy farming to textiles.
While there are many types of compressors, they all perform the same function, which is to
increase the pressure and reduce the volume of a given gas such as air. The most common
type of compressors work by filling a chamber with air and then reducing the chambers
volume. These are called positive displacement compressors. They are the most widely
available compressors and include reciprocating, rotary screw and rotary vane compressors.
Of all the positive displacement compressors, Reciprocating or Piston compressors are the
most commonly available on the market and can be found in ranges from fractional to very
high horsepower. These compressors are sold world wide by many mass marketers and a
large variety of retail outlets.
Rotary compressors (Screw and Vane) and the centrifugal compressors are also commonly
found but in more of an industrial/commercial environment. Normally they are operated at
significantly higher horsepower and flow rates, which makes them more expensive buy and to
operate. For more information on rotary compressors please visit our products page at
www.trident.on.ca.
The following paragraphs contain some very general information on piston compressors that
will allow for a more informed decision concerning the type and size of compressor being
considered.
Single Stage and Two Stage Reciprocating Pumps
Reciprocating (Piston) Compressors can be widely found in two primary configurations;
Single Stage and Two Stage.
Single stage air compressors work by drawing air in and subsequently compressing the air to
its final pressure in single piston stroke. Single stage air compressors can attain pressures of
up to 150 PSI. Typically, a single stage pump will have a higher CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)
rating than a two stage pump because every cylinder is drawing in air and compressing it with
air during every rotation.
Two stage air compressors work in a very similar manner with the primary difference being
that they compress the air in 2 steps or stages. During the first step or stage, air is drawn in
and compressed to an intermediate pressure. After being compressed in the first stage, the
air is piped, usually through an intercooler where the air is allowed to cool, to be compressed
in the final or second stage. Two stage compressors are normally good for pressures up to
200psi. Two stage pumps are more efficient at higher pressures because the air is cooled
between the stages.
DCFM, SCFM and ACFM
Displaced CFM (DCFM) is a mathematical formula that calculates the bore, stroke and rpm
into a CFM figure (Bore x stroke x rpm/2200=DCFM). This figure will always be the highest
CFM because this formula does not take into account variables like temperature, atmospheric
pressure, humidity, friction and heat dissipation.
Another CFM term often used is Standard CFM (SCFM). It defined as the measured flow of
free air and converted to a standard set of reference conditions (14.5 PSIA, 68 Degrees F,
and 0% relative humidity).
Yet another CFM term is Actual CFM (ACFM). AFCM can be determined in a number of
different ways. The most common methods include measuring the volume of air that is moved
through an orphic plate or measuring pump up times on large compressor tanks and running
through a simple calculation. This CFM number takes in effect all the variables and will give
the true output of the pump at the current working conditions (i.e. temperature, altitude,
humidity, ).
Often times, CFM numbers are also shown at various pressures. These numbers can be
very useful to help determine if a compressor produces enough CFM for the desired
application, but can be confusing when comparing differing pressures or volumes or different
compressors.
The best way of comparing compressors is through SCFM. Since all the measurements are
calculated back to a set of reference standard conditions, it levels the playing field among the
multitude of different manufacturers.
Electric Motors and Horsepower
Compressors are often rated by Horsepower (HP). As simple as this sounds, there are
different variations of HP. Some compressor manufacturers rate their air compressors by
peak horsepower, also known as brake horsepower. Peak horsepower is the maximum
output that a motor can produce while the motor has the start windings engaged. Peak HP
can be as much as 5-7 times the rated or running HP. Under normal operating conditions, the
start windings are only engaged for a small fraction of a second. Therefore, using peak
horsepower as a comparison tool can be somewhat misleading since under normal operating
conditions the motor only develops this horsepower during startup. If a motor drive system
causes the start winding to remain engaged for a long period of time, the motor will either
overheat if it has thermal protection or fail prematurely.
Most electric motor manufacturers rate their motors by the horsepower developed after the
motor has come up to its designed operating rpms and disengaged the start windings. This is
often referred to as running or rated horsepower and is a true indication of the HP a motor
can sustain over a long period of time.
Some other factors to consider when looking at motors is Duty Cycle and Service
Factor. Duty cycle is normally rated as either intermittent or continuous and is defined as the
time rating under full load. In other words can the motor run at full load horsepower
continuously or only intermittently. The other of the two noteworthy factors is the Service
Factor (S.F.) rating of the motor. It is defined as the percentage of rated horsepower at which
the motor can safely operate (i.e. 1.15 SF = 115% of rated HP). Higher service factors allow
motors to handle more varied conditions without causing motor overheating or premature
motor failure. Examples that could cause a motor to run within its Service Factor could be
caused by low voltage, higher ambient temperatures, higher startup load etc.
Note: Many companies are now eliminating the peak HP reference and instead using SCFM
as a more accurate performance indicator.
Air Compressor Buying Guidelines
Before choosing any compressor to purchase, understanding the compressors uses will
ensure that the machine can do the required job. Buying a compressor that is too small will
waste valuable time. Buying a compressor that is way too large will waste valuable resources.
(See the CFM Usage Chart)
It is worth noting that the price of a compressor cannot be based solely on the up front
purchase price of the unit. The price of any item should be based on the overall cost over an
extended period of time or the life of the unit. Inexpensive units are designed to be
disposable, like lighters.
The questions that need to be answered are:
1.) What is the maximum required operating pressure?
This will determine if a Single Stage or Two Stage compressor will be needed
2.) What is the maximum required CFM usage?
Add up all of the air tools that are to be used at the same time. When looking at the
compressor, add approximately 30% to the determined CFM number. This will allow for a
reasonable buffer against unknown or uncommon compressor usage.
Do not simply add up all of the air tools that will be used throughout the work day since this
will produce an inflated CFM number and require the purchase of an overly large compressor.
3.) Does the machine need to be portable or stationary?
Determine whether or not the unit will need to be moved around your facility or work site
regularly or if it will be a stationary unit. This will aid in determining other factors such as size
and weight. Higher pressures and volumes will require the unit to be larger in size and
heavier in weight since horsepower requirements, pumping systems, chassis construction,
electrical components, etc... will have to be larger to accommodate these increases.
4.) What type of drive system is needed? Electric Motor or Gasoline Engine?
Knowing the environment that the compressor is to be used in will determine what type of
drive system the machine will need. If there is always electrical power available, then the
drive system should be an electric motor since they are significantly less expensive to buy
and run and require less overall maintenance. If electrical power is not always available then
the convenience of a gasoline engine driven compressor will be the way to go. They offer the
best in portability and work area flexibility.
5.) What receiver tank size will be needed?
The size of the compressor tank, usually measured in gallons, should be determined by the
overall type of usage. If the usage is in short quick concentrated bursts, such as an air nailer,
then a small tank size can be used. If the unit is to sustain long periods of usage, such as a
board sander or impact wrench, a larger tank size will be necessary.
Choosing the Correct Compressor Company
There are a large number of of air compressors distributors in the world today and any one of
them will be more than happy to sell you an air compressor. Before purchasing any unit from
any air compressor company, there are several key factors that should be considered:
1. How long has the company been in business?
2. Have you ever heard their name before?
3. Do they offer a full line of compressors?
4. Do they carry parts and accessories for their products?
5. Do they have a good service department?
6. Are they knowledgeable about their product?
7. Are they knowledgeable about air compressors in general?
8. Do they have a reputation for providing quality equipment?
9. How efficient are their compressors?
10. How long is the compressor designed to last?
11. Where is the compressor manufactured? US, Canada, China, Japan,
Europe ...etc.
12. What materials are used in the compressors construction? Cast Iron,
Steel, Aluminum, Plastic etc.
Whatever your compressor need, Trident Compressed air has the compressor to do the job.
Backed by a company with over 20 years of experience and one of the largest inventories in
the business, we are ready to serve you. Why not call us to discuss your compressor needs
and how we can help solve them.
Air Tool Description Average CFM @ 90 PSI
Angle Disc Grinder - 7" 5-8
Brad Nailer 0.3
Chisel/Hammer 3-11
Cut-Off Tool 4-10
Drill, Reversible or Straight-Line 3-6
Dual Sander 11-13
Framing Nailer 2.2
Grease Gun 4
Hydraulic Riveter 4
Impact Wrench - 3/8" 2.5-3.5
Impact Wrench - 1/2" 4-5
Impact Wrench - 1" 10
Mini Die Grinder 4-6
Needle Scalar 8-16
Nibbler 4
Orbital Sander 6-9
Ratchet - 1/4" 2.5-3.5
Ratchet - 3/8" 4.5-5
Rotational Sander 8-12.5
Shears 8-16
Speed Saw 5

*add 30% to average CFM to get required CFM


Quincy Rotary Screw Sales Manual Useful Formulas

1) Estimating horsepower requirements at pressures other than rated pressure.

In most rotary screw compressors, increasing or decreasing the pressure settings
will have
similar effects. The rule of thumb is:
For every I PSIG change from rated pressure, the brake horsepower required will
change 0.5% from the rated BHP. Increase the pressure by 10 PSIG and the BHP
will go up 5%. Decrease the pressure by 20 PSIG and the BHP will go down 10%.

2) Estimating volume flow rates at pressures other than rated pressure.

Changes in discharge pressure from the rated pressure of the compressor will result
in
changes in the overall compression ratio. These compression ratio changes will cause
changes in the volumetric efficiency of the compressor that will result in changes in
capacity. The rule of thumb is:
For every 10 PSIG change from rated discharge pressure, the CFM capacity of the
compressor will change 0.4% from the rated capacity. Reducing pressure from 110
PSIG to 100 PSIG will result in a capacity increase offour tenths of one percent.
Increasing the pressure by 10 PSIQ will cause a reduction in capacity of about four
tenths of one percent.

3) Estimating power costs.

To estimate power costs, you will need to know the following:
a) What is the cost per KWH?
b) How many hours per year does the compressor run?
c) At what capacity will the compressor run or how many hours will the compressor
run at
various load levels?
d) What are the brake horsepower requirements of the compressor at the required
load
levels?
e) What is the motor efficiency?

It is important to use actual CFM requirements to figure the load level of the
compressor. Do not base power cost calculations on comments like, About half the
time we run at full load and about half the time we run at 70% of full load. Full load
for one machine may not be the same as full load for another machine. Always
determine the exact air requirement in order to provide the customer with a power
cost calculation that approximates his situation.

Motor efficiencies vary from horsepower to horsepower and from manufacturer to
manufacturer within horsepower ranges. The only way to accurately figure power
costs will be to use the motor efficiency number on the nameplate of the actual motor
being used.

With the above information in hand annual power costs can be estimated by using the
following formulas:
1) kW = BHP x .746 / Motor Efficiency
EXAMPLE Find the kW of a 100 HP, nominal Efficiency motor running at a 95
HP load.
KW = 95 x .746 / .93 = 76.2

2) Cost per Hour = KWH x Power Cost in $
EXAMPLE Find the cost per hour to operate the compressor in the above example
assuming a cost of 7 cents. Cost Per Hour = 76.2 x 0.07 = $5.334

To find the annual power costs, calculate the cost per hour of operating at the various
anticipated load levels and multiply by the anticipated number of hours that the
machine will operate at those load levels.


4) Estimating additional capacity required to raise system from one pressure to
a higher pressure.

To calculate the additional capacity required you need to know:
1) Current CFM capacity (total) of all compressors feeding the system.
2) Current System Press (PSIG)
3) Desired System Press (PSIG)
4) Ambient absolute press (PSIA)
The formula for this calculation is:
(Desired absolute system pressure divided by Current Absolute system Press) times
Current CFM Capacity equals Actual Capacity required to achieve desired system
pressure.

EXAMPLE:
What is the additional capacity required to maintain a 100 PSIG system pressure
at sea level in a system that now operates at 91 PSIG using 500 cfm?

(Desired Pressure / Current Pressure) x Current
Capacity
(114.7 / 105.7) x 500 = Actual


Capacity Required
1.085 x 500 = 542.5 cfm

5) Estimating BTU heat rejection of air-cooled rotary screw air compressors.

Heat transfer in rotary screw compressors is dependent on a number of factors
concerning efficiencies of lubricant coolers and aftercoolers and the rate of radiant
cooling. The only way to arrive at exact heat rejection rates is to actually test the
compressor under anticipated operating conditions. Approximate heat rejection rates
of rotary screw compressors in standard plant operating conditions for use in
designing heat recovery packages or use in sizing additional plant air conditioning
requirements can easily be calculated. The rule of thumb is:

The total BTUs per minute of heat rejected by a rotary screw air compressor is
equal to the brake horsepower being used times 42.41. A 100 BHP compressor would
have a total heat load of 4,241 BTU/minute. Of this total about 8% is rejected as
radiant heat. Of the remaining 92% about 85% (78.2% of total) is rejected through
the lubricant cooler and about 15% (13.8% of total) is rejected through the
aftercooler.


Calculating BHP Requirements For Less Than Full Load Operation

Modulating single (All and two-stage (Ingerso1l-Rand) rotary screw
compressors:
To calculate the horsepower required to produce an amount of compressed air that is
less than the full load capacity of a modulating rotary screw compressor, convert the
desired CFM demand level into a percentage of the full load capacity of the
compressor. If the demand on a 750 CFM compressor was 600 CFM, the percentage
would be 80%. Find the Percent of Capacity in the chart below and note the multiplier
next to it. Multiply the drive motor BHP by the number corresponding to the demand
percentage. This will give you an estimate of the brake horsepower required to meet
the specified air demand.
MODULATING
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
100% 1 80% 0.9577 60% 0.9033
99% 0.9981 79% 0.9554 59% 0.9001
98% 0.9962 78% 0.9529 58% 0.8968
97% 0.9942 77% 0.9505 57% 0.8935
96% 0.9923 76% 0.948 56% 0.8902
95% 0.9903 75% 0.9455 55% 0.8868
94% 0.9883 74% 0.943 54% 0.8833
93% 0.9863 73% 0.9404 53% 0.8798
92% 0.9842 72% 0.9378 52% 0.8762
91% 0.9821 71% 0.9351 51% 0.8725
90% 0.98 70% 0.9324 50% 0.8687
89% 0.9779 69% 0.9297

88% 0.9758 68% 0.927
87% 0.9736 67% 0.9242
86% 0.9714 66% 0.9213
85% 0.9692 65% 0.91 84
84% 0.967 64% 0.9155
83% 0.9647 63% 0.9125
82% 0.9624 62% 0.9095
81% 0.9601 61% 0.9064

If, in the above example, the BHP listed for the 750 CFM compressor was 163, then
the BHP required at the 600 CFM level (80% of full load) would be 163 x .9577 or
156.1 BHP.


Variable displacement rotary screw compressors with built-
in clearance volume (Turn Valve and Spiral Valve:
To calculate the horsepower required to produce an amount of air that is less than the
full capacity of a variable displacement rotary screw compressor with built-in
clearance volumes, follow the preceding example to determine the percentage of full
load capacity. Then use the following table to determine the BHP consumed at the
desired load level.
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
100% 1 80% 0.8629 60% 0.7448
98% 0.9853 78% 0.8503
97% 0.9781 77% 0.844
96% 0.9709 76% 0.83 79
95% 0.9638 75% 0.83 17
94% 0.9567 74% 0.8256
93% 0.9497 73% 0.8 195
92% 0.9427 72% 0.8135
91% 0.9358 71% 0.8076
90% 0.9289 70% 0.8016
89% 0.922 1 69% 0.7958
88% 0.9153 68% 0.7899
87% 0.9086 67% 0.7841
86% 0.9019 66% 0.7784
85% 0.8953 65% 0.7727
84% 0.8887 64% 0.767
83% 0.8822 63% 0.7614
82% 0.8757 62% 0.7558
81% 0.8693 61% 0.7503


Variable displacement rotary screw compressors without built-in
clearance volume
(PowerSync):
To calculate the horsepower required to produce an amount of air that is less than the
full capacity of a variable displacement rotary screw compressor without built-in
clearance volumes, follow the preceding example to determine the percentage of full
load capacity. Then use the following table to determine the BHP consumed at the
desired load level.

POWER $YNC
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
100% 1 80% 0.8266 60% 0.683
99% 0.9905 79% 0.8187 59% 0.6766
98% 0.9811 78% 0.811 58% 0.6701
97% 0.9718 77% 0.8033 57% 0.6638
96% 0.9626 76% 0.7956 56% 0.6575
95% 0.9535 75% 0.7881 55% 0.6512
94% 0.9445 74% 0.7806 54% 0.645
93% 0.9355 73% 0.7732 53% 0.6389
92% 0.9267 72% 0.7659 52% 0.6328
91% 0.9179 71% 0.7586 51% 0.6268
90% 0.9092 70% 0.75 14 50% 0.6209
89% 0.9006 69% 0.7443
88% 0.892 68% 0.7372
87% 0.8836 67% 0.7302
86% 0.8752 66% 0.7233
85% 0.8669 65% 0.7164
84% 0.8587 64% 0.7096
83% 0.8505 63% 0.7029
82% 0.8425 62% 0.6962
81% 0.8345 61% 0.6896



Two-stage rotary screw compressor with variable displacement first
stage (Suilair):
To calculate the horsepower required to produce an amount of air that is less than the
full capacity of a two-stage rotary screw compressor with a variable displacement first
stage, follow the preceding example to determine the percentage of full load capacity.
Then use the following table to determine the BHP consumed at the desired load
level.


Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
Percent of
Full Load
Capacity
Full Load
BHP
Multiplier
100% 1 80% 0.9154 60% 0.8167
99% 0.996 79% 0.9108 59% 0.8113
98% 0.992 78% 0.9062 58% 0.8058
97% 0.988 77% 0.9016 57% 0.8003
96% 0.984 76% 0.897 56% 0.7947
95% 0.9799 75% 0.8923 55% 0.789
94% 0.9758 74% 0.8875 54% 0.7833
93% 0.9717 73% 0.8828 53% 0.7775



91% 0.9633 71% 0.8731
90% 0.9591 70% 0.8682
89% 0.9549 69% 0.8633
88% 0.9506 68% 0.8583
87% 0.9463 67% 0.8532
86% 0.942 66% 0.8482
85% 0.9376 65% 0.8431
84% 0.9333 64% 0.8379
83% 0.9288 63% 0.8327
82% 0.9244 62% 0.8274
81% 0.9199 61% 0.8221



Useful Formulae


1. COMP RPM= motor pulley dia x motor rpm
comp. pulley dia.

2. MOTOR PULLEY p. d.= comp pulley dia x comp rpm
motor r p m

3. COMP PULLEY p. d.= motor pulley dia x motor rpm
comp rpm


4. MOTOR RPM = Comp pulley dia x comp rpm
motor pulley p. d.

5. FREE AIR = Piston Displacement x volumetric efficiency


6. REQUIRED PISTON DISPLACEMENT= free air
vol. eff.


7. PISTON DISP. IN CU. FT. MIN. = Cyl. Bore in IN. x Cyl bore x stroke in IN. x
rpm
2200

8. CU FT COMPRESSED AIR= Cu. Ft. free Air x 14.7
2200


9. CU. FT. Free AIR = cu. Ft. free air x (psig + 14.7)
14. 7


10. CU FT. Free Air Required to Raise Rec. from 0 Gauge to final Pressure=

vol. of Rec. in cu. Ft. x psig
(atmospheric press) p.s.i.a

11. CU. FT of Free Air Reqd to raise Rec from some press. Greater than 0 to a final
press.

Vol. Of rec in cu. Ft. x (final psig initial
psig)
(atmospheric press) p.s.i.a.

12. Piston Speed in Ft. per Min.= 2 x Stroke (in IN.) x rpm
12

13. GALLONS = CU. FT.
.134


14. CU. FT. = gallons x .134


15. Total Force in Lbs. of Air Cylinder = Area of the Cylinder Dia. X PS I G
of
in sq inches air press used


16. CFM of Free Air reqd to operate= Vol of Cyl X Cycles (Gage Press
+ 14.7
Cylinder (Single Acting in cu ft Per Min X (14.7)


17. PUMP UPTIME (MIN) = V (tank size in gal ) x (final tank press initial
tank press
7.48 x atmos. Press. (psia ) x pump delivery (cfm)


Piston displacement for multi-stage compressors only the low pressure
cylinders are considered