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This document summarizes physical and motor development across different age groups from early childhood to adolescence. It discusses that during early childhood from ages 2-6, children experience rapid physical growth and development of gross and fine motor skills. In middle childhood from ages 6-12, children continue growing taller and building muscle while refining motor skills. During adolescence, teenagers experience a growth spurt and develop secondary sex characteristics through puberty while continuing to improve motor abilities. Proper nutrition, especially for mothers during pregnancy, is also an important factor that can influence development.
Originalbeschreibung:
Physical and Motor Development of Children and Adolosecents
This document summarizes physical and motor development across different age groups from early childhood to adolescence. It discusses that during early childhood from ages 2-6, children experience rapid physical growth and development of gross and fine motor skills. In middle childhood from ages 6-12, children continue growing taller and building muscle while refining motor skills. During adolescence, teenagers experience a growth spurt and develop secondary sex characteristics through puberty while continuing to improve motor abilities. Proper nutrition, especially for mothers during pregnancy, is also an important factor that can influence development.
This document summarizes physical and motor development across different age groups from early childhood to adolescence. It discusses that during early childhood from ages 2-6, children experience rapid physical growth and development of gross and fine motor skills. In middle childhood from ages 6-12, children continue growing taller and building muscle while refining motor skills. During adolescence, teenagers experience a growth spurt and develop secondary sex characteristics through puberty while continuing to improve motor abilities. Proper nutrition, especially for mothers during pregnancy, is also an important factor that can influence development.
Early Childhood Age range: 2 to 6 years Known to us as preschool age
Physical Development during Early Childhood Physical development in children follows a directional pattern. 1. The rapid increase in body size of the rst two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern. On average, children add 2 to 3 inches in height and about 5 pounds in weight each year. Boys continue to be slightly larger than girls. 2. Large muscles develop before small muscles. Muscles in the body's core, legs and arms develop before those in the fingers and hands. Children learn how to perform gross (or large) motor skills such as walking before they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills such as drawing. 3. The center of the body develops before the outer regions. Muscles located at the core of the body become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet and hands. 4. Development goes from the top down, from the head to the toes. This is why babies learn to hold their heads up before they learn how to crawl.
Motor Development during Early Childhood As child grows, his nervous system becomes more mature. As this happens, the child becomes more and more capable of performing increasing complex actions. Motor development may vary somewhat. However, nearly all children begin to exhibit these motor skills at a fairly consistent rate unless some type of disability is present (Bayley, 1993). When a child is healthy, he strengthens all his muscles, establishes his coordination, acquires equilibrium, fine tunes movement of his small muscles, and learns to move for specific purposes progressively (Gines, et al., 1998). There are two types of motor skills: Gross (or large) motor skills involve the larger muscles including the arms and legs. Actions requiring gross motor skills include walking, running, balance and coordination. When evaluating gross motor skills, the factors that experts look at include strength, muscle tone, movement quality and the range of movement. Fine (or small) motor skills involve the smaller muscles in the fingers, toes, eyes and other areas. The actions that require fine motor skills tend to be more intricate, such as drawing, writing, grasping objects, throwing, waving and catching. MEM 505: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 2
Brain Development during Early Childhood Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70 percent of its adults weight to 70 percent. At the same time, children improves in a wide variety of skills- these are physical coordination, perception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination. Aside to increasing in weight, the brain undergoes much reshaping and refining. By age 4, many parts of the cortex have overproduced synapses. In some regions, such as the frontal lobes, the number of synapses is nearly double the adult value. Together, synaptic growth and myelination of neural fibers result in a high energy level. Further, language skills, typically housed in the left hemisphere of the brain, increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood, and they support childrens increasing control over behaviour, also mediated by the frontal lobes. In contrast, spatial skills, usually located in the right hemisphere, such as giving directions, drawing pictures, and recognizing geometric shapes, develop gradually over childhood and adolescence (Berke, 2008).
HANDEDNESS Handedness is established between 3 to 6 years. During this period, children abandon the tendency to shift from the use of one hand to the use of the other hand. They begin to concentrate on learning skills with one hand as the dominant hand and the other as auxiliary hand. Parents and teachers are advised to train and encourage the child to use his right hand because he is born into a right-handed world. (Gines, et al., 1998)
Middle Childhood Age range: 6 to 12 years Known as Grade 1 to 6 pupils
Physical Development during Middle Childhood Childrens bodies change a lot during this development. Bones broaden and lengthen dramatically. In general, children will grow an average of 2-3 inches taller each year throughout this stage. As young children enter to this period, boys are generally taller than girls, but at the end of middle childhood, the growth trend in height will reverse. Furthermore, both boys and girls are building muscle. Generally, children will gain 6 to 7 pounds a year each during the period. Girls tend to retain more fatty tissue than boys in preparation for puberty.
Motor Development during Middle Childhood Gross Motor Skills Development During middle childhood, children can do large-scale body movements. Typically, boys develop these skills slightly faster than do girls, except for skills involving balance and precise movements such as skipping, jumping and hopping. MEM 505: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 3
Children in this stage also refine their control over gross motor skills. They are able to gain this improved control and coordination due to increases in their flexibility, equilibrium, and agility. They also learn how to synchronize the movement of their body's various parts, allowing for the development of smoother, more coordinated whole-body movement routines such as are needed for participating in organized sports. Fine Motor Skills Development Children in middle childhood also continue to hone their fine motor skills. Contrary to gross motor skills development, girls tend to develop fine motor skills slightly faster than do boys. Specifically, middle-childhood-aged children show dramatic improvements with their penmanship. Their artistic ability can truly begin to shine during this period as they also develop the ability to draw complex and detailed pictures incorporating depth cues and 3D elements and they become more imaginative. During this stage, children also learn how to use their hands to successfully complete manual activities other than drawing or writing. For example, they become capable of executing complex detail-oriented craft projects involving beading, sewing, scrap booking, building models, and good at using simple tools.
Brain Development during Middle Childhood 1. The frontal lobes of the cortex show a slight increase in surface area between ages 5 and 7 due to continuing myelinization. 2. The corpus callosum thickens, leading to improved communication between the two cortical hemispheres. 3. Synaptic pruning continues, and lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres increases over the school years. 4. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that permit neurons to communicate across synapses. Secretions of particular neurotransmitters are related to cognitive performance. 5. Brain functioning may also change because of an increase in androgens that occurs in both boys and girls around age 7 to 8.
Adolescence Physical Development during Adolescence During this developmental stage, adolescents experience two significant changes in physical development. These are: 1. Adolescent or Pubertal Growth Spurt. This refers to the rapid acceleration in height and weight. Girls enter the rapid growth earlier than boys. Girls may begin as early as age 9 or as late as age 12, while boys may begin as early as 12 or as late as 16. Typically, the spurt for girls occurs two years earlier than boys. Aside from growing taller and heavier, the body assumes an adult-like appearance. MEM 505: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 4
2. Puberty. This is the emergent of primary and secondary sex characteristics, and the point which the individual becomes physically capable of sexual reproduction. Primary sex characteristics include development of gonads (testes for boys and ovaries for girls), and production of sex hormones. Secondary sex characteristics include development of body form (triangular for boys and hourglass for girls), growth of pubic hairs, and menarche (first menstrual period for girls) and penis growth for boys. (Gines, et al., 1998)
Motor Development during Adolescence Gross Motor Skills Development & Fine Motor Skills Development Gross and fine motor skills improve continuously during adolescence. Adolescents can do more complex and strenuous activities compare when they were in their middle childhood.
Brain Development during Adolescence 1. Frontal lobes, responsible for reasoning and problem solving, develop. 2. Synaptic growth spurts most in temporal and parietal lobes. 3. Synaptic pruning occurs mostly in frontal lobes, and adolescent loses three percent matter in frontal lobes.
ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT Life Experience Increased Stimulation
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT Maternal Nutrition Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy Womens nutrient needs increase during pregnancy and lactation. It is essential to increase the nutrient requirements to protect maternal and infant health. Otherwise, it may lead to serious problem for women and infants. During pregnancy, all women need more food, a varied diet and micronutrient supplements as prescribed by doctor. When energy and other nutrient intake do not increase, the womans body own reserves are used, leaving her weakened. In the second and particularly the third trimester, energy needs increase. Energy boosters can be found in whole-wheat bread, ginger bread and other wheat products. Banana is also a good source of energy and fiber. Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy often results in low birth weight, which increases an infants risk of dying. Pregnant women also require taking more nutrients such as foliate, protein, iron, iodine, and vitamin A. A sufficient amount of these nutrients will prevent maternal MEM 505: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 5
complication and death, birth defects, and increased physical and mental potential of the child (Linkages & CORE, 2004). It is good to eat food that is rich in foliate especially during the first trimester. Foliate is good for the development of babys nervous system and it is one of the B complex group vitamins which has important role in normal development of the fetus. Good sources of foliate are found in fortified cereals, citrus fruits, dried beans and peas, and green and leaf vegetables. It is highly recommended to eat food that is rich in calcium and vitamin D during the onset of second trimester. They help for babys development of strong bones and teeth. Calcium may also help in mother's nervous, circulatory, and muscular system. Foods which contain omega 3 fatty acids are also essential for babys brain development. Maternal Nutrition during Lactation Lactation places high demands on maternal stores of energy, protein, and other nutrients. Eating foods which provide energy and rich in protein and other nutrients help to produce adequate amount of breast milk and sustain milk production. Mothers who do not get ample energy and nutrients in their diets risk maternal depletion. Brest milk is best for baby because it contains all the vitamins and nutrients that baby needs for growth and development during the first six months of life. It is filled with disease-fighting substances that protect the baby from having illness. Garlic, oatmeal, spinach, sweet potato, and garbanzo beans are foods that promote breath health and milk production. Oatmeal helps to produce the hormone oxytocin which is essential for milk production and helps mother to bond with her child and sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene which helps to increase milk supply. Child Nutrition
Malnutrition remains a major health issue in the Philippines and it seriously affects the physical and mental development of children nowadays. Poverty is the chief reason why Filipino children do not get nutrients and energy required for their growth and development.
Child nutrition does not mean allowing your children to eat what they want but it should be a balance between nutrients and energy as required in their developmental stage. Childs diet should be focused on natural, fresh of nutrient and energy that are found in milk, fruits, and vegetables. Parents should encourage their children to have a positive attitude towards healthy eating and should also avoid fad foods and drastic dieting for their children.
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Pre-school childrens diet must be high in vitamins and minerals, and at this stage, an adequate supply of calcium, iron, protein and vitamins A and B is essential. Calcium helps children to have healthy bones and teeth. Good sources of calcium are found in dairy products, fortified cereals, dark leafy vegetables and white bread. Iron-rich foods such as red meat help to prevent delay in development, poor weight gain, and anemia.
Pre-school children are required to have food that provides high in energy along with foods that give vitamins and minerals because in this period, children grow fast and become more active. Parents should remember that children should have small and frequent meals to sustain their energy level.
Schoolchildrens diet should include a good supply of vitamins, minerals, and protein the same nutritional and energy requirements as required for pre-schoolers. But during this developmental period, children are prone to obesity or overweight. Parents should encourage their children to have a healthy lifestyle.
Early Sensory Stimulation
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH Genetic History Nutrition Exercise Sleep Emotional Well-Being
EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Physical Disability This is any impairment which hinders or limits gross or fine motor ability. Examples of physical abilities are: 1. Cerebral palsy 2. Muscular dystrophy 3. Paraplegia (acquired spinal injury) 4. Arthritis Sensory Impairment This means impairment of one of the senses. Examples of sensory impairment: 1. Visual Impairment: e.g. myopia- nearsighted and hyperopia- farsighted 2. Auditory Impairment e.g. presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) 3. Olfactory Impairment e.g. anosmia (inability to smell) and dysosmia (things smell different than they should be) MEM 505: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 7
4. Somatosensory Impairment e.g. insensitivity to stimuli such as pain, heat, or cold 5. Gustatory Impairment e.g. ageusia (complete loss of taste) and dysgeusis (distortion in sense of taste) Learning Disability This refers to learning challenges characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech abilities. Among these are: 1. Dyslexia- reading disability 2. Dysgraphia- writing disability 3. Dyscalculia- math disability.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) It is neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a persons ability to pay attention.
Works Cited Bayley, N., 1993. Bayley Scales of Infant Development. 2nd ed. New York: Psychological Corporation. Berke, L., 2008. Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood. 6th ed. Illinois: Person-Longman. Gines, A. C. et al., 1998. Developmental Psychology: A Textbook for College Students in Pschology and Teacher Education. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.. Linkages & CORE, 2004. Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation. [Online] Available at: http://www.coregroup.org/storage/documents/Workingpapers/MaternalNutritionDietaryGuide _AED.pdf [Accessed 4 September 2013].