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Integral power system solutions are far more than just a combination of switchgear, generators and transformers. Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning Operation performance voltage quality system perturbations neutral grounding fault clearing Overload Overvoltage Selective Tripping Schemes Asymmetry Transient phenomena Reactive power balance Power-station reserve Cable restructuring Upgrading installations selecting voltage levels system takeover Defining new transfomer substations system interconnection Connecting power stations Using new
Integral power system solutions are far more than just a combination of switchgear, generators and transformers. Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning Operation performance voltage quality system perturbations neutral grounding fault clearing Overload Overvoltage Selective Tripping Schemes Asymmetry Transient phenomena Reactive power balance Power-station reserve Cable restructuring Upgrading installations selecting voltage levels system takeover Defining new transfomer substations system interconnection Connecting power stations Using new
Integral power system solutions are far more than just a combination of switchgear, generators and transformers. Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning Operation performance voltage quality system perturbations neutral grounding fault clearing Overload Overvoltage Selective Tripping Schemes Asymmetry Transient phenomena Reactive power balance Power-station reserve Cable restructuring Upgrading installations selecting voltage levels system takeover Defining new transfomer substations system interconnection Connecting power stations Using new
Electrical Power Supply ............. 10/2 10 System Planning System Planning Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:04 Uhr 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10/2 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning Operation performance Voltage quality System perturbations Neutral grounding Fault clearing Overload Overvoltage Selective Tripping Schemes Asymmetry Transient phenomena Reactive power balance Power-station reserve Load development Cable restructuring Upgrading installations Selecting voltage levels System takeover Defining new transfomer substations System interconnection Connecting power stations Using new protection schemes System design Generator Transformer Circuit-breaker Overhead line Cable Compensation equipment Equipment for neutral grounding Protection equipment Control equipment HVDC FACTS Grounding Component layout Tasks Solutions Results System analysis, system documentation System calculations, load-flow and short-circuit Planning and calculating AC and DC transmission Determining economic alternatives Specifying the configuration of the system Design of electrical installations Design of protection system, selecting equipment, selective coordination and real-time tests Customer acceptance tests of protection equipment Simulation of complete system and secondary equipment Switching operations, layout of overvoltage protection system, insulation coordination Analysis of harmonics, layout of filter circuits, closed-loop and open-loop control circuits for power converters Simulation of system dynamics Layout of power electronic equipment (FACTS) Method of neutral grounding Reliability analysis Earthing arrangement and measurement Investigation of interference Propagation of ripple-control signals Economical solutions for distribution and transmission systems Uncomplicated and reliable operation Minimization of losses Reduction of the effects, extent and duration of faults Optimized fault clearance for reduced system black-outs Priorities in system extension Replacement of old installations, reconstruction, extension or new constructions Extensively standardized system components Compliance with specified performance values Short tripping times for reduction of system stresses Safety for persons Economical alternatives Overall Solutions for Electrical Power Supply Integral power system solutions are far more than just a combination of switch- gear, transformers, lines or cables, togeth- er with equipment for protection, supervi- sion, control, communication and whatever more. Of crucial importance for the quality of power transmission and distribution is the integration of different components in an optimized overall solution in terms of: I System design and creative system lay- out, based on the load center require- ments and the geographical situation I Component layout, according to tech- nical and economic assumptions and standards I Operation performance, analyzing and simulation of system behavior under normal and fault conditions I Protection design and coordination, matched to the power system. Siemens System Planning Whether a new system has to be planned or an existing system extended or updat- ed, whether normal or abnormal system behavior has to be analyzed or a postfault clarification done, the System Planning Division, certified to DIN ISO 9001, is com- petent and has the know-how needed to find the right answer. The investigations cover all voltage levels, from high voltage to low voltage, and comprise system stud- ies for long-distance transmission systems and urban power networks, as well as for particular distribution systems in industrial plants and large-scale installations for build- ing centers. In addition the protection de- sign must be optimized for all transmission and distribution systems for highest and efficient power quality. In all these tasks, System Planning works in close coopera- tion with its customers and other Siemens Groups (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Tasks, Solutions and Results Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:04 Uhr 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition 10/3 Power generation Transmission system up to 550 kV with HV/HV bulk substations Subtransmission system up to 145 kV with HV/MV main substations Medium-voltage distribution system up to 36 kV MV/LV transformer public substations and consumer connection substations Low-voltage distribution system up to 1 kV. Public supply system or internal installation system Consumer power application industry, commerce, trade, public services, private sector Distribution function Transmission function System Planning Fig. 2: The Pyramid of Power Supply Fig. 3: Aspects of system planning Load development System architecture Network calculation Protection analysis Protection coordination Investment planning Network representation System analysis Energy Supply reliable and economical The Power Supply System The power supply system is like a pyramid based on the requirements of consumers and the applications and topped by power generation (Fig. 2). The power system is basically tailored to the needs of consumers. Main characteris- tics are the wide range of power require- ments for the individual consumers from a few kW to several MW, the high number of similar network elements, and the wide- spread supply areas. These characteristics are the reason for the comparatively high specific costs of the distribution system. Thus, standardization of equipment, use of maintenance-free components, and sim- plified system configuration have to be con- sidered for an economical system layout. The load situation at the LV level deter- mines the most suitable location of public MV/LV substations and consumer connec- tion stations and, to a high degree, the electrical and geographical configuration of the superposed medium-voltage distribu- tion network as well. HV/MV main substations feeding the medium-voltage distribution system should be located as close as possible to the load centers of the medium-voltage distribution areas. The subtransmission system feed- ing the main substations is configured according to their location and the location of the bulk power substations of the trans- mission system. The largely interconnect- ed transmission system, e.g. up to 550 kV, balances the daily and seasonal differences between load requirements and different available generation sources. Basic conditions for system design Industry, trade and commerce as well as public services (transportation and commu- nication systems), but not forgetting the private sector (households), depend highly upon a reliable and adequate energy sup- ply of high quality on highly economical terms. In order to achieve these aims, several aspects must be considered (Fig. 3). International and national stand- ards are the basic fundamentals for sys- tem design. The choice of system voltage levels and steps is of decisive importance for economical design and operation. Reliability requires adequate dimensioning of components with regard to current- carrying capacity, short-circuit stress and other relevant parameters. Although inter- ruptions in supply due to environmental influence or faults in components can never be avoided completely, it has to be assured that the time of interruption is minimized. This is a question of reserve in the system. Different degrees of reserve can be provided depending on the require- ments. Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:04 Uhr 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10/4 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning System Planning, a complex activity System planning and configuration are comparable with architectural work, finding the best technical and economical solution. System planning has therefore to start with a thorough task definition and system analysis of the present status, based on the given quality requirements. Alternative system concepts (system architecture) in several expansion stages ensure the dynamic development of the system, adapted to structure and load requirements of the subposed voltage level. Component design and the infeed from the super- posed voltage level have to be considered as well. Technical calculations and eco- nomic investigations complete the plan- ning work and are essential for the choice of the solution (Fig. 4). Load Development The load analysis and estimation in the distribution system are always a matter of distributed loads in a certain area. In urban and rural areas, natural borders such as rivers, railway lines or major roads and parks or woodlands allow the whole supply district to be subdivided into a number of subareas. In large commercial complexes, such as airports or university and hospital centers as well as in industrial areas, the load esti- mation is based on the individual buildings and workshops. Different methods are used for load esti- mation, such as annual growth rates for existing public areas, load density for new developing residential areas, installed capacity and simultaneity factor for com- mercial and industrial supply. Distribution Network configuration for power distribu- tion is a matter of visualization and will not be executed successfully without the geo- graphical information of load and source location for public supply and industrial or large building supply as well. Thus, each distribution system must be planned indi- vidually. But, for the basic design, a certain standard configuration has proved optimal in terms of I Uncomplicated configuration I Ease of operation and I Economical installation Low-voltage systems are usually operated as open radial networks. Industrial systems in particular contain facilities for transfer to standby. Meshed operation is usually only intended for special load situations, such as single loads with great fluctuations or welding systems. Medium-voltage systems are primarily governed in their configuration by the loca- tions of the system and consumer stations to be supplied. The most suitable arrangements for public supplies are open-ring systems or line sys- tems to a remote substation. For industrial and building power supply systems, the higher load densities result in shorter distances between substations. This leads for reasons of economy to the spot system with radial-operated trans- formers. Industrial power supplies differ from public networks inasmuch as they have a high proportion of motor loads and often inplant generation. Depending on the capacity, units will be connected to normal low-volt- age level, intermediate low-voltage level or medium-voltage. The technically and economically optimal configuration of distribution systems calls for wide-ranging practical experience from a large number of different projects and must determine switchgear configuration as well. Transmission The design of transmission systems is to a great extent individually tailored to the location of generating plants and bulk sub- stations feeding the subtransmission sys- tem. Planning of high-voltage interconnected networks and transmission networks is a complex matter since they operate over several different voltage levels and mostly meshed systems are used. This and the regional and seasonal difference of genera- tion input and consumer demand as well as the many different sizes of lines, cables and transformers, make load-flow distribu- tion complicated and require detailed calcu- lations of system behavior and the operat- ing conditions of power generation during planning work. As well as the actual plan- ning, the work includes numerous investi- gations, for instance, to determine the con- figuration of switchgear and various equip- ment. This also entails detailed studies of the reactive power, voltage stability, insu- lation coordination, and testing of the dy- namic and transient behavior in the net- work resul-ting from faults. Connection of neighboring transmission systems via AC/ DC coupling, the implementation of HVDC transmission or superposing a new volt- age level need comprehensive planning and investigation work (Fig. 5). Protection The increasing demand from consumers in industry and utility systems and in distribu- tion and transmission networks in terms of power quality imposes strong requirements on system protection. Short tripping times, high functionality, communication, fault re- cording etc. will be provided by state-of- the-art numerical relays. To come from pure equipment protection to selective and co- ordinated system protection, the responsible staff have to be well trained. To get the fastest tripping schemes with the highest selectivity, knowledge of the research and development is necessary. For the optimization of protection under diffi- cult system conditions, online simulation like RTDS systems (Real-Time Digital Sys- tem Simulators) must be available. Tools Besides great experience and know-how Siemens System Planning applies powerful tools to assist the engineers in their highly responsible work. SINCAL (Siemens Network Calculation) for analysis and planning purposes. Any size of system with line and cable routing is simulated, displayed and evaluated with the SINCAL program system. With the help of an inte- grated database and easy-to-use graphics system, schematic and topological equiva- lent systems can be digitized or converted to other systems. NETOMAC (Network Torsion Machine Control) is a program for simulation and optimization of electrical systems which consist of net- work, machines and closed-loop and open- loop control equipment. Two modes of time simulation, instantaneous value mode and stability mode, can be used separately or in combination. The program serves for I Simulation of electromechanical and magnetic phenomena I Special load-flow calculations I Frequency-range analysis I Analysis of eigenvalues I Simulation of torsional systems I Parameter identification I Reduction of passive systems I Optimization Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:04 Uhr 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition 10/5 System Planning Fig. 5: Planning tasks for interconnected transmission system Fig. 4: Steps for network planning Weak point determination Immediate action Task definitions, System analysis of present status Technical standards, Reliability require- ments Proposal for system layout Technical/economical calculations and evaluations System architecture Alternative system concepts for stages Expansion project Load development Superposed voltage level Infeed Component design Protectivecoordination Method of neutral grounding Subposed voltage level Load structure Existing system Planned Tasks Load development and power plant schedules Voltage steps and transformer substation sizes Installation type and configuration Voltage-control and reactive-power compensation Load-flow control and stability criteria Dynamic and transient behavior System management (normal and faulted) DISTAL (Distance Protection Grading) calculates the setting values of the impedance for the three steps and for the overreach zones (automatic reclosing and signal compari- son) of distance protection equipment in any kind of meshed network. CUSS (Computer-Aided Protective Grading) indi- cates grading paths and grading diagrams, checks the interaction of the current-time characteristics with regard to selectivity and generates setting tables for the pro- tection equipment. DISCHU Simulation and testing of numerical pro- tection relays. CTDIM is a program for protective current trans- former dimensioning. Main task is techni- cal and economical optimization. PRIMUS works out the most suitable voltage for a DC transmission project together with the most important electrical data and the costs. SECOND is used to calculate the electrical character- istics and costs of a given AC transmission project. FELD permits calculation of electrical and mag- netic fields which occur during operation and fault conditions in the environment of one, two and three-phase systems (e.g. overhead lines and railway lines) in a two- dimensional way. LEIKA permits calculation of the electrical charac- teristics of overhead lines and cables. TERRA is for calculating the potential fields of grounding installations. KABEIN is used for calculating the inductive inter- ference to which telecommunication lines and pipelines are subjected by the operat- ing currents or fault currents of high-volt- age overhead lines or cables at any levels of exposure. SUNICO calculates how to make optimum use of power stations. It indicates the best choice from among the available power units and the best way of dividing up the system load among the individual units used. HADICA is used for calculating harmonic voltages and currents in electrical systems. ACFilt (Filter-circuit design) is for dealing effi- ciently with harmonic compensation. Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:04 Uhr 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10/6 Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission and Distribution 4th Edition System Planning For further information please contact: Fax: ++49 - 91 31-73 44 45 e-mail: evnp@erls04.siemens.de =1 =1 u, f, G Power Generation AC/DC Systems 8 Test Stations Simulator Interfaces Real-Time Computer Simulation Signal Generation and Recording Measuring, Protection and Control Positive and Zero Sequence Components Digital Sequence Controllers Playback Computer Simulation
HVDC/FACTS 1 6 Custom Power 8
7 Protection Signal Acquisition System NETOMAC, EMTDC, EMTP RTDS
Since 1996 Fig. 6: Advanced AC/DC Real-Time Simulator facilities Overview Advanced AC/DC real-time simulation The development and testing of measur- ing, protection and control equipment of large power supply installations need to take place under real system conditions. Siemens System Planning utilizes a realtime simulator based on a modular principle so that different layouts and structures of the projects can be dealt with flexibly. In the simulator, there are 8 test stations which enable parallel work to be carried out. Six of them are specially designed for testing large power converters such as HVDC and FACTS units. Station 7 has spe- cial interfaces for testing system protec- tion schemes. Custom power station 8 is used for Advanced Power Electronic Appli- cations such as SIPCON (Siemens Power Conditioner). In addition to the classic type of simulator with physical elements, real- time injection of transient signals from dig- ital simulations is also possible, e.g. with NETOMAC or RTDS, so that computer and analog simulation complement each other. Measurements Sometimes only field measurements can provide an accurate picture of the actual situation and will be conducted for acquisi- tion of data, clarification of disturbances and verification of functions. Instruction and Training Training matched to the particular needs of our customers, acquainting them with installations, methods of planning and use of software tools will be provided. Custom- ers need today also well trained protection staff who are able to handle modern numer- ical relays in parallel with older installed static and mechanical ones. Siemens System Planning provides the right training for protection design and co- ordination. All the training courses can be held world- wide and also in Siemens Trainings Centers. Ohne Namen-1 27.09.1999, 18:05 Uhr 6