Ref4

Presents an overview of MEMS technology where we look at the different micromachining techniques and the
CMOS fabrication process. Next we provide general information about flow sensors, including common
applications. We will then analyze the structures used for MEMS flow sensors along with their associated CMOS
circuits which can integrate the flow sensor into a smart flow-sensor system
Ref5
A new type of a flow sensor is presented which is based on a thermal principle. The combination of two detecting
methods results both in a considerable increase in measuring range (0.1 to 150 mm/s) and in a shorter reaction time
of less than 2 ms. Furthermore, the sensor is furthermore relatively insensitive to pollution. Devices were
manufactured and successfully tested for liquids and gases
Ref7
micromachined flow sensor for an integrated microfluidic system, operated in a pulse-modality, has been designed,
fabricated and characterized. As a part of the complex of components constituting a generic fully integrated
microfluidic system for autonomous biochemical analysis, this micro flow sensor has several unique operational and
physical characteristics. A novel pulsing scheme compensates against any occurring temperature drift, resulting in
high repeatability. Companion elements include microvalves, micropumps, microreservoirs, microchannels, etc.,
whose liquid (or gaseous) fluid dynamics must be characterized by the flow sensor described
ref11
ABSTRACT
Effectiveirrigation water management beginswith timingand regulating irrigation water application in away that
will satisfy the need of the crop without wastingwater,soil and cropnutrients. Thisinvolves supplying
water according to the crop requirement, quantity that canbe heldby the soil and is available tothe crop at
ratestolerated according to the soil characteristics.So measuringwater infields is veryessential step in
irrigation management systems. Thereare manywater flow measurement techniques as wel l as
di f f er ent t ypes of wat er f l ow met er s used i ni r r i gat i on t omeas ur e t hevol ume of wat er f l ow
i n pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low
cost automaticwaterflow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as
energy.G1/2 HallEffectwater flow sensor is usedas a sensing unitwith a turbine rotor inside it
whosespeed of rotationchanges with the different rate of flowofwater.The Hall Effect sensoroutputs
the
corresponding pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller.The whole system comprises of AT89S52micr
ocontroller,G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply,
LCD,keypadand some passive components.The AT89S52 microcontroller is
programmedinKeildevelopment Tool.

CONCLUSION
In summary, a technique to measure flow rate of water in irrigation pipelines is introduced.Though the use of Hall
Effect sensor has been in studied in many areas but here we have seen thebenefit of using Hall Effect sensor in
measuring the flow rate of water within the irrigationpipelines. Application of hall sensor in this field proves to be a
good system that can detect theleakage in the pipelines if we observe the flow rate of water regularly, saves water as
excesswater would not be delivered to the crops which may also damage it and at last but mostimportant that is in
the terms of cost the system proves to be a low cost with many of the benefitsas compared to the other products
available in the market.Sodevelopment of low cost waterflow meter can replace the other high cost
waterflow measuringmeters available in the market.This system eliminates the manual mistakes in flow rate
measurement. Also it is more accurate incomparison to other types of meters. This system is more attractive, as it
provides automaticoperationwith great accuracyand the most too cheap method to measure flow rate of
water inagriculture
Ref13
Recently, several papers for reading meters remotely using RFID/USN technologies have been presented. In the case
of wireless water meters, there has been neither commercial product nor paper. In this paper, we describe the design
and implementation of wireless digital water meter with low power consumption. We use magnetic hole sensors to
compute the amount of water consumption. The meter of water consumption is transferred via ZigBee wireless
protocol to a gateway. Low power consumption design is essential since a battery should last till the life time of
water meter. We suggest that dual batteries having 3V, 3000mAh, would last 8 years by analyzing the real power
consumption of our water meter.

Ref2

Abstract


This paper presents an application based on a hot wire anemometric sensor in MEMS technology in the field of
water flow monitoring. New generations of MEMS sensors feature remarkable savings in area, costs and power
respect to conventional discrete devices, but as drawback, they require complex electronic interfaces for
signal conditioning to achieve high performances and a high reliability. This anemometric sensor implementation
has been developed with ISIF, a Platform SoC, aiming to fast prototype a wide range of sensors thanks to its high
configurable resources. The presented system achieves good performances with respect to commercial devices,
featuring resolution of 0.35% up to 1.76% with repeatability roughly 1% respect to the full scale (0-250 cm/s).
Furthermore the proposed system, thanks to the compact size of the sensor, its robustness and its low costs can
represent a solution for diffusive monitoring in water distribution networks.

Conclusions
A hot wire anemometer in MEMS technology for water flow monitoring has been presented. This application has
been developed and supported by the ISIF (Intelligent Sensor InterFace). ISIF is a powerful Platform On Chip,
developed by SensorDynamics AG in collaboration with the University of Pisa, in 0.35m BCD
technology, aiming to fast prototype a wide range ofsensors. The presented system shows good performances with
respect to commercial devices, featuring resolution of 0.35% up to 1.76% with repeatability roughly 1%
respect to the full scale, achieving considerable costs reduction. A prototype has been developed: a steel pipe
equipped with a sensor head, which is inserted into water, and fulfils the following requirements: contacts
robustness, no water infiltration through the sensor board, smooth pipe profile. These devices have been tested with
respect to mechanical resistance against pressure, pollution of the surface, corrosion of electrical contacts and drift
in resistance values. Furthermore thanks to the compact size of the prototype and its robustness it can be inserted in
the water tube without stopping the flow directly with insertion in pressure techniques. Nowadays water monitoring
is limited only to key points in the distribution network, due to the high cost of reliable equipment and their difficult
connection to the pipes (e.g. need to stop water flow). The presented measurement system, thanks to the easy
insertion, the good resolution and the low cost, features a precise measurement water sensing equipment that can be
widely diffused all over the water distribution channels: allowing also any malfunction behavior (e.g. water loss in
tube ), more usual in peripheral part of the networks, to be immediately localized and isolated. The proposed
application has been patented on the Italian Patent Office.
Ref3
Abstract- A multifunctional (temperature, liquid flow, pressure and electrical conductivity) thick film sensor for
monitoring water pipelines is here presented. This work is mainly focused on the theoretical and experimental
characterization of the water flow sensitivity based on a planar version of the well-known hot-wire anemometer. The
simulations of the temperature displacement on the sensor surface under several electrical biases and heat
convection conditions were performed by means of the fast analytical thermal simulator DJOSER, thus providing an
example of the capability and the utility of this simulation program. The calculated sensitivity curves to the heat
convection coefficient and/or to the water speed were found to be in agreement with the experimental data measured
on the sensor mounted within a closed pipeline which allows changing the water speed until 1000 liters/hour.

Ref8
A new type of thermal flow sensor has been constructed using a novel three-dimensional assembly
process. Testing was performed in constant-temperature and time-of-flight operation. Arrays of sensors
monolithically integrated with JFET signal conditioning circuit have been fabricated to demonstrate the
robustness of the process and compatibility with integrated circuits.
Conclusion
Array of surface Micromachined, out -of-plane thermal resistors have been fabricated and tested as a liquid flow
sensor. The sensor can operate both in anemometric mode as well as time-of-flight mode. To demonstrate the
compatibility of this process with ICs, we integrate an array of sensors directly on a commercial operational
amplifier.

Ref9
Water meter is a cash register of a water supply authority. Consumption based water require periodic reading of
meters except in remote or automated meter reading of meters .Except in remote or automated meter reading these
readings are usually done by meter readers visiting consumers premises one by one and noting down the indicator
reading by the meter. These readings are recorded manually in books or on cards and later keyed in manually toa
customer accounting or billing system. In some cases, meter readers use Hand held Data Entry Terminals to record
meter readings. Data from these devices are transferred electronically to a billing system. In other cases, key entry
has been replaced by mark-sense card readers or optical scanners.
Conclusion
We presented a system for water billing and consumption management based on an SCADA system
implementation of the water meter that is capable of reporting readings over the GSM network to a
server application capable of billing and of controlling the meter itself. The proposed system can be
extended as follows: other sensors for other services (telephone, electricity, and gas) can be included in
the E-Water system. Another future step is to evaluate the use of the GSM network databases and
billing procedure instead of building a separate database and server application. This makes the water
invoice/bill look like just adding a new phone bill for the customer.