Option 2: Write a one page response that explains your reasoning on how you grou
ped the chapter 3 terms.
1 Persuasion: The use of appeals to reasons, values, beliefs, and emotions to co nvince a listener or reader to think or act in a particular way Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persu ade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. Th e argument must always use sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting experts.A kind of writing in tended to convince a reader to think or act in a certain way. 22 Emotional Appeal Writing that appeals to a persons emotions rather than their brain. 2Logos Definition In many situations, logical appeals using analysis and reasoning persuade the au diences. Cause and effect statements or lists of facts make effective logical ap peals. Academic discussions are mostly logos-driven because academic audiences r espect logic and evidence. Authors using logos rely on evidence and proof, wheth er the proof is hard data of careful reasoning. When authors create a series of evidence to persuade their audience they are using logos. Logos appeals usually are quantitative and the language corresponds with the topic. 3Pathos Definition Pathos invokes the audience's emotion to gain acceptance and approval for the id eas expressed. Pathos rhetoricians tap into the audience's sympathy and compassi on, anger and disappointment, desire for love or sadness to convince the audienc e of the their argument. 4Ethos Definition Ethos uses the author's own credibility and character to make a case and gain ap proval. "It names the persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this character is established by means of the speech or discourse." Author's use them selves and their position as the expert, an authority or a right person to give their arguments. "Cicero said that in classical oratory the initial portion of a speech was the place to establish one's credibility with the audience." 5argument writing definition The function of an argumentative is to show that your assertion (opinion, theor y, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful th an others' Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of infer ring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known , admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reason ing from the known or assumed to the unknown 6Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion b ased on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific types of premises. Example: In Chicago last month, a nine-year-old boy died of an asthma attack wh ile waiting for emergency aid. After their ambulance was pelted by rocks in an earlier incident, city paramedics wouldnt risk entering the Dearborn Homes Project (where the boy lived) without a police escort. Thus, based on this example, one could inductively reason that the nine- year-old boy died as a result of having to wait for emergency treatment. 7Deduction: A process of reasoning that starts with a general truth, applies tha t truth to a specific case (resulting in a second piece of evidence), and from those two pieces of evidence (premises), draws a specific conclusion about the specific case. Example: Free access to public education is a key factor in the success of indu strialized nations like the United States. (major premise) India is working to become a successful, industrialized nation. (specific case)
Therefore, India should provide free access to public education for its citizen s. (conclusion) Thus, deduction is an argument in which the conclusion is said to follow necessarily from the premise. 8ostensive clearly or manifestly demonstrative. 9stipulative definitions a declaration of a meaning that is intended to be attached by the speaker to a w ord, expression, or symbol and that usually does not already have an established use in the sense intended
A stipulative definition is one in which a new symbol or term is introduced to w hich some meaning is arbitrarily assigned. A stipulative definition is neither true nor false, accurate nor inaccurate. 10nonrational appeals definition nonrational - obtained through intuition rather than from reasoning or observati on A writer's attitude toward subject, audience, and self. 11tone: Tone is primarily conveyed in writing through diction, point of view, syntax, an d level of formality dispute: To argue about; debate. 12topic: A subdivision of a theme, thesis, or outline. 13sufficient and necessary Being as much as is needed; adequate; enough Definition: A necessary condition for some state of affairs S is a condition tha t must be satisfied in order for S to obtain. For example, a necessary condition for getting an A in 341 is that a student han d in a term paper. This means that if a student does not hand in a term paper, t hen a student will not get an A, or, equivalently, if a student gets an A, then a student hands in a term paper. Definition: A sufficient condition for some state of affairs S is a condition th at, if satisfied, guarantees that S obtains. For example, a sufficient condition for getting an A in 341 is getting an A on e very piece of graded work in the course. This means that if a student gets an A on every piece of graded work in the course, then the student gets an A. 14assumption: The act of taking to or upon oneself.taking for granted premise A proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is draw n. One of the propositions in a deductive argument 15syllogism: A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, an d a conclusion; for example, All humans are mortal, the major premise, I am a hu man, the minor premise, therefore, I am mortal, the conclusion. 16fallacies: a deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, etc.: That the world is flat was at one time a popular fallacy. 2. a misleading or unsound argument. 3. deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness. 4. 17Logic. any of various types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logic ally unsound. A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference. Incorrectness of reasoning or belief; erroneousness Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments. By learning to look for them in you r own and others writing, you can strengthen your ability to evaluate the argumen ts you make, read, and hear. It is important to realize two things about fallaci es: first, fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasiv e, at least to the casual reader or listener. You can find dozens of examples of fallacious reasoning in newspapers, advertisements, and other sources. Second, it is sometimes hard to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious. An argument might be very weak, somewhat weak, somewhat strong, or very strong. An argument that has several stages or parts might have some strong sections and some weak o nes. The goal of this handout, then, is not to teach you how to label arguments as fallacious or fallacy-free, but to help you look critically at your own argum ents and move them away from the weak and toward the strong end of the continuum
18generalize: To reduce to a general form, class, or law. To render indefinite or unspecific. To infer from many particulars. a proposition asserting something to be true either of all members of a certain class or of an indefinite part of that class. the process of obtaining such propositions 19counterexamples: An example that refutes or disproves a hypothesis, proposition, or theorem. 20evidence: A thing or set of things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment. The broken window was evidence that a burglary had taken place. Scientists weigh ed the evidence for and against the hypothesis. Something indicative; an indication or set of indications. saw no evidence of grief on the mourner's face. The means by which an allegation may be proven, such as oral testimony, document s, or physical objects. 21dispute To argue about; debate. an issue that was disputed at the national convention. To argue or debate with (someone). To question the truth or validity of; doubt.