SEMINAR ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

(JUNE-JULY, 2014)


Telecommunication


Submitted by

MALVIKA
11113163


under the Guidance of
Mr. Anand Prakash Singh
(DT at BSNL, Patna)



Discipline of Electronics and Communication

Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
June-July, 2014

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have completed my six weeks summer training at BSNL,
PATNA from 16 June to 25 July under the guidance of Mr Anand Prakash Singh
I have worked with full dedication during these six weeks and my learning outcomes
fulfill the requirements of training.





(Signature of Student)

Name of student: Malvika
Registration Number: 11113163


Date: ________________











Acknowledgement



I acknowledge my gratitude and thank to all the well knowledge persons for giving me such
opportunity to avail all the best facilities available at this telecom centre through which I have
gained knowledge thinking so as too just in the environment suitable for harmonic
adjustment. I am grateful to the following persons for various help rendered by them during
the training period.



Mr Dinesh Kumar (DT)
Mr Neeraj Kumar (JTO)

Finally a deep thanks to Mr Vijay Kumar (TTA) and Mr Deepak Gandhi (TTA).

Last but not the least I thank my family members for their constant encouragement.














BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
(BSNL)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is an Indian State-owned enterprise in
Telecommunication. The Headquarter is situated in New Delhi, India.
Mr R.K. Upadhyay is the present chairman and MD of BSNL. The Owner of BSNL is
Government of India. Number of Employees on 27 February 2013 was 254,499.
The Website is: - www.bsnl.co.in
It is the largest provider of fixed telephony (landline) and fourth largest Mobile telephony
provider in India, and is also provides Broadband service. Due to intense competition in
Telecommunication Sector Companys revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses.
BSNL is Indias oldest and largest communication service (CSP). It had a customer base of
95 million as of June 2011. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan
cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, Which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
(MTNL).
Services:-

BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the main telecom
services provided by BSNL:
Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wire line services and landline in local loop
(WLL) using CDMA Technology. As of 30 June 2010, BSNL had 75% market share
of fixed lines.
Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile
Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name Cellone & Excel
(BSNL Mobile). As of 30 June 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share of mobile telephony in
the country..
Internet: BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connection (as
Sancharnet through 2009) as Prepaid, NetOne as Post-paid and ADSL broadband as
BSNL Broadband BSNL held 55.76% of the market share with reported subscriber
base of 9.19 million Internet subscribers with 7.79% of growth at the end of March
2010.
Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL offers value-added services, such as Free Phone
Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC),
Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rae Service (PRM), Universal
Access Number (UAN).
3G:BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation' services which includes facilities like
video calling, mobile broadband, live TV, 3G Video portal, streaming services like
online full length movies and video on demand etc.
Helpdesk: BSNL's Helpdesk (Helpdesk) provide help desk support to their customers
for their services.
WiMax: BSNL has introduced India's first 4th Generation High-Speed Wireless
Broadband Access Technology with the minimum speed of 256kbit/s. The focus of
this service is mainly rural customer where the wired broadband facility is not
available.

GSM TECHNOLOGY
(GSM- GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION)
Principle of Mobile Communication
Multiple Access methodology
The technique of dynamically sharing the finite limited radio spectrum by multiple users is
called Multiple Access Technique.
Generally there are three different types of multiple access technologies. They are
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):
FDMA is a familiar method of allocating bandwidth, where a base station is allowed
transmit on one or more number of preassigned carrier frequencies and a mobile unit
transmits on corresponding reverse channels.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):
In a TDMA system each channel is split up into time segments, and a transmitter is given
exclusive use of one or more channels only during a particular time period.
Duplexing and Multiple Access Techniques in use:
No Name of System Multiple Access Duplexing
1 GSM FDMA-TDMA FDD
2 CDMA CDMA FDD

FREQUENCY ALLOCATION :
Two frequency bands have been allocated for the GSM system:
The band 890-915 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz has been allocated for the uplink
direction (transmitting from the mobile station to the base station).
The band 935-960 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz has been allocated for the downlink
direction (transmitting from the base station to the mobile station).

ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK
Subsystems and network elements in GSM
The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in three
subsystems:
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
1. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Base Station Subsystem is responsible for managing the radio network, and it is
controlled by an MSC. Typically, one MSC contains several BSSs. A BSS itself may cover a
considerably large geographical area consisting of many cells (a cell refers to an area covered
by one or more frequency resources). The BSS consists of the following elements:
OMC
MSC
BSC HLR
A
MS
Other
MSCs
BTS AUC
Other
Networks
EIR
Other
MSCs
VLRs
VLR
BSS
B
C
D
E
F
G
Un
Abis
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (often referred to as TC (Transcoder))



Radio path control
In the GSM network, the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the part of the network taking care
of radio resources, that is, radio channel allocation and quality of the radio connection.

2. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) contains the network elements MSC, GMSC,
VLR, HLR, AC and EIR.

The main functions of NSS are:
Call control : This identifies the subscriber, establishes a call, and clears the connection after
the conversation is over.
Charging : This collects the charging information about a call (the numbers of the caller and
the called subscriber, the time and type of the transaction, etc.) and transfers it to the Billing
Centre.
Mobility management :This maintains information about the subscriber's location.
Signalling : This applies to interfaces with the BSS and PSTN.
Subscriber data handling : This is the permanent data storage in the HLR and temporary
storage of relevant data in the VLR.
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Mobile-services Switching Center (MSC) performs the switching functions for all mobile
stations located in the geographic area covered by its assigned BSSs. Functions performed
include interfacing with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) as well as with the
other MSCs and other system entities, such as the HLR, in the PLMN.
Functions of the MSC include:
Call handling that copes with mobile nature of subscribers (e.g., paging)
Management of required logical radio-link channel during calls
Management of MSC-BSS signalling protocol
Handling location registration and ensuring interworking between Mobile Station and
VLR
Control of inter-BSS and inter-MSC handovers
Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate the HLR
Exchange of signalling information with other system entities
Standard functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed network (example: charging)
Gateway Mobile services Switching Centre (GMSC)
The GMSC is responsible for the same tasks as the MSC, except for paging. It is needed in
case of mobile terminated calls. In fixed networks, a call is established to the local exchange,
to which the telephone is connected to. But in GSM, the MSC, which is serving the MS,
changes with the subscribers mobility. Therefore, in a mobile terminated call, the call is set
up to a well defined exchange in the subscribers home PLMN. This exchange is called
GMSC. The GMSC than interacts with a database called Home Location Register, which
holds the information about the MSC, which is currently serving the MS. The process of
requesting location information from the HLR is called HLR Interrogation. Given the
information about the serving MSC, the GMSC then continues the call establishment process.
In many real life implementations, the MSC functionality and the GMSC functionality are
implemented in the same equipment, which is then just called MSC. Many operators use
GMSCs for breakout to external networks such as PSTNs.
Home Location Register (HLR)
The Home Location Register (HLR) contains the identities of mobile subscribers (called
International Mobile Subscriber Identities or IMSIs), their service parameters, and their
location information.
The HLR contains:
Identity of mobile subscriber
ISDN directory number of mobile station
Subscription information on teleservices and bearer services
Service restrictions (if any)
Supplementary services
Location information for call routing
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains the subscriber parameters and location
information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area (i.e., cells)
controlled by that VLR.
In summary, the VLR contains:
Identity of mobile subscriber
Any temporary mobile subscriber identity
ISDN directory number of mobile
A directory number to route calls to a roaming station
Location area where the mobile station is registered
Copy of (part of) the subscriber data from the HLR
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is accessed during the equipment validation
procedure
when a mobile station accesses the system. It contains the identity of mobile station equipment
(called International Mobile Station Equipment Identity or IMEI) which may be valid, suspect,
or known to be fraudulent.
This contains:
White or Valid list - List of valid MS equipment identitiesGrey or Monitored list - List of
suspected mobiles under observation
Black or prohibited list - List of mobiles for which service is barred.
Authentication Center (AUC)
The Authentication Center (AUC):
Contains subscriber authentication data called Authentication Keys (Ki)
Generates security related parameters needed to authorize service using Ki
Generates unique data pattern called a Cipher Key (Kc) needed for encrypting user
speech and data
3.OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER (OMC)
The Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC) is the centralized maintenance and
diagnostic heart of the Base Station System (BSS). It allows the network provider to
operate,administer, and monitor the functioning of the BSS.
4.OTHER NETWORK ELEMENTS
Other optional network elements that the MSC can interface include:
Billing Center:
Each MSC writes call accounting records to local disk memory. The Billing Center
periodically polls the disk records of each MSC to collect the billing data for the PLMN.
Service Center:
The Service Center interfaces with the MSCs to provide special services, such as the Short
Message Service (SMS), to mobile subscribers in the PLMN.
The Billing Center and Service Center are not a basic part of the GSM system.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GPRS uses a packet-based switching technique, which will enhance GSM data
services significantly, especially for bursty Internet/intranet traffic.
Some application examples:
Bus, train, airline real-time information
Locating restaurants and other entertainment venues based on current Location
Lottery
E-commerce
Banking
E-mail
Web browsing
The main advantages of GPRS for users:
Instant access to data as if connected to an office LAN
Charging based on amount of data transferred (not the time connected)
Higher transmission speeds
In circuit switching, each time a connection is required between two points, a link between
the two points is established and the needed resources are reserved for the use of that single
call for the complete duration of the call.
In packet switching, the data to be transferred is divided up into packets, which are then sent
through the network and re-assembled at the receiving end.
Evolution from GSM to 3G



CDMA TECHNOLOGY
In CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access) all information of the customers are on the
same frequency. Each information of customer is separated by a digital code. Digital codes
separates information to stop interference. It provide soft hand off for the mobile crossing
from one cell to another by combining the signals from both the cells in the transition areas.
This improves the performance of the network and call dropping problemgets over. In
CDMA many customers can talk at the same time.


Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom
Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So
far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost
effective solution in past. Quick deployment of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and
remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access
Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows :
1. Multi Access Radio Relay
2. Wireless In Local Loop
3. Fibre In the Local Loop
Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)
Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local
Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications
today. WLL is generally used as the last mile solution to deliver basic phone service
expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the
key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL.
WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes
where people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to
lay cables and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed shall
depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.
The salient features of a typical CDMA system are as follows:
Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 Mhz
Duplexing Mehtod: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels
RF Spacing: 1.25 Mhz
Coverage: 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx.
20 Km with fixed units.
Different Codes used in CDMA
Walsh Code:
In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by unique Walsh code. All such codes are
orthogonal to each other. The individual subscriber can start communication using one of
these codes. These codes are traffic channel codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of
the information in the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation
between the multiple signals transmitted by the base station.
The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows:
(a) Repeat the function right
(b) Repeat the function below
(c) Invert function (diagonally)
0 ----- 0 0 -------- 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
Long Code:
The long pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 2
42
characteristic polynomial. With
this long code the data in the forward direction (Base to Mobile) is scrambled. The PN codes
are generated using linear shift registers. The long code is unique for the subscribers and is
known as users address mask.
Short Code:
The short pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 2
15
characteristic polynomial. This
short code differentiates the cells & the sectors in a cell. It also consists of codes for I & Q
channel feeding the modulator.
Network entity description
Base station subsystem (BSS) Base station subsystem is the general term for the wireless
devices and wireless channel control devices that serve one or several cells. Generally, a BSS
contains one more base station controllers (BSC) and base transmitter stations (BTS).
RGMTTC Presentation
Um E
Abis A
Q C
B
N
H
MS
BTS BSC
PSTN MSC
MSC/SSP VLR
HLR
AUC
MC
D
MC
M
MSS
BSS
Ai
Architecture of CDMA MSC Based WLL system

Conclusion:
Hence use of common frequency, multipath rake receiver, power control & variable bit rate
vocoding and soft hand-off features of CDMA give us the benefits of no frequency planning,
larger capacity, flexibility alongwith high performance quality.

BROAD BAND
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data
transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered
broadband.
BROADBAND AND DIAL-UP SERVICE:
Broadband service provides higher speed of data transmissionAllows more content
to be carried through the transmission pipeline.
Broadband provides access to the highest quality Internet servicesstreaming media,
VoIP (Internet phone), gaming and interactive services. Many of these current and
newly developing services require the transfer of large amounts of data which may
not be technically feasible with dial-up service. Therefore, broadband service may be
increasingly necessary to access the full range of services and opportunities that the
Internet can offer.
Broadband is always ondoes not block phone lines and no need to reconnect to
network after logging off.
Less delay in transmission of content when using broadband.
IMPORTANCE OF BROADBAND:
Broadband can provide you with the technical capability to access a wide range of resources,
services and products that can enhance your life in a variety of ways. These resources,
services and products include,
Education, Culture, & Entertainment
o Broadband can overcome geographical and financial barriers to provide access to a
wide range of educational, cultural and recreational opportunities and resources.
Tele-health & Telemedicine
o Broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to unserved and underserved
populations through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and consultations with
specialists.
Economic Development/E-Commerce
o Broadband can promote economic development and revitalization through electronic
commerce (e-commerce) by:
Creating new jobs and attracting new industries.
Providing access to regional, national and worldwide markets.

Electronic Government (E-Government)
o Electronic government can help streamline peoples interaction with government
agencies and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits and
programs.
Public Safety and Homeland Security
o Broadband can help protect the public by facilitating and promoting public safety
information and procedures, including, but not limited to:
Early warning/public alert systems and disaster preparation programs.
Remote security monitoring and real time security background checks.
Backup systems for public safety communications networks.
Broadband Communications Services
o Broadband provides access to new telecommunications technologies such as Voice
Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allowing voice communication using the Internet.
Communications Services for People With Disabilities
Broadband permits users of Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) to use Video Relay
Services (VRS) to communicate more easily, quickly and expressively with voice telephone
users.
BROAD BAND SERVICES
Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at
high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified
as broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows surfing or
downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections. BSNL offers 2
Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.
Requirement for providing Broad Band connection
1. Personal Computer
2. ADSL Modem
3. Land Line Connection
4. Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.

Services available through Broadband
High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his
/ her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps
during the video Conferencing session.
Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for
application in distance education, telemedicine etc.
Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or
volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the
services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband
services
IP Telephony
Messaging: plain and feature rich,
Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees.
Wi-Fi
Web hosting & web co-location.
Lease line service
Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network
securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
Video and Audio Conferencing:
Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and time
shifted TV
Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a pool of
movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either on a TV or a PC.
Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any music of his
choice.
TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be available
in the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new channels, particularly
the educational and scientific channels, depending on demand. Additional equipments
required in the customer's premises are
Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form
compatible with the TV set.
PC and TV

Miscellaneous Applications of Broadband :
Video-on-Demand
Interactive Games
Share market dealing & personal banking
News, travel & leisure information
Music/Movie Download
Chat rooms & newsgroups
E-mail & instant messaging
Personal websites and online magazines
WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI)
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. . It is Short form for Wireless-
Fidelity and is meant to generically refer to any type of 802.11 network, whether
802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, etc. A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of
traditional LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of
wires or cables. It provides the final few metres of connectivity between a wired network and
the mobile user thereby providing mobility, scalability of networks and the speed of
installation. WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to
54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wifi enabled phones etc.
A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as
Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final few
metres of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user thereby providing
mobility, scalability of networks and the speed of installation.
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to
Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wifi enabled phones etc.

In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access
Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard cabling. A
wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic,
usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters.
The AP can reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to
be routed onto the wired network as shown in Figure-1. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile
devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the
Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through another
AP. The Access Point (or the antenna attached to the Access Point) is usually mounted high
but may be mounted essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired radio
coverage is obtained.



Benefits of Wi-Fi:
In a Wi-Fi users can access shared information without looking for a place to plug in, and
network managers can set up or augment networks without installing or moving wires. Wi-Fi
offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over traditional wired
networks:
Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time information
anywhere in their organization. This mobility supports productivity and service
opportunities not possible with wired networks.
Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy
and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the network to go where wire
cannot go.
Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for Wi-Fi
hardware can be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware, overall installation
expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower. Long-term cost benefits are
greatest in dynamic environments requiring frequent moves, adds, and changes.
Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet the
needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations are easily changed and
range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to full
infrastructure networks of thousands of users that allows roaming over a broad area.
It offers much high speed upto 54 Mbps which is very much greater than other
wireless access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.

Limitation of Wi-Fi networks:
The key areas of limitation of Wi-Fi are:
Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60 metres.
Hundreds of Access Points are necessary to provide seamless coverage in small area. For 10
square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where as CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO
requires just 09 sites.
Roaming: It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread coverage by one
service provider is not possible, which is the key to success of wireless technology.
Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service provider used Cable or DSL for
backhaul. Wi-Fi real world data rates are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to
factors such as signal strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the
remaining throughput further.
Interference: Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum, which mean no regulator recourse against
interference. The most popular type of Wi-Fi, 802.11b uses the crowded 2.4 GHz band
which is already used in Bluetooth, cordless phones and microwave ovens.
Security: Wi-Fi Access Points and modems use the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Standards, which is very susceptible to hacking and eavesdropping.
Security: WEP( Wired Equivalent Privacy) is not very secure. WPA (WIFI Protected
Access) offers much better security with the help of dynamic key encryption and mutual
authentication.
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting: In a server based configuration whenever
a laptop enters into a wifi zone, a welcome page is sent to it. User enters username and
password. It is connected through the wireless gateway(router) to AAA, LDAP servers. Once
authenticated ,user can access sites of his choice. Prepaid and postpaid customers can be
billed.
WIMAX
Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband
applications. Wi-MAX is based on a very flexible and robust air interface defined by the
IEEE 802.16 group. WiMAX defines a flexible all-IP-based network architecture that allows
for the exploitation of all the benefits of IP.WiMAX offers very high spectral efficiency.
WiMAX is similar to the wireless standard known as Wi-Fi, but on a much larger scale and at
faster speeds. WiMAX supports a number of advanced signal-processing techniques to
improve overall system capacity. These techniques include adaptive modulation and coding,
spatial multiplexing, and multiuser diversity. WiMAX has a very flexible MAC layer that can
accommodate a variety of traffic types, including voice, video, and multimedia, and provide
strong QoS. Robust security functions, such as strong encryption and mutual authentication,
are built into the WiMAX standard.
FEATURES OF WIMAX:
OFDM-based physical layer
Very high peak data rates
Scalable bandwidth and data rate support
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
Link-layer retransmissions
Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA
Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation
Support for advanced antenna techniques
Quality-of-service support
Robust security
Support for mobility
IP-based architecture
LEASED LINES
AND
MLLN- MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two points set up
by a telecommunications carrier. A leased line is also sometimes referred to as a dedicated
line. They can be used for telephone, data, or Internet services. Oftentimes businesses will
use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth
for network traffic. For example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer
financial information from one office to another. A leased line can span long or short
distances and customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service depending on the
distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone numbers because each
side of the line is always connected to one another, as opposed to telephone lines which reuse
the same lines for numerous conversations through a process called "switching." The
information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating
the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and monitoring
on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit efficiency is increased.
This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.
DRAWBACK OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS
1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards support
only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator pointt of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes from
different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitering.
Therefore we should have a control to all this, we are able to identify before the
customer know which circuit has gone faulty The solution to this is MLLN.
MLLN FEATURES:
1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed , multi service digital network platform
through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal cost to
business subscriber.
2. Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS, high
availability & reliability.
3. Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations & maintenance is
carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal)
242 ROT upto 2003 and 178 new ROT installed after 2003
4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service
monitering.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing & fault
isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software
programmability of NTU etc.
6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting & Internet
service Provider main customers for MLLN.
MLLN ADVANTAGES:
1. 24 hrs Performance Monitering of the circuit. (how much time circuit time up & down
and the reason for down time e.g MODEM switch off or other reason)
2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.(Before customer know we should detect
the fault & rectify it)
3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased. (without changing the MODEM recreate
the circuit with the same MODEM)
4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning. (Create & debug if any fault)
5. Protection against the failure of the circuit (through recovery Management process
either automatic or manually)
6. Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps 7 kms & for 2mbps 3.5 kms)
7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS
APPLICATION OF MLLN:
1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
2. LAN interconnection.
3. Hotline connectivity for voice.
4. Point to point connection for data circuit.
5. point to multipoint connection.
6. EPABX Interconnection.
7. VPN on MLLN Network.
8. Extension of VPN (MPLS) to Customer.
KEY ELEMENTS OF MLLN:
MLLN Nodes
Servers
Workstations
Networking Equipment
Others (Printers, UPS etc)
MLLN NODES:
DXC (Digital Cross-Connect)
VMUX (Versatile Multiplexer)
NTU (Network Terminating Unit)
NMS (Network Management System)

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:


















NMS (Network Management System):
MLLN NMS performs all the management functions on the network. It Offered
Performance Monitoring, Recovery, Reporting Packages . It Supports regional partitioning
and VPN capabilities.
DXC(Digital Cross Connect):
Switch connects the temporary connection. In DXC bandwidth are interconnected to each
other and semipermanent. NMS is connected to DXC and all DXC are interconnected .
VMUX(Versatile multiplexer):
It is the device through which leased line is provided to the user.VMUX have different types
of ports are present of different bandwidth. It multiplex all the data in single line.


Main DXC
256 Ports
DXC-64 DXC-64 DXC-128
VMUXs
Modems
NTU(Network Terminating Unit):
NTU to send power off signal to the NMS at the time of NTU getting switched off. It
modulate the signal at transmitter and demodulates it at receiver.

OPTICAL FIBER
Optical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted
through a glass or plastic fibre, in the form of light, following the transmission sequence give
below :
(1) Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.
(2) Electrical Signals are Coverted into light Signals.
(3) Light Travels Down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.
- Inexpensive light sources available.
- Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss
fibres are used at high data rates.


Fig. 1

Principle of Operation - Theory
Total Internal Reflection - The Reflection that Occurs when a Ligh Ray Travelling
in One Material Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back into the Original
Material without any Loss of Light.

Fig. 2
Speed of light is actually the velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum such as space.
Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass. Light travelling from one
material to another changes speed, which results in light changing its direction of travel. This
deflection of light is called Refraction.
The amount that a ray of light passing from a lower refractive index to a higher one is bent
towards the normal. But light going from a higher index to a lower one refracting away from
the normal, as shown in the figures.

Fig. 3
As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction approaches 90
o
to the normal.
The angle of incidence that yields an angle of refraction of 90
o
is the critical angle. If the
angle of incidence increases amore than the critical angle, the light is totally reflected back

1
Angle of incidence
n
1
n
2

2
n
1
n
2

2
n
1
n
2

2
Angle of
reflection
Light is bent away
from normal
Light does not enter
second material
into the first material so that it does not enter the second material. The angle of incidence and
reflection are equal and it is called Total Internal Reflection.
OPTICAL FIBRE PARAMETERS
Optical fiber systems have the following parameters.
(I) Wavelength.
(II) Frequency.
(III) Window.
(IV) Attenuation.
(V) Dispersion.
(VI) Bandwidth.
(I) WAVELENGTH
It is a characterstic of light that is emitted from the light source and is measures in
nanometers (nm). In the visible spectrum, wavelength can be described as the colour of the
light.
For example, Red Light has longer wavelength than Blue Light, Typical wavelength for fibre
use are 850nm, 1300nm and 1550nm all of which are invisible.
(II) FREQUENCY
It is number of pulse per second emitted from a light source. Frequency is measured in units
of hertz (Hz). In terms of optical pulse 1Hz = 1 pulse/ sec.
(III) WINDOW
A narrow window is defined as the range of wavelengths at which a fibre best operates.
(IV) ATTENUATION
Attenuation is defined as the loss of optical power over a set distance, a fibre with lower
attenuation will allow more power to reach a receiver than fibre with higher attenuation.
Attenuation may be categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic.
INTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to inherent or within the fibre. Intrinsic attenuation may occur as
(1) Absorption - Natural Impurities in the glass absorb light energy.

Absorption of Light
Light
Ray

Scattering
EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to external sources. Extrinsic attenuation may occur as
(a) Macrobending - The fibre is sharply bent so that the light travelling down the
fibre cannot make the turn & is lost in the cladding.

Micro and Macro bending
(b) Microbending - Microbending or small bends in the fibre caused by
crushing contraction etc. These bends may not be visible with the naked eye.
Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB). A dB represents the comparison between the
transmitted and received power in a system.
(V) DISPERSION
Dispersion is the spreading of light pulse as its travels down the length of an optical fibre as
shown in figure 13. Dispersion limits the bandwidth or information carrying capacity of a
fibre. The bit-rates must be low enough to ensure that pulses are farther apart and therefore
the greater dispersion can be tolerated.
There are three main types of dispersion in a fibre -
(I) Modal Dispersion
(II) Material dispersion
(III) Waveguide dispersion

Light
Ray
Light is lost

Fig. 13 Dispersion
(VI) BANDWIDTH
It is defined as the amount of information that a system can carry such that each pulse of light
is distinguishable by the receiver.
System bandwidth is measured in MHz or GHz. In general, when we say that a system has
bandwidth of 20 MHz, means that 20 million pulses of light per second will travel down the
fibre and each will be distinguishable by the receiver.

BANDWIDTH AND DISPERSION :
A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHz-signal can be transmitted for 1 km. It
means that the product of frequency and the length must be 400 or less. We can send a lower
frequency for a longer distance, i.e. 200 MHz for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km. Multimode
fibres are specified by the bandwidth-length product or simply bandwidth.
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Level Switching)
The exponential growth of the Internet over the past several years has placed a tremendous
strain on the service provider networks. Not only has there been an increase in the number of
users but there has been a multifold increase in connection speeds.
MPLS technology enables Service Providers to offer additional services for their customers,
scale their current offerings, and exercise more control over their growing networks by using
its traffic engineering capabilities.
MPLS Architecture:

LSP
MPLS core LSR
Ingress
Egress
MPLS LER
LSP
MPLS core LSR
Ingress
Egress
MPLS LER
MPLS operations:
I. Push:
A new label is pushed on top of the packet, effectively "encapsulating" the original IP packet
in a layer of MPLS.
II. Swap:
Every incoming label is replaced by a new outgoing label (As per the path to be followed)
and the packet is forwarded along the path associated with the new label.
III. Pop:
The label is removed from the packet effectively "de-encapsulating". If the popped label was
the last on the label stack, the packet "leaves" the MPLS tunnel.
Advantage:
I. Routing fast.
II. Addition of node is easy.
III. Conversion is fast.
Disadvantage:
I. Not secure.
II. Share the route.s
VPN(Virtual Private Network)
VPNs were originally introduced to enable service providers to use common physical
infrastructure to implement emulated point-to-point links between customer sites. A customer
network implemented with any VPN technology would contain distinct regions under the
customer's control called the customer sites connected to each other via the service provider
(SP) network. A full mesh of connected sites would consequently imply an exponential
increase in the cost associated.
Advantage:
I. Work from home.
II. Easy to implement in MPLS.