ABNORMAL/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Signs and Symptoms

Signs are objective; symptoms are subjective. Signs are the clinicians observations, such as
noting a patients agitation; symptoms are subjective experiences such as a persons complaint of feeling
depressed. Psychopathological signs and symptoms, however, are not clearly demarcated, they often
overlap. It is because of this reason why signs and symptoms are often described as syndromes a
constellation of signs and symptoms that together mae up a recogni!able condition.
Signs and Symptoms in Psychopathology
Consciousnss! state of awareness
Apperception: perception modified by ones own thoughts and emotions
Sensorium" at times, used as another term for consciousness; state of functioning of the special
senses
"istu#$ancs o% Consciousnss
&. "iso#intation! patients orientation is disturbed regarding time, place, or person
'. "li#ium! exhibits confusion, restlessness, bewilderment, and a disoriented reaction associated
with hallucinations and fear
(. Clouding o% consciousnss! #incomplete clearmindedness with disturbance in perception and
attitudes$
). Stupo#! unaware and lacs reaction to the environment
*. +,ilight stat! disturbance in consciousness with hallucinations
-. "#amli/ stat! another term used for psychomotor epilepsy or complex partial sei!ure
0. Somnolnc! usually displayed in organic processes; abnormal drowsiness
1. Coma 2igil 3akinetic mutism): shows appearance of sleeping but is aroused readily
4. Coma! profound level of consciousness
"istu#$ancs o% Attntion
Attention" %uantity of effort given to focusing on parts of an experience; concentration ability
&. "ist#acti$ility! inability to concentrate; drawn to irrelevant or unimportant external stimuli
'. Slcti2 attntion! only things that give anxiety are bloced out
(. Hyp#2igilanc! excessive focus and attention on all internal and external stimuli due to paranoia
"istu#$ancs in Suggsti$ility! uncritical and compliant response to influence or an idea

&. Folie a deux (or folie a trois)! emotional illness that is communicated between two 'or three(
persons
). Hypnosis! consciousness that is induced artificially, characteri!ed by a heightened suggestibility
5motion! a complex feeling state related to mood and affect with psychic, somatic, and behavioral
components
A%%ct" expression of emotion as observed by others; has observable outward manifestations;
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&. App#op#iat a%%ct! the normal condition in which emotional tone is in harmony with the
accompanying idea, thought, or speech
* also further described as broad or full affect, in which a full range of
emotions is expressed appropriately
). Inapp#op#iat a%%ct! disharmony between the emotional feeling tone and the idea, thought, or
speech accompanying it
+. Bluntd a%%ct! severe reduction in the intensity of externali!ed feeling tone
,. Rst#ictd o# const#ictd a%%ct! reduction in intensity of feeling tone; less severe than blunted
affect but clearly reduced
-. 6lat a%%ct! absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression; an immobile face and
monotonous voice
.. La$il a%%ct! rapid and abrupt changes in emotional feeling tone, unrelated to external stimuli
Mood! a sustained and pervasive emotion subjectively experienced and reported by the patient, as well as
observed by others. '/or example, elation, anger, and depression(
&. "yspho#ic Mood! an unpleasant mood
'. 5uthymic Mood! a normal range of mood
(. 57pansi2 Mood! expression of ones feelings without restraint, fre%uently with an overestimation
of ones significance or importance
). I##ita$l Mood! easily provoed to anger and annoyed
*. Mood S,ings 3la$il mood8! oscillations between euphoria and depression or anxiety
-. 5l2atd Mood! possessing an air of enjoyment and confidence; a mood more cheerful than
normal but not necessarily pathological
0. 5upho#ia! intense elation with feelings of grandeur
1. 5cstasy! feeling of intense rapture
4. "p#ssion! psychopathological feeling of sadness
&9. Anhdonia! loss of interest in and withdrawal from all regular and pleasurable activities, often
associated with depression
&&. G#i% o# Mou#ning! sadness appropriate to a real loss
&'. Al7ithymia! inability or difficulty in being aware or describing ones moods or emotions
Oth# 5motions
&. An7ity! feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, which may be internal or
external
'. 6#:%loating an7ity! unfocused, pervasive fear not attached to any idea
(. 6a#! anxiety caused by consciously recogni!ed and realistic danger
). Agitation! severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness
*. +nsion! unpleasant increased motor and psychological activity
-. Panic! acute, episodic, intense anxiety attac associated with overwhelming feelings of dread
0. Apathy! dulled emotional tone associated with indifference or detachment
1. Am$i2alnc! coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing in the same person at
the same time
Physiological distu#$ancs associatd ,ith mood! signs that refer to a persons somatic 'usually
autonomic( dysfunction of the person. 0hese are most often associated with depression and are
also nown as vegetative signs.
&. Ano#7ia! loss of or decrease in appetite
'. Hyp#phagia! increase in appetite and intae of food
(. Insomnia! lac of or diminished ability to sleep
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a. Initial: difficulty in falling asleep
$. Middle: difficulty in sleeping through the night without waing up and difficulty in going
bac to sleep
c. Terminal: early morning awaening
). Hyp#somnia! excessive sleeping
*. "iu#nal 2a#iation! mood is regularly worst in morning, immediately after awaening, and
improves as the day progresses
-. "iminishd li$ido! decreased sexual interest, drive and performance
1 Increased libido is associated with manic states.
0. Constipation! inability or difficulty in defecating
Moto# Bha2io#! the aspect of the psyche that includes impulses, motivations, wishes, drives, instincts,
and cravings, as expressed by a persons behavior or motor activity
&. 5chop#a7ia! pathological imitation of movements of one person by another
'. Catatonia! motor anomalies in non*organic disorders 'as opposed to disturbances of
consciousness and motor activity secondary to organic pathology(
a. Catalpsy! general term for an immobile position that is constantly maintained
b. Catatonic 57citmnt! agitated, purposeless motor activity, uninfluenced by external stimuli
c. Catatonic Stupo#! maredly slowed motor activity, often to a point of immobility and
seeming unawareness of surroundings
d. Catatonic Rigidity! voluntary assumption of a rigid posture, held against all efforts to be
moved
e. Catatonic Postu#ing! voluntary assumption of an inappropriate or bi!arre posture, generally
maintained for long periods of time
f. Cerea Flexibilitas 3;a7y 6l7i$ility8! the person can be molded into a position that is then
maintained; when the examiner moves the persons limb, the limb feels as if it were made of
wax
(. Ngati2ism! motiveless resistance to all attempts to be moved or to all instructions
). Catapl7y! temporary loss of muscle tone and weaness precipitated by a variety of emotional
states
*. St#otypy! repetitive fixed pattern of physical action or speech
-. Mann#ism! ingrained, habitual involuntary movement
0. Automatism! automatic performance of an act or acts generally representative of unconscious
symbolic activity
1. Command Automatism! automatic following of suggestions 'also called automatic obedience(
4. Mutism! voicelessness without structural abnormalities
&9. O2#acti2ity! abnormality in motor behavior that can manifest itself as psychomotor agitation,
hyperactivity, tic, sleepwaling, or compulsions
a. Psychomoto# Agitation! excessive motor and cognitive overactivity, usually nonproductive
and in response to inner tension
b. Hyp#acti2ity 3Hyp#/insis8! restless, aggressive, destructive activity, often associated
with some underlying organic pathology
c. +ic! involuntary, spasmodic motor movement
d. Slp,al/ing 3Somnam$ulism8! motor activity during sleep
e. A/athisia! subjective feeling of muscular tension secondary to antipsychotic or other
medication, which can cause restlessness, pacing, repeated sitting and standing; can be
mistaen for psychotic agitation
f. Compulsion! uncontrollable impulse to perform an act repetitively
i. "ipsomania! compulsion to drin alcohol
ii. <lptomania! compulsion to steal
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iii. Nymphomania! excessive and compulsive need for coitus in a woman
iv. Saty#iasis! excessive and compulsive need for coitus in a man
v. +#ichotillomania! compulsion to pull out ones hair
vi. Ritual! automatic activity compulsive in nature, anxiety*reducing in origin
&&. Hypoacti2ity 3Hypo/insis8! decreased motor and cognitive activity, as in psychomotor
retardation; visible slowing of thought, speech and movements
&'. Mimic#y! simple, imitative motor activity of childhood
&(. Agg#ssion! forceful goal*directed action that may be verbal or physical; the motor counterpart
of the affect of rage, anger, or hostility
&). Acting out! direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in action; unconscious fantasy is
lived out impulsively in behavior
+hin/ing! goal*directed flow of ideas; symbols and associations initiated by problem or tas and leading
toward a reality*oriented conclusion
Gn#al distu#$ancs in %o#m o# p#ocss o% thin/ing
&. Mntal diso#d#! clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome, associated with
distress or disability, not just an expected response to a particular event
'. Psychosis! inability to distinguish reality from fantasy; impaired in reality testing; with creation
of a new reality
(. Rality tsting! the objective evaluation and judgment of the world outside self
). 6o#mal though diso#d#! disturbance in the form of thought instead of the content of thought;
thining characteri!ed by loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical constructs; thought
process is disordered and the person defined psychotic
*. Illogical thin/ing! thining containing erroneous conclusions or internal contradictions;
is psychopathological only when it is mared and when not caused by cultural values or
intellectual deficit
-. "#ism! mental activity not concordant with logic experience
0. Autistic +hin/ing! thining that gratifies unfulfilled desires but has no regard for reality;
preoccupation phase in children in which thoughts, words, or actions assume power
1. Magical thin/ing! a form of dereistic thought; thining similar to that of the preoperational
phase in children '2ean Piaget(, in which thoughts, words, or actions assume power 'e.g., to cause
or to prevent events(.
4. P#ima#y p#ocss thin/ing! general term for thining that is dereistic; illogical and magical;
normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychotic
Spci%ic distu#$ancs in %o#m o% thought
&. Nologism! new word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood; often seen in
schi!ophrenia; it has also been used to mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed but
whose origins are nonetheless understandable 'e.g., headshoe to mean hat(, but such constructions
are more properly referred to as word approximations.
'. ;o#d Salad! incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of words and phrases commonly
seen in far*advanced cases of schi!ophrenia '3ee also incoherence.(
(. Ci#cumstantiality! disturbance in the associative thought and speech processes in which a
patient digresses into unnecessary details and inappropriate thoughts before communicating the
central idea; observed in schi!ophrenia, obsessional disturbances, and certain cases of dementia
). +angntiality! obli%ue, digressive, or even irrelevant manner of speech in which the central idea
is not communicated
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*. Incoh#nc! thought that, generally is not understandable; patient never gets from desired point
to desired goal
-. P#s2#ation! pathological repetition of the same response to different stimuli, as in a repetition
of the same verbal response to different %uestions; persistent repetition of specific words or
concepts in the process of speaing. 3een in cognitive disorders, schi!ophrenia, and other mental
illness.
0. =#$ig#ation! meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases, as seen in
schi!ophrenia; 4lso called cataphasia.
1. 5cholalia! psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of one person by another; tends to
be repetitive and persistent. 3een in certain inds of schi!ophrenia, particularly the catatonic
types
4. Condnsation! mental process in which one symbol stands for a number of components
&9. I##l2ant ans,#! answer that is not in harmony with %uestion ased
&&. Loosning o% associations! characteristic schi!ophrenic thining or speech disturbance involving
a disorder in the logical progression of thoughts; manifested as a failure to communicate verbally
ade%uately; unrelated and unconnected ideas shift from one subject to another.
&'. "#ailmnt! gradual or sudden deviation in train of thought without blocing
sometimes used synonymously with loosening of association.
&(. 6light o% idas! #apid succession of fragmentary thoughts or speech in which content changes
abruptly and speech may be incoherent.
&). Clang association! association or speech directed by the sound of a word rather than by its
meaning; words have no logical connection; punning and rhyming may dominate the verbal
behavior. 3een most fre%uently in schi!ophrenia or mania.
&*. Bloc/ing! abrupt interaction in train of thining before a thought or idea is finished after brief
pause, person indicates no recall of what was being said or was going to be said
&-. Glossolalia! unintelligible jargon that has meaning to the speaer but not to the listener; occurs in
schi!ophrenia.
Spci%ic distu#$ancs in contnt o% thought
&. Po2#ty o% contnt! thought that gives little information because of vagueness, empty repetitions,
or obscure phrases
'. O2#2alud ida! false or unreasonable belief or idea that is sustained beyond the bounds of
reason; it is held with less intensity or duration than a delusion, but is usually associated with
mental illness.
(. "lusion! false belief, based on incorrect inference about external reality, not consistent with
patients intelligence and cultural bacground that cannot be corrected by reasoning
a. Bi>a## dlusion! false belief that is patently absurd or fantastic 'e.g., invaders from space
have implanted electrodes in a person5s brain(, common in schi!ophrenia.
$. Systmati>d dlusion! group of elaborate delusions related to a single event or theme.
c. Mood:cong#unt dlusion! delusion with content that is mood appropriate 'e.g., depressed
patients who believe that they are responsible for the destruction of the world(.
d. Mood:incong#unt dlusion! delusion with content that has no association to mood or is
mood*neutral
. Nihilistic dlusion! depressive delusion that the world and everything related to it have
ceased to exist.
%. "lusion o% po2#ty! false belief that one is bereft or will be deprived of all material
possessions
g. Somatic "lusion! delusion pertaining to the functioning of one5s body
h. Pa#anoid dlusions! includes persecutory delusions and delusions of reference, control, and
grandeur
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i. "lusion o% p#scution! false belief of being harassed or persecuted; often found in
litigious patients who have a pathological tendency to tae legal action because of
imagined mistreatment '6ost common delusion(
ii. "lusion o% g#andu#! exaggerated conception of one5s importance, power, or
identity
iii. "lusion o% #%#nc! %alse belief that the behavior of others refers to oneself or that
events, objects, or other people have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a
negative nature; derived from idea of reference, in which persons falsely feel that
others are taling about them 'e.g., belief that people on television or radio are taling
to or about the person(. 3ee also thought broadcasting.
i. "lusion o% sl%:accusation! false feeling of remorse and guilt. 3een in depression with
psychotic features
?. "lusion o% cont#ol! false belief that a person5s will, thoughts, or feelings are being
controlled by external forces.
i. +hought ,ithd#a,al! delusion that ones thoughts are being removed from ones
mind by other people or forces
ii. +hought ins#tion! delusion that thoughts are being implanted in one5s mind by
other people or forces
iii. +hought $#oadcasting! feeling that one5s thoughts are being broadcast or projected
into the environment
/. "lusion o% in%idlity! false belief that one5s lover is unfaithful. 3ometimes called
pathological jealousy
l. 5#otomania! delusional belief, more common in women than in men, that someone is deeply
in love with them 'also nown as de 7l8rembault syndrome(.
m. Psudologia %antastica! a type of lying, in which the person appears to believe in the reality
of his or her fantasies and acts on them
). P#occupation o% thought! centering of thought content on a particular idea, associated with a
strong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal preoccupation
*. 5gomania! morbid self*preoccupation or self*centeredness
-. Monomania! mental state characteri!ed by preoccupation with one subject.
0. Hypochond#ia! exaggerated concern about health that is based not on real medical pathology, but
on unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or sensations as abnormal
1. O$sssion! persistent and recurrent idea, thought, or impulse that cannot be eliminated from
consciousness by logic or reasoning; obsessions are involuntary and ego*dystonic. 3ee also
compulsion.
4. Compulsion! pathological need to act on an impulse that, if resisted, produces anxiety; repetitive
behavior in response to an obsession or performed according to certain rules, with no true end in
itself other than to prevent something from occurring in the future.
&9. Cop#olalia! involuntary use of vulgar or obscene language. 9bserved in some cases of
schi!ophrenia and in 0ourette5s syndrome
&&. Pho$ia! persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic
person may reali!e that the fear is irrational but, nonetheless, cannot dispel it.
a. Simpl pho$ia! circumscribed dread of a discrete object or situation
$. Social pho$ia! dread of public humiliation, as in fear of public speaing, performing, or
eating in public
c. Ac#opho$ia! dread of high places.
d. Algopho$ia* :read of pain.
. Claust#opho$ia* 4bnormal fear of closed or confining spaces.
%. @nopho$ia * 4bnormal fear of strangers.
g. Aoopho$ia: 4bnormal fear of animals.
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&'. Nosis! a revelation in which immense illumination occurs in association with a sense that one
has been chosen to lead and command.
&(. Bnio mystica! feeling of mystic unity with an infinite power
Spch! ideas, thoughts, feelings as expressed through language; communication through the use of
words and language
"istu#$ancs in Spch
&. P#ssu# o% Spch! rapid speech that is increased in amount difficult to interpret
'. =olu$ility 3logo##ha8! copious, coherent, logical speech; excessive taling observed in manic
episodes of bipolar disorder 'also nown as tachylogia, verbomania(
(. Po2#ty o% Spch! restriction in the amount of speech used; replies may be mono*syllabic
). Nonspontanous spch! verbal responses given only when ased or spoen to directly; no self*
initiation of speech
*. Po2#ty o% contnt o% spch! speech that is ade%uate in amount but conveys little information
because of vagueness, emptiness or stereotyped phrases
-. "ysp#osody! loss of normal speech melody 'called prosody(
0. "ysa#th#ia! difficulty in articulation, not in word finding or in grammar
1. 57cssi2ly loud o# so%t spch! loss of modulation of normal speech volume; may reflect a
variety of pathological conditions ranging from psychosis to depression to deafness
4. Stutt#ing! fre%uent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to maredly
impaired speech fluency
&9. Clutt#ing! erratic and dysrhythmic speech, consisting of rapid and jery spurts
B. Aphasic "istu#$ancs 3distu#$ancs in languag output8
&. Moto# Aphasia! disturbance of speech caused by an organic mental disorder in which
understanding remains but ability to spea is grossly impaired; speech is halting laborious, and
inaccurate 'also nown as ;rocas, nonfluent, or expressive aphasia(
'. Snso#y Aphasia! organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; speech is fluid
and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical 'also nown as <ernices, fluent, or receptive
aphasia(
(. Nominal Aphasia! difficulty in finding correct name for an object 'also termed anomia(
). Syntactical Aphasia! inability to arrange words in proper se%uence
*. Ca#gon Aphasia! words produced are totally neologistic; nonsense words repeated with various
intonations and inflections
-. Glo$al Aphasia! combination of a grossly nonfluent aphasia and a severe fluent aphasia
P#cption! process of transferring physical stimulation into psychological information" mental process
by which sensory stimuli are brought into awareness
"istu#$ancs o% P#cption
&. Hallucination! false sensory perception not associated with real external stimuli; there may or
may not be a delusional interpretation of the hallucinatory experience; hallucinations indicate a
psychotic disturbance only when associated with impairment in reality testing
a. Hypnagogic Hallucination! false sensory perception occurring while falling asleep;
generally considered a nonpathological phenomenon
$. Hypnopompic Hallucination! false perception occurring while awaening from sleep;
generally considered nonpathological
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c. Audito#y Hallucination! false perception of sound, usually voices but also other noises
such as music; most common hallucination in psychiatric disorders
d. =isual Hallucination! false perception involving sight consisting of both formed
images'e.g. people( and unformed images 'e.g. flashes of light(; most common in
organically determined disorders
. Ol%acto#y Hallucination! false perception in smell; most common in organic disorders
%. Gustato#y Hallucination! false perception of taste, such as unpleasant taste caused by an
uncinate sei!ure; most common in organic disorders
g. +actil 3Haptic8 Hallucination! false perception of touch or surface sensation, as from
an amputated limb 'phantom limb(, crawling sensation on or under the sin 'formication(
h. Somatic Hallucination! false sensation of things occurring in or to the body, most often
visceral in origin 'also nown as cenesthetsic hallucination(
i. Lilliputian Hallucination! false perception in which objects are seen as reduced in si!e
'also termed micropsia(
?. Mood:cong#unt Hallucination! a ind of hallucination wherein the content of which is
consistent with either a depressed or manic mood 'e.g. a depressed patient hears voices
saying that the patient is a bad person; a manic patient hears voices saying that the patient
is inflated of worth, power, nowledge, etc.(
/. Mood:incong#unt Hallucination! =allucination whose content is not consistent with
either depressed or manic mood 'e.g. in depression, hallucinations not involving such
themes as guilt, deserved punishment, or inade%uacy; in mania, hallucinations not
involving such themes as inflated worth or power(
l. Hallucinosis! =allucinations, most often auditory, that are associated with chronic
alcohol abuse and that occur within a clear sensorium
m. +#ailing Phnomnon! perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic drugs in
which moving object are seen as a series of discrete and discontinuous stages
'. Illusion! misperception or misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli
"istu#$ancs associatd ,ith o#ganic mntal diso#d#
Agnosia: an inability to recogni!e and interpret the significance of sensory impressions
&. Anosognosia! inability to recogni!e illness as occurring to oneself
'. Autotopagnosia! inability to recogni!e a body part as ones own
(. =isual Agnosia! inability to recogni!e objects or persons
). Ast#ognosia! inability to recogni!e objects by touch
*. P#osopagnosia! inability to recogni!e faces
-. Ap#a7ia! inability to carry out specific tass
"istu#$ancs associatd ,ith con2#sion and dissociati2 phnomna! somati!ation of repressed
material or the development of physical symptoms and distortions involving the voluntary muscle
or special sense organs; not under voluntary control and not explained by any physical disorder
&. Hyst#ical Ansthsia! loss of sensory modalities resulting from emotional conflicts
). Mac#opsia! state in which objects seem larger than they are
+. Mic#opsia! state in which objects seem smaller than they are 'both macropsia and micropsia can
also be associated with clear organic conditions such as complex partial sei!ures(
,. "p#sonali>ation! a subjective sense of being unreal, strange, or unfamiliar to oneself
-. "#ali>ation! a subjective sense that the environment is strange or unreal; a feeling of changed
reality
.. 6ugu! taing on a new identity with amnesia for the old identity; often involves travel or
wandering to new environments
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>. Multipl p#sonality! one person who appears at different times to be in possession of an
entirely different personality and character
Mmo#y! function by which information stored in the brain is later recalled to consciousness
&. Amnsia! partial or total inability to recall past experiences; may be organic or emotional in
origin.
'. Pa#amnsia! falsification of memory by distortion of recall
a. 6auss #connaissanc" false recognition
$. Rt#ospcti2 %alsi%ication! memory becomes unintentionally 'unconsciously( distorted by
being filtered through patients present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state
c. Con%a$ulation! unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagined or untrue experiences
that patient believes but that have no basis in fact; most often associated with organic
pathology
d. Dj vu: illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is correctly regarded as a
repetition of a previous memory
. Dj entendu: illusion of auditory recognition
%. Dj ense: illusion that a new thought is recogni!ed as a thought previously felt or
expressed
g. !amias vu: false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation one has experienced
h. 6als mmo#y! a persons recollection and belief by the patient of an event that did not
actually occur
(. Hyp#mnsia! exaggerated degree of retention and recall
). 5idtic imag! visual memory of almost hallucinatory vividness
*. Sc#n mmo#y! a consciously tolerable memory covering for a painful memory
-. Rp#ssion! a defense mechanism characteri!ed by unconscious forgetting of unacceptable ideas
or impulses
0. Lthologica! temporary inability to remember a name or a proper noun
1. Blac/out! amnesia experienced by alcoholics about behavior during drining bouts; usually
indicates that reversible brain damage has occurred
Levels of Memory
&. Immdiat! reproduction or recall of perceived material within seconds to minutes
'. Rcnt! recall of events over past few days
(. Rcnt past! recall of events over past few months
). Rmot! recall of events in distant pass
Intllignc! the ability to understand, recall, mobili!ed, and constructively integrates previous learning
in meeting new situations
&. Mntal Rta#dation! ?ac of intelligence to a degree in which there is interference with social
and vocational performance"
6ild 'I.@. of -A or -- to approximately >A(
6oderate 'I.@. of +- or ,A to -A or --(
3evere 'I.@. of )A or )- to +- or ,A(
Profound 'I.@. below )A or )-(
Obsolete terms are idiot (mental age less than years!" imbecile (mental age of to # years!"
and moron (mental age of about $!
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'. "mntia! organic and global deterioration of intellectual functioning without clouding of
consciousness
a. "yscalculia! loss of ability to do calculations not caused by anxiety or impairment in
concentration.
b. "ysg#aphia! loss of ability to write in cursive style; loss of word structure
(. Psudodmntia! clinical features resembling a dementia not caused by an organic mental
dysfunction; most often caused by depression
). Conc#t thin/ing! literal thining; limited use of metaphor without understanding of nuances
of meaning; one dimensional thought
*. A$st#act thin/ing! ability to appreciate nuances of meaning; multidimensional thining with
ability to use metaphors and hypotheses appropriately
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