396

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE. KOOK II

Crushing Weight
in lbs. per sq, in.
-
16,893
-
11,970
- 12.861
-
10,917
- 11,820
- 9,R21
:5.500
8.5'iS
7098
3,050
Grail wacke from Penmaeninaur
_ . , .
Basalt, Whinstone
..--.-
Granite, Mountsorrel
. .
- - -
Ditto, Artryleshire
-..----
Sj'enite, Mountsorrel
. - . -
.
Sandstone, strong Yorkshire, mean of 9
e\|)eriments -
Ditto, weak specimens, locality not statoil 3,000 to
Limestone, compact, strong -
- .
- -
Ditto, JVIagnesian, strong
....
Ditto, ditto, weak
- -
lS02i. He fiirtlier shows that the resistance of strong sandstone to cni.sliing in a direc-
tion parallel to the layers, is only six-sevenths of the resistance to crusliin!j; in a directian
perpendicular to the layers. The hardest sio.ies alone give way to crushing at once, with-
out i)rL'vioiis warning. All otliers hcgin to crack or split undjr a load less than that which
finally crushes them, in a proportion which ranges from a fraction little less than unity in
the harder stone-;, down to about one half in the softest. The mode in which stone gives
way to a crushing load is in general by shearing. The factor of safety in structures of
stone should not l)e less than eiylit. in order to provide for variations in t e strength of the
material, as well as for other contingencies. In some structures wiiich have stood it is
less
;
but there can he no doubt that these err on the sl<le of boldness, as urged by
llankine, Civil Engineering, page 361.
1502;i. Table of the Weights required to Ckush Bkicks.
Experiments by T. Cubitt. Yielded to. Crushed hy. Rema rks.
Good place bricks 1 1 tons
16|
tons Bedded on plaster.
Ditto
.... 16 22|
Ditto.
Two common stocks
10
f
16
1
161

No plaster.
Good stock - - - 30
3^
Superior washed stuck 36 44^ .,
Ordmary place brick 3 9 ..
Ditto - - . - 3 ,.
6
Common ditto . - -

5 to
2|
Cwt. Tone. Cf.
31 58 18
8-75 IG 12
90
83
HO
157
396
A brick made by Beale's machine being placed on bearers seven inches apart, was broken
in the iniddle by the weight of 2,625 lbs. A common hand-made brick was broken by
645 lbs. The hollow or frog formed in the underside of a brick necessarily lessens its re-
sisting power. Young (Nat. Phil.) states that the cohesive strength of a square inch of
brick is 300 Ihs., but the quality is not stated. Other experiments give the following
strength of bricks:

Brick of Huntingdonshire clay, perforated, per square inch

Suffolk clay, solid : ( broke across)

,,
Made by Prosser's machine, bore
,,
,,
Arsley, and not crushed
,, ,,
,,
Ordinary stock, "j

Common tire clay, i per square foot

Good ditto,
J

Used at
Edinburgh Gas Works, of fire clay and iron stone,
per square toot
.
- . .
1502Z.
Brickwork. Brick piers 9 inches square, 2 feet 3 inches high, made of good
sound Cowley stacks, set in cement, and proved two days afterwards:

Cractied St Broke at
Brick fl.it, compressed quarter of an inch
-
-
- 25 tons 30 tons
Brick on edge, did not compress
-
-
-
- 3")

35

15n2m. IMr. L. Clarke's experiments for the woiks at the Britannia and Conway
(ui)ular bridges, on brickwork in cubes, showed that

9 inches, cemented. N'o. 1 or best quality, set between deal

boards, weighing 54 lbs., crushed with I 9 tons 1 8 cwt.
2 qrs. 22 lbs.
. .
- . = 551 '3 lbs. per square inch.
9 inches, No. 1, set in cement, weighing 53 lbs
,
crushed with
22 tons 3 cwt. qrs. 17 lbs.
- -
= 6127
lbs.

400 O