422 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE.

Book II,
16284. The results of Barlow, Nelson, JVIoore, Denison, and some otliers. are collected
in the above table, which gives ame^wof'the whole (Warr); Barlow's values arc alvo noted
separately, being those usunlly sui)i)lievl in tlie Handbook^; and obtained by Barlow's for-
mula,-

^^- = S, from experiments on a projecting beam or arm; or from the formula

-

T-,
= S, when a beam supported at the ends is under trial. A measurable set is
jiroduced by a straining force very much less than that to which the material will be likely
to be exposed in practice. Without having this principle in mind, tlie differences between
the actual breaking weight and the permanent set weight of son e writers will l)e misun-
derstood. I'lie ])ractical man, however, will use one third or some other proportion of
these values, as noticed in pur. 1628d. (See another Table, par. 1630s
).
16'28Z. Table of the Transverse Strength of Metai.s: 1 Inch Square, 1 Foot Long.
Name,
Wrought iron, good English
,,
best Derby
Staffordsh
shire and 1
hire -
J
Scotcli hot blast
Breaking
Weight.
lbs.
8550?
Cast iron -
Brass, cast
Lead, cast
'I'in, cast -
Zinc, cast
-
7644
One-tliird
for set.
Ills.
2850
2548
Tredgdld*
(Safe
Weiglits);
iiiid
otliers.
Ihs.
*952
2048
2500
1700
to
1900,
*2290'
*850
2000
*890
*i96
*372
*746
WOltll.
Breaking Weight.
Ills.
2800
Dobson.
2016
5-96
784
3021
2016
896
728
6-916
Break. Wt.
578 lbs.
357 lbs.
Ult. dcflfCt.
1 74, hard.
1 -36, soft.
1628/K. Fairbairn's experiments on cast irons obtained from the principal iron-works, and
made into bars 1 inch square and 5 feet long, proved that the longer Ijeams are weaker than
the shorter in a greater pro))ortion tlian tlieir resjiective lengths
;
tliat the strength does nut
increase (juite so rapidly as the square of the de])th ; that the deflection of a beam is |)ro-
j)ortional to the force or load; and that a set occurs with a small portion of the l)reaking
weight.
Spec. Grav,
In 59 experiments, the strongest; Ponkev
\
-
.^^
No. 3, cold blast
- -
-
J
^^-"^
In 59, exi)erimenis, the weakest ; Plaskynas-
]
ton. No. 2, hot blast -
- -
j
]\Iean value 440 lbs., affording for the specific strength, S= 1980 lbs., or. '884 tons. For
the rule including n, a comparison of two specimens gave 7i =2-63.
1628/1. Morries Stirling has considerably strengtisened ca>t iron by adding a portion of
malleable cast iron. Four experiments, by Hodgkinson, gave the following results :

No, 2 quality (20 per cent, scrap), bars 9 ft. long, 2 ins. square
-
S = 2248
No. 3 (15
per cent, scrap),

-
S = 1682
No. 2

bars 4 ft. 6 ins. long, 1 in. square S =2803
No. 3
,,
- S=1996
His irons are also stronger under compression and tension.
Tensile power, No. 2 - 11
-50
tons, I Compressive power, No. 2
- 54-62 tons.

No. 3 - 10-47

I


No, 3 - 64-41

16280. Hodgkinson also found the average breaking weight in pounds of a bar of cast
iron, 1 inch square and 4 feet 6 inches long between tlie supports, to be as follows
:

Average of 21 samjilcs of /(o< t/asi iron

... 445-57 14 pounds
Average of 21 samjiles of co/(/ 6/os* iron
...
4569090 ])ounds
Tlie superior transverse strength of cold bluit iron equals nearly
2^
jier cent. R. Stephen-
son experimented, in 1846 and 1847, on bars of different kinds of cast iron, 1 inch square
and 3 feet bearing. The results are given in t!ie Civil Engineer, 1850,
pp.
194-9.
Shapes of Beajis and Girders,
1628p.
*'
Calculation affords the following aliapes fur
iron beams, as being enabled to do
the most work with the least expenditure of substance. Beams supported at one end : I.