430

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE. Book II

1G29^>. For r, Wrought-iron p^ate girder
:

, ,
= W cwts. : area of the top flange being
^
greater than the bottom flange, and tlie
tliickness of the web about
tti
or
^
of the depth of the beam.

;
W tons, in which
case C =
75 for deep plates, as 22 inshes ; cr = fjO for less depth, as 7 inches.
TT~{
^
tons, when d is more than , and the area of the top flange is 1'75 of the bottom flange.
Here a area of bottom flange in inches
;
some calculators deduct the rivet holes from its
total width. For depths under 12 inches, the width of the top flange should be half the
depth; and when over 12 inches, one-tliird. With the latter proportion, featlurs or
stiU'ening pieces should be used to supply the deficiency in lateral stiflhess occasioned by
the reduced width of flange {par. 16'J9c. ). The usual thickness of web for all depths
uncer 3 feet is
|
inch. Fairhairn
(
Tubular Bridges,
p. 247)
discovered that the top flange
should iiave an area double that of the lower oiw. to give the strongest form of wroiigitt iron
beam, a contrary principle to that obtained in cast iron.
]629q. To find the area of either of the flanges at the centre of a girder supported at
both ends, the formula is ^ = . Here W represents live and dead loads uniformly
distributed in tons; I span in feet; d depth in inches; and s safe strain i)er
square
inch of metal on the flange, m tons. Therefore, say ^-
r;;o."Q <.+ ,:oo
= ^5 square
^^
OX.? OXo OeJ SSCLp. ell GUi
inches, excluding rivet holes in the bottom flange. This formula is t(;e equivalent of
W
=
weight per fcKU run x;2^^^
^y^^^^^ ^j^^ sectional area of the top flange is to bo greater
than that of t!ie bottom flange, multiply the latter area by
1"2. The average sectional
area of a theoretically proportioned flanged girder may be taken at |rds of the central
sectional area. To find the sectional areas of ei'her flange at any point along the whole
length of tiie girder, the formula is ^^{l- x)
=
a, excluding rivet holes in bottom flange.
Here W weight per foot run in tons; x lesser segment into which the span is divided;
l

x greater segment; s and d as before. To find the sectional area at any length of the
web, the formula is

-=a square inches. Here .r is the distance from the centre

;
Wand
s as before. The vertical strain, at the centre of the beam, when one-half of the girder is
fully loaded, is equal to
I
of the fully loaded beam, that is |W x /. At tlie ends or p.llars,
the vertical stiain is greatest, and is equal to
i
W x /. Tiie strain at the centre, when tlie load
is uniformly distributed, is obtained from the formula
JJ
= S' Here Wdistributed load in
tons
;
I length in feet; d depth in feet ; s strain in tons of compression in the top flange and
tension in the bottom flange. Half the load collected at the centre of a girder being equal
to the load distributed, the above formula becomes
^j-^
= At any othtr point, ratios of
strain will be as the square of half the span to the square of the segments into which a
given point divides the span. The approximate strain at the centre, per square inch, on
any beam, may be obtained from the formula -^=8. Here W distributed load in tons;
Z
leno-th in terms of the depth ;
a sectional area in square inches
;
and s strain in tons per
square inch. To find the sectional area of a flange for a plate girder lixed at one end and free
at the other the formula is
^
= a, exclusive of rivet holes in the top flange; W weight in
tons at the end of the girder; x length in feet from loaded end to the point where the sec-
tional areas are required ;
d depth in feet
;
s safe strain per square inch in tons. Wlien the
load is uniformly
distributed, us-ing the same notations as before, except that W in tons is
the load per foot run, the formula is r^-^ = a. (^Engineer's, Architect's, Sfc,
Pocketboo/t, 1865.)
lG29r.
For G,
Rolled iraiis or bars :

^^ilci6 _
\y tons.
Here a area of bottom flange includes to above the upper part of
^^''^^
the swelling for flange, as i c
(Ji</
G1:V/.); or to the
'^rP'
*
'^^^^Tr--^ S^P 'ir'
whole of the angle in plate girder T. A railway bar
is often useful in country places; the intricate form ulre
b
Jl
-o 11
I
\(
for the strength of the various parts will be found in
'^ i ' ^ c_r3 r
^->
B.irlou' ; and in the Engineer's r., Puchel-bouk
for
1
=-6>--?-
18Gi.
,rc _ .
^^^^^
1G2PS. For H, Tee irons, or RvUeJ
T
irons:

,
,. . = W tons.