Molecular View of Reaction in

Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 5 James Brady.

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Achmad Rochliadi
Program Studi Kimia
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Summary Highlights

Solution Vocabulary : Definition, Solute, Solvent,

Dilute, Concentrated, Saturated, Precipitate
Electrolytes : Dissociate vs Ionize, Electrolytes, Nonelectrolyte, Strong Electrolyte.
Ionic and Net Ionic Equation : Molecular Equation vs
Ionic Equation, Spectator Ions.
Acids and Bases : Definitions, Strong/Weak Acid-Bases
Methathesis Ractions.
Molar concentration, Dilution and Solution
Stoichiometry : Molarity
Titrations.

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 2

The Nature of Aqueous Solutions

Water

Only compose just three atoms, and one of the MOST

COMMON compound on earth.
Inexpensive
Can dissolve a vast number of substances
Many substances dissociate into ions
Aqueous solutions are found everywhere

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Seawater
Living systems

\MultiMedia\GenChem\InterestingWaterFact.Mp4
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

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Describing Solutions

Solution a homogeneous mixture in which the

two or more components mix freely
Solvent - the component present in the largest
amount, its the medium for the solvent to dissolve.
Solute the substance dissolved in the solvent.
The solution is named by the solute.
Concentration - a solute-to-solvent ratio
describing the composition of the mixture

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Solution
Soft drink (l)

Solvent
H2O

Solute
Sugar, CO2

/Multimedia/GenChem/Solubility_Supersaturated,Saturated,Unsaturated
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 4

Relative concentration terms

The dilute
solution on the
left has less
solute per unit
volume than the
(more)
concentrated
solution on the
right

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 5

Relative concentration terms

The dilute
solution on the
left has less
solute per unit
volume than the
(more)
concentrated
solution on the
right

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 6

Solubility

Saturated no more solute can be dissolved at the

current temperature in the given amount of solvent
Solubility - the amount of solute that can dissolve
in the specified amount of solvent at a given
temperature (usually g solute/ 100 g solvent or
moles solute/L solution)
Unsaturated - contains less solute than the
solubility allows
Supersaturated- contains more solute than
solubility predicts

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 7

Your turn!

The solubility of NaCl is 39.0 g / 100 g water at

100 C. If 10.0 g are dissolved in 50.0 g water at this
temperature, the solution is:
A. saturated
B. unsaturated
C. supersaturated
D. none of these

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 8

Supersaturated solutions are unstable

Most solid solutes are more soluble at higher

temperatures.
Careful cooling of saturated solutions may result
in a supersaturated solution
often form a precipitate (ppt.)

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 9

Ionic compounds in water

Water molecules arrange themselves around the

ions and dissociate them from the lattice.
The separated ions are hydrated and conduct
electrical current (act as electrolytes)
Polyatomic ions remain intact in the dissociation
process.

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 10

Molecular compounds in water

The solute particles are surrounded by the water,
but the molecules are not dissociated

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 11

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

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Electrical conductivity

Strong electrolyte aqueous solution that

conducts electricity because solute is 100%
dissociated into ions
Weak electrolyte aqueous solution that weakly
conducts electricity due to low ionization
Non-electrolyte an aqueous solution that
doesnt conduct electricity because solute does
not dissociate into ions

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 13

Representation of Electrolytes using

Chemical Equations
A strong electrolyte:

MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

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A weak electrolyte:

CH3CO2H(aq)

CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

A non-electrolyte:
CH3OH(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 14

Three Types of Electrolytes

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 15

Solvation: The Hydrated Proton

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

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Ionic equations show dissociated ions

Hydrated ions, with the symbol (aq), are written
separately
Na2SO4(s) 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

you might encounter the equation as:

Na2SO4(s) 2Na+ + SO42-

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Accepted because only 2 states allow for dissociated

ions (plasma and aqueous). Aqueous is far more
common
It is vague and not preferred

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 17

Learning check
Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation of the
following:
3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
Na3PO4(aq)

Al2(SO4)3(aq)

2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2MnO4-(aq)

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CaCl2(aq)

Ca(MnO4)2(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 18

Your turn!
Which of the following would not be expected to
produce Cl-(aq) when dissolved?
A. PCl3(aq)

B. NaCl(aq)

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C. HCl(aq)

D. none of the above

E. all produce Cl-(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 19

Your turn!
How many ions form on the dissociation of Na3PO4?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

1
2
3
4
none of the above

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 20

Your turn!
How many ions form on the dissociation of
Al2(SO4)3?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

2
3
4
5
none of the above

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 21

Writing chemical equations

Molecular equation:
Balanced, shows states, all substances electrically neutral
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

Ionic equation:

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Balanced, shows states, shows strong electrolytes as

dissociated ions, net charges balance
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Net ionic equation:

Balanced, shows states, eliminates spectator ions from the
ionic equation, net charges balance
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 22

Writing ionic equations

Since strong electrolytes exist as dissociated ions in

solution, we can show this in an equation.
1. identify the strong electrolytes
2. distinguish counting subscripts (those present
only to make charges cancel) from characteristic
subscripts-- counting subscripts become
multipliers
3. separate the ions in the strong electrolytes
4. show the states as recorded in the molecular
equations

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 23

Learning check:
Write the ionic equations for each:
BaCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)PbCl2(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) PbCl2(s) +

Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

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Na2CO3(aq) +CaCl2(aq) CaCO3(s) +2NaCl(aq)

2Na+(aq) + 2CO32-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) CaCO3(s) +

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 24

Writing net ionic equations

Show only those ions that were changed by the
process
Omits spectator ions:

When we compare the reactant to product, spectator

ions are those ions that are not changed in any way

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 25

Learning check:
Write the following as net ionic equations:
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)

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Used
Only
Ba
+ SO
BaSO

Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl-(aq)

2+

(aq)

24 (aq)

4(s)

2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl-(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) +

Hg2Cl2(s)

2Cl-(aq) + Hg22+(aq) Hg2Cl2(s)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 26

Your turn!
Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

Which is the correct total ionic equation?

A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) 2Na+(aq)
+2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)

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B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) 2Na+(aq)

+2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) 2Na+(aq)
+2Cl-(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42-(s)
D. None of these

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 27

The Arrhenius definition of acids

An acid is a substance that ionizes in a reaction with
water to form the hydronium ion, H3O+

Strong acids are 100% ionized when dissolved, whereas

weak acids are far less efficiently ionized

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HCl( g ) H 2 O(l) H 3O ( aq ) Cl - ( aq ) (strong)

HC2H3O2(aq) H 2 O(l)

H 3O ( aq ) C2H3O2 - (aq)(weak)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 28

What is H(aq)+?

It is common to encounter the hydrogen ion (H+)

instead of the hydronium ion
The previous ionization is, for simplicity, also
written as:
H 2O

HCl(g)
H

Cl

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Used
Only
H does not ever exist in aqueous solution- it is
(aq)

(aq)

always attached to a water molecule as the

hydronium ion

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 29

Nonmetal oxides can be acids

Nonmetal oxides, or acidic anhydrides react
with water to form acid solutions
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 30

Arrhenius bases

Base- substance that produces hydroxide ions in

water
Molecular bases undergo an ionization
(hydrolysis) reaction to form the hydroxide ions,
and are weak bases
Many N-compounds are molecular bases

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B(aq) + H2O(l)

HB+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 31

Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases

Metal hydroxide solutions dissociate into metal
and hydroxide ions and are strong bases.
NaOH(s)Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Soluble metal oxides basic anhydrides react

with water to form metal hydroxides that are strong
bases
CaO(s) +H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 32

Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 34

Naming binary acids (aqueous)

prefix hydro- + nonmetal stem + the suffix ic,

followed by the word acid
Stem is first syllable of element name. i.e. Chlorine
P and S stems use 2 syllables phosphorus, sulfur
the name of the (aq) form differs from other states
due to the ionization that occurs in water

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Molecular compound

Aqueous Binary Acid

HCl(g)

hydrogen chloride

HCl(aq)

hydrochloric acid

H2S(g)

hydrogen sulfide

H2S(aq)

hydrosulfuric acid

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 35

Your turn!

Which of the following is not named as an

hydro___ic acid?
A. HCl
B. H2S

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C. HNO3

D. HF
E. all are named in this way

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 36

Oxoacids (aqueous)
named according to the anion suffix
anion ends in -ite, the acid name is -ous acid
ends in -ate, the acid name is -ic acid

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-ate anion acids

-ite anion acids

HNO3(aq)

nitric acid

HClO2(aq)

chlorous acid

H2SO4(aq)

sulfuric acid

H2PO3(aq)

phosphorous acid

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 37

Learning check:
Name each aqueous acid
HNO2

HCN
HClO4

nitrous acid
hydrocyanic acid
perchloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
permanganic acid
carbonic acid

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Used
Only
HF
HMnO4
H2CO3

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 38

Your turn!
Which of the following is the correct name for
HClO4(aq)?

A.
B.
C.
D.

chloric acid
hydrochloric acid
perchloric acid
none of the above

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 39

Your turn!
Which of the following is the correct name for
H2SO3(aq)?

A.
B.
C.
D.

sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
hydrosulfuric acid
none of the above

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 40

Acid salts

polyprotic acids can be partially neutralized to form

acid salts
acidic salt- contains an anion that is capable of
furnishing additional hydrogen ions
The number of hydrogen atoms that can still be
neutralized is also indicated in the name

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NaHSO 4

sodium hydrogen sulfate

Na 2 HPO 4 sodium hydrogen phosphate

NaH 2 PO 4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 41

A reaction will exist if

A precipitate (insoluble product) forms from

soluble reactants
An acid reacts with a base
A weak electrolyte product is formed from strong
electrolyte reactants
A gas is formed from a mixture of reactions

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 42

Metathesis (double replacement) reactions

AB + CD AD + CB
Cations change partners
Charges on each ion dont change
Formulas of the products are determined by the
charges of the reactant ions
Metathesis reactions occur only if they form a
weak electrolyte or non-electrolyte as a product
(otherwise, all ions are spectator ions)

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 43

Predicting metathesis reactions

Identify the ions involved:
Do not confuse counting subscripts (those present only
to make charges cancel) with those that are
characteristic of a polyatomic ion

Swap partners and make neutral with appropriate

subscripts
Assign states using solubility rules
Balance the equation

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counting subscript

2 HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
ions:

H+, Cl-

CaCl2(aq)
+ 2H2O

(l)

Ca2+ , OH-

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 44

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ClO4 -, CH3COO-

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 45

Solubility rules: soluble compounds

A general idea as to whether a fair amount of solid will dissolve is achieved
using solubility rules

1. All compounds of the alkali metals (Group IA)

2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3, ClO4, ClO3, and

C2H3O2

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3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides (salts

containing Cl, Br, or I) except when combined
with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
4. All sulfates (salts containing SO42) except those of
Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Hg22+, and Ba2+

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 46

Solubility rules: insoluble compounds

All metal hydroxides (ionic compounds containing

OH) and all metal oxides (ionic compounds containing

O2) are insoluble except those of Group IA and of Ca2+,
Sr2+, and Ba2+

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When metal oxides dissolve, they react with water to form

hydroxides. The oxide ion, O2, does not exist in water.
For example, Na2O(s) +H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)

All salts that contain PO43, CO32, SO32, and S2 are

insoluble, except those of Group IA and NH4+.

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 47

Learning check:
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?

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Ca(C2H3O2)2

Yes

FeCO3

No

AgCl

No

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 48

Learning Check:
Predict the products of the following:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)

BaCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)

PO + Hg (NO )
NaNO Only
+ (Hg ) (PO ) .
. NaPersonal
Used
3

4(aq)

3 2(aq)

NaCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

3(aq)

2 3

2(s)

CaCl2(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
NR (No reaction)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 49

Your turn!
Which of the following will be the solid product of
the reaction of Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ?
A. CaCO3

B. NaNO3

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C. Na(NO3)2

D. Na2(NO3)2
E. None of the above

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 50

Predicting acid-base reactions

Neutralization: metathesis reaction in which acid
+ metal hydroxide or metal oxide forms water and
salt

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

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Acid-base reaction: reaction of weak base and

acid transferring a H+ ion, driven by the formation
of a weaker acid.
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4Cl(aq)

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 51

Learning check
Determine the molecular, total ionic and net ionic
equations
Molecular Equation

2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)

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Total Ionic Equation (TIE)

2H+(aq)+2Cl-(aq) + Ca2+ (aq) +2OH- (aq) 2H2O(l)+ Ca 2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq)

Net Ionic Equation (NIE)

H+(aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l)
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 52

Your turn!
Which of the following is not a product of the
reaction: NH3(aq) +HCN(aq) ?
A. NH3CN(aq)

B. NH4+(aq)

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C. CN-(aq)

D. None of the above

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 53

Your turn!
Which is the net ionic equation for the reaction:
NaOH(aq) + HF(aq)?
A. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + F-(aq) H2O(l) + NaF(aq)

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Used
Only
C. OH
HF H O + F

B. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l)

-

(aq) +

(aq)

(l)

(aq)

D. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + HF(aq) H2O(l) + NaF(aq)

E. None of the above

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 54

Metathesis and gas formation

If the product of a metathesis reaction is one of the
following, formation of a gas is a driving force.
Gases formed by metathesis: H2S, HCN

Unstable compounds that decompose and form a

gas:

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H2CO3 (H2O & CO2(g))

NH4OH (H2O & NH3(g))

H2SO3 (H2O & SO2(g))

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 55

Metathesis overview

Precipitation: 2 solutions form solid product

Neutralization: acid + metal hydroxide or oxide
form water and a salt
Gas-forming: metathesis reaction forms one of
these products:
HCN, H2S, H2CO3(aq), H2SO3(aq), NH4OH(aq)

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Check for a driving force: formation of weak

electrolyte or non-electrolyte

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 56

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 57

Your turn!
Which of the following combinations will not react?
A. Na2CO3 (aq) + HCl(aq)
B. Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)

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Used
Only
D. None of these

C. NaCl(aq) + H2C3O2(aq)
E. All of these

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 58

Molar concentrations

In solutions, solutes are dispersed in a larger volume

Molarity expresses the relationship between the moles
of solute and the volume of the solution
Molarity (M)=moles solute/L solution

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Hence, a 6.0M solution of HCl contains 6.0 mole HCl in a

liter of solution

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 59

Learning check:
What is the molarity of a solution created by
dissolving 10.2g KNO3 in enough water to make
350 mL solution?

0.10089 mol KNO3

M KNO3
0.350 L soln

0.29 M

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What mass of KNO3 are found in 25.33 mL of .

0.0500M KNO3 solution?
0.0500 mol KNO3 101.1033g KNO3
2.533 10 2 L

L soln

mol KNO3

0.128 g
MM KNO3 = 101.1033 g/mol
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 60

Your turn!

If 10.0 g NaCl (58.443 g/mol) are dissolved in 75.0

mL. What is the molarity?
A. 0.133 M
B. 2.28 M
C. 7.5 M
D. 0.00228M
E. None of the above

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 61

Dilution
Adding solvent to a solution creates
a less concentrated solution
moles of solute do not change, hence
CstockVstock= CnewVnew

C=concentration
V=volume

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Using volumetric glassware ensures

that the volumes are known
precisely

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 62

Dilution allows molecules more room

Adding solvent does not change how many moles of

solute are present
The total volume does change
The concentration of the solution is decreased while
the actual amount of solute is unchanged

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 63

Dilution of K2Cr2O7

A volumetric pipette is used to transfer the stock

solution
A volumetric flask is used to receive the final
solution

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 64

Learning Check
What volume of 12.1M HCl are needed to create
250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
Vstock 12.1 M 250. mL 3.2M

66 mL

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25 mL of 6 M HCl are diluted to 500 mL with

water. What is the molarity of the resulting
solution?

25 mL 6 M 500 mL Vnew

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

0.3 M

Page 65

Your Turn!

When 20.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl are added to 15.00

mL of water, what is the resulting concentration?
A. 1.77 M
B. 4.15 M
C. 1.33 M
D. None of these

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 66

Solution stoichiometry

A balanced equation is needed to start any

stoichiometry problem
If we are given starting quantities of more than
one reactant, must determine the limiting reagent
The difference arises in how we calculate moles of
reacting substance

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 67

Solution stoichiometry
What volume of 2M HCl is needed to react 25.2 g Na2CO3
(MM=105.9887) completely?

25.2 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3

2 mol HCl
L

0.238 L
1
105.9887g 1 mol Na2CO3 2 mol HCl

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How many moles of BaSO4 will form if 20.0 mL of 0.600

M BaCl2 is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.500 M MgSO4?

BaCl2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + MgCl2(aq)

0.0200 L 0.600 mol BaCl2 1 mol BaSO4

0.0120 mol BaSO4

1
L
1 mol BaCl2
0.0120 mol
0.0300 L 0.500 mol MgSO4 1 mol BaSO4

0.0150 mol BaSO4

1
L
1 mol MgSO4
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 68

Your turn!

What mass of Na2CO3 (MM=105.9887) can be

neutralized with 25.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl?
A. 53.0 g
B. 1.65(102) g
C. 8.24 g
D. 4.12 g
E. None of these

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 69

Ion Concentrations

The chemical formula for a strong electrolyte

relates the moles of ions that will be released on
dissociation to the chemical formula
Thus, the formula can be used to relate the ion
concentration to the solution concentration
Learning check: What is the concentration of Clin 0.600 M BaCl2?

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0.600 mol BaCl2 2mol Cl

x
1.20 M Cl
L soln
1mol BaCl2
Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 70

Learning check:
What volume of solution containing 0.5M Ag+ will be
required to react 100.0mL of 0.0075M Cl-?

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

moles
0.0075M*0.100L=7.510-4 mol Clstoichiometry: 7.510-4mol Cl- (1molAg+ / 1 mol Cl-)
L soln
4
7.5 10 mol *

0.5
mol
Ag

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1.510-3 L = 2 mL

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Page 71

Titration

Is the controlled addition of one reactant

(titrant) to a known quantity of another (titrate)
until the reaction is complete
Often, an indicator is used to signal the reaction
.
completion
Endpoint: the volume of titrant required to
complete the reaction

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Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

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Titration in practice:

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Solving titration problems

Write the balanced equation
Calculate the moles of the known component
M L = moles or mass/MM=moles

Use stoichiometry to determine moles of the

unknown
Convert moles to desired quantity

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Path for working titration problems

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Learning Check:
25.00 mL of HCl are titrated with 75.00 mL of 1.30M
Ca(OH)2. What is the concentration of HCl?
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

0.07500 L 1.30 mol Ca(OH)2

2 mol HCl
1

1
L
1 mol Ca(OH)2 0.02500L

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7.80 M HCl

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Your Turn!
The CO32- content of rock is determined by titration
with acid according to the reaction :
CO32- + 2H+ .CO2(g)_+H2O(l)

If 12.50 mL of 3.5 M H2SO4 are required to titrate

the carbonate in the rock, what mass of CaCO3
(MM=100.089) is present in the sample?
A. 4.38 g
B. 0.0428 g
C. 9.76 g
D. none of these

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 Paths for working stoichiometry problems may be

summarized with a flowchart:

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Learning Check:
A sample of metal ore is reacted according to the
following reaction: Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2(g). If
25.00 mL of 2.3M HCl are used, what mass of Fe was
in the ore?

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0.02500 L 2.3 mol HCl 1 mol H

1 mol Fe 55.845 g

1.6g
1
L
1 mol HCl 2 mol H mol Fe

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12

10

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Column 1
Column 2
Column 3

0
Row 1

Row 2

Chap 5. Molecular View of Reactions in Aquoes Solutions

Row 3

Row 4

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