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Project number IEC 62040-3 Ed.2.0
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2010-01-15
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2010-06-18
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Intresse galement les comits suivants
Supersedes document
Remplace le document
22H/110/CD - 22H/111/CC
Proposed horizontal standard
Norme horizontale suggre
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Functions concerned
Fonctions concernes
Safety
Scurit
EMC
CEM
Environment
Environnement
Quality assurance
Assurance qualit
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DOCUMENTATION.
Titre : CEI 62040-3, Ed.2.0 : Alimentations sans
interruption (ASI) - Partie 3 : Mthode de
spcification des performances et exigences
d'essais.
Title : IEC 62040-3, Ed.2.0: Uninterruptible power
systems (UPS) - Part 3: Method of specifying the
performance and test requirements
Note d'introduction
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juin.
Introductory note
National Committees are kindly requested to
submit their votes and comments before 2010-
06-04 as the working group is scheduled to meet
in mid-J une 2010.
ATTENTION
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Copyri ght 2010 Int ernat i onal El ect rot echni cal Commi ssi on, IEC. All rights reserved. It is
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/S
R
1
= U
c
/ (0.66 x S)
C = 7,5 / (f x R
1
)
For dual frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz, 50 Hz shall be used in the calculation. The capacitance
value used shall be not less than the calculated value.
NOTE 1 The voltage drop in the diode bridge is neglected.
NOTE 2 Tolerances on calculated component values:
R
s
= 10 %
R
1
= to be adjusted during test to obtain rated output apparent power.
C = 0 to + 25 %
NOTE 3 A ripple voltage of 5 % peak-to-peak of the capacitor voltage Uc corresponds to a time constant of
R1 x C = 7,5/f.
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 85 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex F
(informative notes on backfeed protection)
NOTE 1 Backfeed protection is a requirement verified during safety compliance testing in
UPS safety standard IEC 62040-1:2008 annex I Backfeed protection.
NOTE 2 First edition of this UPS test and performance standard (IEC 62040-3:1999
withdrawn) contained an annex (F) that prescribed backfeed protection tests, now
excluded to avoid duplicity and any conflict with the UPS safety standard.
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NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 86 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex G
(normative)
Input mains failure - test method
The characteristics of the UPS when the mains fails shall be tested using the following circuit:
UPS
N
L
Fuse
S1
S2 Load
Figure G.1 - Connection of test circuit
Test G.1 - High impedance mains failure
Normal mode of operation:
S1 = Closed
S2 = Open
Open S1 to simulate the mains failure.
Test G.2 - Low impedance mains failure
Normal mode of operation:
S1 = Closed
S2 = Open
Close S2 to simulate the mains failure (fuse blown).
The fuse rating shall comply with the UPS input current. The S2 rating shall be according to
the fuse rating.
For use on three-phase supplies, the switch poles of each switch shall open/close
simultaneously.
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NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 87 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex H
(informative)
Dynamic output performance Measurement techniques
H.1 Assessment method
The dynamic output performance of a UPS is specified in sub-clause 5.3.4 CCC. It is tested
against the limits of of curves 1, 2 and 3 of sub-clause 5.3.4 and interpreted as a single event
commencing at the instant of the relevant transient condition and lasting until the output
voltage returns to steady-state conditions.
The measurement technique should provide test results that permit assessment against both:
a. any loss or gain in r.m.s. value when compared to the steady-state r.m.s value
b. any instantaneous voltage variation with a duration of 3ms or less when
compared to the steady-state peak value
The r.m.s value should be derived by use of a sliding -cycle r.m.s technique with update
every cycle. This is necessary for correct interpretation of asymmetric a.c. voltage
waveforms presenting a d.c. offset.
Instruments with capability of performing the required r.m.s and instantaneous measurements
may be procured. Alternatively a true r.m.s. voltmeter with suitable min max r.m.s and min
max r.m.s functions may be used in conjunction a storage oscilloscope that can capture
transient voltage. In this case the min max r.m.s and instantaneous measurements should be
validated through analysis of the oscilloscope waveform captured. See H 2 for details.
NOTE 1 For details about r.m.s voltage measurement see IEC 61000-2-8
NOTE 2 The condition of instantaneous values being measured for variations with duration of 3 ms or less is
consistent with industry practice including application notes from the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)
for more details see http://www.itic.org
NOTE 3 Linear loads are generally tolerant of single transient deviations not exceeding 100% of nominal peak
voltage for less than 1 ms. Linear loads, often containing magnetic components, are however generally sensitive,
on a half-cycle by half-cycle basis, to loss or gain in volt-time area. The loss or gain in r.m.s. value specified above
is deemed an adequate technique to measure the latter.
NOTE 4 Non-linear loads of the type represented by the reference non-linear load of annex E are generally
tolerant of loss or gain in the volt-time area during at least one complete half-cycle. The capacitor of the reference
non-linear load draws current only when the UPS voltage exceeds the load capacitor voltage and as such is
affected only if the UPS peak voltage decreases substantially for a lenght of time. Dynamic performance
considerations for this type of load is genrally limited to ensuring the maintenance of the load capacitor voltage
within stated limits during transient testing.
NOTE 5 The following transients should not be considered when determining UPS dynamic output performance:
- Transients originating external to the UPS on the a.c. input supply and coupled through to the UPS output. These
are covered under the immunity requirements of IEC 62040-2
- Steady state repetitive subcycle transients e.g. notches. These are covered under the harmonic voltage
requirements in sub-clause 5.3.4 BB.
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NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 88 - 22H/122/CDV
H.2 Graphical validating method for instantaneous value
Graphical evaluation of instantaneous voltage variation is used to validate the alternative min
max peak method described in H.1.
The evaluation consists of transporting the real-time voltage variation from, what would be,
the undisturbed voltage to the applicable curve 1, 2 or 3 of 5.3.4. Validation is achieved when
the (transported) voltage variation fits within the applicable curve. Figure H.2.2 exemplifies an
instantaneous voltage variation that complies with the requirements of curve 1.
Fig H.2.2 Example: instantaneous voltage variation in compliance with curve 1 of 5.4.3
NOTE 1 The lowest time indicated on the applicable curve defines what portion of the voltage variation that may
be ignored. In fig H.2.2, the voltage variation between zero and 0.1ms is ignored.
NOTE 2 The deviation percentage is calculated in relation to the peak voltage of the previously undisturbed
voltage, assumed within requirements.
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NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 89 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex I
(informative)
Energy Efficiency of Uninterruptible Power Systems above 10kVA
I.1 Introduction
Notwithstanding the inherent benefits of supplying energy to a load through a UPS, such
procedure results in localised energy losses that are higher than those arising if the same
load were supplied directly from the low voltage network. UPS energy losses may however be
substantially off-set by taking into account that a UPS, depending on its construction, may
condition, isolate and filter adverse load currents that would otherwise impose additional
demands on the low-voltage network, and thus require oversizing of the latter. Examples of
such demands include the effect of reactive and / or harmonic current circulation due to non-
linear and low power factor loads. As a result, a UPS complying with the energy efficiency
limits in this annex is likely to minimise the global effect in respect to energy losses.
I.2 Equipment covered
This annex covers UPS delivering uninterruptible power in excess of 10kVA when classified in
accordance with their normal mode of operation.
I.3 Minimum normal mode energy efficiency
The normal mode of operation of a UPS defines the UPS classification against which it should
be tested for compliance with energy efficiency.
Tables I1, I2 and I3 provide the minimum UPS energy efficiency limits (see 5.3.4 for details
about performance classifications VFI-S..., VFI, VI, VFD).
NOTE 1 A UPS that permits alternative modes of normal operation, should be tested against all applicable energy
efficiency tables corresponding to such modes of normal operation.
NOTE 2 National requirements may differ from the efficiency limits of this annex. This annex is aligned with the
Uninterruptible Power System Code of Conduct V1-0a dated 22 January 2008 and published by of the Institute for
the Environment and Sustainability Renewable Energies Unit of the European Commission Directorate General
Joint Research Centre
NOTE 3 For a.c. systems having a nominal voltage between 100 V and 1 000 V inclusive,the minimum efficiency
required by a UPS designed to operate at a voltage other than those in tables I1, I2 and I3 may be obtained by
linear inter- and / or extrapolation. Where input and output voltages differ, for the purpose of tables I1, I2, I3, the
lowest voltage prevails.
NOTE 4 Inter- and extrapolation is permitted where exact 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% test loads are not available,
provided that the actual load is within +/- 5 % (based on 100%).
Table I1 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VFI S"
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
10 to < 20 20 to < 40 40 to < 200 200
120/208 25 78.9% 80.2% 83.3% 86.4%
50 86.4% 87.0% 88.2% 90.1%
75 88.2% 88.8% 90.1% 91.3%
100 88.8% 89.5% 90.1% 91.3%
230/400 25 83.0% 84.0% 86.5% 89.0%
50 89.0% 89.5% 90.5% 92.0%
75 90.5% 91.0% 92.0% 93.0%
100 91.0% 91.5% 92.0% 93.0%
277/480 25 84.7% 85.6% 87.9% 90.1%
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 90 - 22H/122/CDV
50 90.1% 90.6% 91.5% 92.8%
75 91.5% 91.9% 92.8% 93.7%
100 91.9% 92.4% 92.8% 93.7%
Table I2 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VI and VFI, except "VFI S
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
10 to < 20 20 to < 40 40 to < 200 200
120/208 25 85.7% 86.3% 86.9% 89.9%
50 90.5% 91.1% 91.7% 93.4%
75 91.1% 91.7% 92.3% 93.4%
100 91.1% 91.7% 92.3% 93.4%
230/400 25 88.0% 88.5% 89.0% 91.5%
50 92.0% 92.5% 93.0% 94.5%
75 92.5% 93.0% 93.5% 94.5%
100 92.5% 93.0% 93.5% 94.5%
277/480 25 89.0% 89.4% 89.9% 92.2%
50 92.6% 93.1% 93.6% 94.9%
75 93.1% 93.6% 94.0% 94.9%
100 93.1% 93.6% 94.0% 94.9%
Table I3 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VFD
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
10 to < 20 20 to < 40 40 to < 200 200
120/208 25 92.3% 92.9% 93.4% 94.5%
50 94.5% 95.1% 95.6% 96.7%
75 95.3% 95.9% 96.4% 97.5%
100 95.6% 96.2% 96.7% 97.8%
230/400 25 93.0% 93.5% 94.0% 95.0%
50 95.0% 95.5% 96.0% 97.0%
75 95.7% 96.3% 96.7% 97.7%
100 96.0% 96.5% 97.0% 98.0%
277/480 25 93.3% 93.8% 94.2% 95.2%
50 95.2% 95.7% 96.2% 97.1%
75 95.9% 96.4% 96.8% 97.8%
100 96.2% 96.6% 97.1% 98.1%
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 91 - 22H/122/CDV
I.4 Additional energy efficiency allowances
Some additional devices, when added to the basic UPS configuration, permit the following
reduction to be deducted from the energy efficiency specified in tables I1 to I3.
Table I4 : Additional input or output isolation transformer
Transformer rating (kVA) Transformer
Load
(% of rated)
10 to < 40 40 to <200 200 to 500 > 500
stand-by
5
1.5% 1.0% 0.7% 0.5%
25 1.5% 1.0% 0.7% 0.5%
50 1.9% 1.5% 1.1% 0.7%
75 2.6% 2.0% 1.7% 1.3%
100 3.6% 3.2% 2.7% 2.0%
Table I5 : Additional input harmonic current filtering
Filter rating (kVA) Filter Load
(% of rated) 10 to < 40 40 to <200 200 to 500 > 500
stand-by
5
0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
25 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
50 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%
75 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6%
100 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
NOTE 1 The reduction figures of Table I4 only apply when the additional input or output isolation
transformer is necessary to ensure separation between two input sources or between input and output
sources
NOTE 2 The reduction figures of Table I5 only apply when the additional input harmonic filtering renders
the resultant harmonic current distortion lower than the limits specified in IEC 61000-3-2, 61000-3-4 and
61000-3-12 as applicable
NOTE 3 Harmonic filtering may be achieved through c passive and/or active components including active
front-end PWM converters that may also provide power factor correction.
NOTE 4 Pro-rata deduction applies when the additional device is rated for partial UPS load only
NOTE 5 Stand-by deduction applies when an additional device is required to be energised for the purpose of addressing
an alternate mode of UPS operation but where no energy flows through the same in normal mode of UPS operation
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 92 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex J
(normative)
UPS efficiency - methods ofmeasurement
J.1 Introduction
This annex prescribes conditions and methods to be followed when determining UPS efficiency
during type tests specified in 6.4.1.6.
J.2 Measurement conditions
J.2.1 Environmental conditions
The ambient temperature shall be between 20C to 30C and remaining environmental conditions
shall be within the limits specified in 4.2.
1) A.
J.2.2 Operational and electrical conditions
The efficiency measurements shall be performed with a reference test load capable of being
adjusted so that the UPS delivers 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the active power (W) for which it is
rated. The following conditions apply during the measurement:
1) The UPS shall operate in Normal Mode
2) There shall be no significant transfer to and from the energy storage system. Alternatively, the
energy storage system may be disconnected during the test.
3) The UPS and the load shall have reached steady-state conditions
NOTE Trend variation of less than 2% in the measured values and less than 2 deg C temperature variation over not less than
three consecutive readings with no less than 10 minutes interval may be considered steady-state for the purpose of this annex.
Instrument power readings may be used in this case.
4) All UPS sub-systems intended to be operational in Normal Mode shall be activated.
5) The a.c. input to the UPS shall be at rated voltage and frequency and otherwisewithin the
tolerances specified in IEC 61000-2-2.
6) Instruments used for the measurement of electrical parameters shall
- provide true r.m.s. values of the active input and output power notwithstanding that voltage and
current waveforms may include harmonic components.
- measure input and output values simultaneously- provide accuracy of the active power
measurement equal or better than 0,5%
NOTE 1 The test with resistive load is considered to be the most reliable in terms of repeatability and constitutes a solid base
for the evaluation of efficiency improvements at all load levels
NOTE2 : Instruments providing fast serial sampling (multiplexed sampling) are deemed to provide simultaneous
measurements
NOTE 3 For tolerances, refer to IEC 60146-1-1
J.3 Measurement method
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62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 93 - 22H/122/CDV
Under the conditions specified in J.2.1 and J.2.2, the measurement of the UPS efficiency shall be
carried out as follows:
1) 100% reference test load shall be applied to the output of the UPS and a suitable stabilization time
be allowed to reach the steady-state conditions as specified above
2) The active input and output power (W) shall be measured simultaneously in three successive
readings. The UPS efficiency shall be calculated for each reading, and the arithmetic mean of the
measures shall then be obtained. The result is considered to be the value of the efficiency
measure.
NOTE: Where the reference test load is implemented by means of returning the output power to the UPS input, the total
input power equals the UPS output power plus that supplied by the a.c. input source.
3) Steps 1 and 2 shall be repeated for 75%, 50%, and 25% load conditions.
Alternative method: separate instruments with an accuracy less then 0,5% may be used provided that
the following procedure is followed
1) 100% reference test load shall be applied to the output of the UPS and a suitable stabilization time
be allowed to reach the steady-state conditions as specified above
2) The active input and output power (W) shall be measured simultaneously in three successive
readings. The UPS efficiency shall be calculated for each reading, and the arithmetic mean of the
measures shall then be obtained. The result is considered to be the value of the efficiency
measure.
NOTE: Where the reference test load is implemented by means of returning the output power to the UPS input, the total
input power equals the UPS output power plus that supplied by the a.c. input source.
3) The input and output measuring instruments shall be swapped and step 2 shall be repeated
4) The arithmetic mean of the values calculated in step 2) and step 3) is considered to be the value of
the efficiency measure.
5) Steps 1 to 4 shall be repeated for 75%, 50%, and 25% load conditions.
J.4 Test report
The following information shall be recorded in the test report:
J.4.1 Equipment details
Brand, model, type, and serial number
Product description, as appropriate
Rated voltage and frequency
Rated output active and apparent power
Details of manufacturer marked on the product (if any)
In the case of products with multiple functions or with options to include additional modules or
attachments, the configuration of the appliance as tested shall be noted in the report
NOTE The details above can be found and should be consistent with those of D.6 Technical data sheet - Manufacturer's
declaration
J.4.2 Test parameters
Ambient temperature (C)
Input and output test voltage (V) and frequency (Hz)
Total harmonic input voltage distortion
Information and documentation on the instrumentation, set-up and circuits used for electrical testing
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 94 - 22H/122/CDV
J.4.3 Measured data
Efficiency in % rounded to the first decimal place at the given rated load fraction
Measurement method used e.g. J.3 of IEC 62040-3
Any notes regarding the operation of the equipment
J.4.4 Test and laboratory details
Test report number/reference
Date of test
Name and signature of authorized test person(s)
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 95 - 22H/122/CDV
Annex K
(informative)
Energy Efficiency of Uninterruptible Power Systems 10kVA and below
K.1 Introduction
Notwithstanding the inherent benefits of supplying energy to a load through a UPS, such
procedure results in localised energy losses that are higher than those arising if the same
load were supplied directly from the low voltage network. UPS energy losses may however be
substantially off-set by taking into account that a UPS, depending on its construction, may
condition, isolate and filter adverse load currents that would otherwise impose additional
demands on the low-voltage network, and thus require oversizing of the latter. Examples of
such demands include the effect of reactive and / or harmonic current circulation due to non-
linear and low power factor loads. As a result, a UPS complying with the energy efficiency
limits in this annex is likely to minimise the global effect in respect to energy losses.
K.2 Equipment covered
This annex covers UPS delivering uninterruptible power of 10kVA and below when classified
in accordance with their normal mode of operation.
K.3 Minimum normal mode energy efficiency
The normal mode of operation of a UPS defines the UPS classification against which it should
be tested for compliance with energy efficiency.
Tables K1, K2 and K3 provide the minimum UPS energy efficiency limits (see 5.3.4 for details
about performance classifications VFI-S..., VFI, VI, VFD).
NOTE 1 A UPS that permits alternative modes of normal operation, should be tested against all applicable energy
efficiency tables corresponding to such modes of normal operation.
NOTE 2 National requirements may differ from the efficiency limits of this annex.
NOTE 3 For a.c. systems having a nominal voltage between 100 V and 1 000 V inclusive, the minimum efficiency
required by a UPS designed to operate at a voltage other than those in tables K1, K2 and K3 may be obtained by
linear inter- and / or extrapolation. Where input and output voltages differ, for the purpose of tables K1, K2, K3, the
lowest voltage prevails.
NOTE 4 Inter- and extrapolation is permitted where exact 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% test loads are not available,
provided that the actual load is within +/- 5 % (based on 100%).
Table K1 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VFI S"
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
0.3 to <0.8 0.8 to <1.5 1.5 to <3.5 3.5 to <5.0 5.0
120/208 25 66.5% 66.5% 72.7% 77.7% 78.3%
50 67.8% 75.2% 78.9% 80.2% 81.4%
75 72.7% 77.7% 78.9% 82.6% 83.9%
100 75.2% 77.7% 80.2% 82.6% 83.9%
230/400 25 73.0% 73.0% 78.0% 82.0% 82.5%
50 74.0% 80.0% 83.0% 84.0% 85.0%
75 78.0% 82.0% 83.0% 86.0% 87.0%
100 80.0% 82.0% 84.0% 86.0% 87.0%
277/480 25 75.7% 75.7% 80.2% 83.8% 84.3%
50 76.6% 82.0% 84.7% 85.6% 86.5%
75 80.2% 83.8% 84.7% 87.4% 88.3%
100 82.0% 83.8% 85.6% 87.4% 88.3%
DRAFT TEXT ONLY , NO NORMATIVE STATUS
NOT A PUBLISHED IEC STANDARD, NOT TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT
62040-3 Ed.2.0 IEC:200x - 96 - 22H/122/CDV
Table K2 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VI and VFI, except "VFI S
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
0.3 to <0.8 0.8 to <1.5 1.5 to <3.5 3.5 to <5.0 5.0
120/208 25 76.2% 82.1% 82.1% 82.1% 82.7%
50 84.5% 85.7% 86.9% 89.3% 89.9%
75 85.1% 86.3% 88.0% 90.5% 91.1%
100 85.7% 86.9% 88.1% 90.5% 91.1%
230/400 25 80.0% 85.0% 85.0% 85.0% 85.5%
50 87.0% 88.0% 89.0% 91.0% 91.5%
75 87.5% 88.5% 89.9% 92.0% 92.5%
100 88.0% 89.0% 90.0% 92.0% 92.5%
277/480 25 81.6% 86.2% 86.2% 86.2% 86.7%
50 88.0% 89.0% 89.9% 91.7% 92.2%
75 88.5% 89.4% 90.7% 92.6% 93.1%
100 89.0% 89.9% 90.8% 92.6% 93.1%
Table K3 : Efficiency for UPS with classification VFD
Rated Load (kVA)
Voltage (V) Load (%)
0.3 to <0.8 0.8 to <1.5 1.5 to <3.5 3.5 to <5.0 5.0
120/208 25 84.7% 85.8% 86.6% 87.9% 89.0%
50 85.8% 86.8% 87.7% 91.2% 92.3%
75 86.8% 87.9% 88.8% 92.3% 93.4%
100 87.9% 89.0% 89.9% 92.3% 93.4%
230/400 25 86.0% 87.0% 87.8% 89.0% 90.0%
50 87.0% 88.0% 88.8% 92.0% 93.0%
75 88.0% 89.0% 89.8% 93.0% 94.0%
100 89.0% 90.0% 90.8% 93.0% 94.0%
277/480 25 86.6% 87.5% 88.3% 89.4% 90.4%
50 87.5% 88.5% 89.2% 92.3% 93.3%
75 88.5% 89.4% 90.2% 93.3% 94.2%
100 89.4% 90.4% 91.2% 93.3% 94.2%
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K.4 Additional energy efficiency allowances
Some additional devices, when added to the basic UPS configuration, permit the following
reduction to be deducted from the energy efficiency specified in tables K1 to K3.
Table K4 : Additional input or output isolation transformer
Transformer rating (kVA) Transformer Load
(% of rated)
0.3 to <0.8 0.8 to <1.5 1.5 to <3.5 3.5 to <5.0 5.0
stand-by
5
1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5%
25 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5%
50 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9%
75 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6%
100 3.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.6%
Table K5 : Additional input harmonic current filtering
Filter rating (kVA) Filter Load
(% of rated) 0.3 to <0.8 0.8 to <1.5 1.5 to <3.5 3.5 to <5.0 5.0
stand-by
5
0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
25 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
50 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%
75 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6%
100 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
NOTE 1 The reduction figures of Table K4 only apply when the additional input or output isolation
transformer is necessary to ensure separation between two input sources or between input and output
sources
NOTE 2 The reduction figures of Table K5 only apply when the additional input harmonic filtering renders
the resultant harmonic current distortion lower than the limits specified in IEC 61000-3-2, 61000-3-4 and
61000-3-12 as applicable
NOTE 3 Harmonic filtering may be achieved through c passive and/or active components including active
front-end PWM converters that may also provide power factor correction.
NOTE 4 Pro-rata deduction applies when the additional device is rated for partial UPS load only
NOTE 5 Stand-by deduction applies when an additonal device is required to be energised for the purpose of addressing
an alternate mode of UPS operation but where no energy flows through the same in normal mode of UPS operation
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Annex L
(informative)
Functional Safety of UPS
L.1 Introduction
Functional safety of UPS is a particular application of the concepts for functional safety of
electrical, electronic and programmable electronic devices (E/E/PE) detailed in IEC 61508
series of standards.
Functional safety concerns possible hazards caused by failures of safety-related systems, as
distinct from hazards arising from the equipment itself (for example electric shock). Functional
safety is mainly concerned with safety-related systems whose failure could have an impact on
the safety of persons and/or the environment; however, it is recognized that the
consequences of a failure could also have serious economic implications and in such case the
concept of functional safety can be used to specify a UPS used for the protection of
equipment or product.
For the purpose of this annex, the hazard (dangerous failure) to be avoided is a power
failure to the critical load connected to the UPS output. A power failure is deemed to have
occurred when the UPS output voltage is outside the envelope of the applicable dynamic
output performance classification 1, 2 or 3 tolerated by the load. Functional safety does not
use the concept of being fail safe.
NOTE 1 The UPS output voltage of concern is the a.c. output shown in annex A UPS configurations.
NOTE 2 Failures in the electrical distribution downstream of the a.c. output may also produce power failure.
Therefore particular care should be taken in designing, installing and maintaining the electrical distribution.
NOTE 3 In UPS configurations that present dual a.c. output the dangerous failure situation occurs only upon
power failure at both a.c. outputs.
L.2 Safety integrity levels
Safety integrity levels (SIL) determine the lower limit target level of integrity for the functions
to be implemented by the UPS and adopts a risk-based approach for the determination of
requirements. Numerical target failure measures are set for a UPS linked to a particular SIL.
Table J1 : Safety integrity levels - UPS
Safety integrity
level
Probability of output power failure per hour
in high demand or continuous mode of operation
4 10
-9
to < 10
-8
3 10
-8
to < 10
-7
2 10
-7
to < 10
-6
1 10
-6
to < 10
-5
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this annex, a UPS operates is in a high demand or continuous mode of operation.
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L.3 Availability
For the purpose of this annex, the availability of a UPS indicates the expected percentage of
time at which, during its useful life, the UPS complies with its objective of avoiding a
dangerous failure i.e. a power failure to the critical load. The availability (A) is expressed by the
ratio of the MTBF to the sum of the MTBF and MTTR:
A = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR)
where
MTBF = mean time between failures ( = 1 / Failure rate )
MTTR = mean time to repair
and where MTBF and MTTR are both assumed constant
Example:
A UPS with SIL1 presents 10
-6
to < 10
-5
power failures per hour to the critical load, meaning
that its MTBF is between 1/10
-5
and 1/10
-6
hours i.e. between 100,000 and 1,000,000 hours.
The availability of such a UPS, assuming MTTR = 6 hrs, is between 100,000/100,006 and
1,000,000/1,000,006 i.e. between 99.9940% and 99.9994%, generally known in the industry
as 4 to 5 nines of availability
NOTE 1 Constant MTBF and MTTR conditions characterise a UPS during its useful life. The availability arising
is known as steady-state or asymptotic availability.
NOTE 2 MTBF affects the reliability [r(t) = e
-t /MTBF
] that represents the estimated chance of avoiding power
failure to the critical load after at least t hours of operation.
NOTE 3 MTTR affects the maintainability [m(t) = 1-e
-t /MTTR
] that represents the estimated chance of having
restored power to the critical load after no more than t hours of repair.
NOTE 4 The times t = 0, t = MTTR and t = MTBF define important characteristics of:
a) Reliability (if the UPS is observed not failed)
when t = 0,
r(0) = e
-0/MTBF
= 1 = 100%
meaning that the UPS is working
when t = MTBF,
r(MTBF) = e
-MTBF/MTBF
= e
-1
= 0.37 = 37%, meaning that
there is 37% chance of avoiding power failure to the
critical load if the UPS is left operating for the next
MTBF hours
b) Maintainability (if the UPS is observed failed)
when t = 0,
m(0) = 1 -e
-0/MTTR
= 0 = 0%
meaning that the UPS is not repaired
when t = MTTR,
m(MTBF) = 1-e
-MTTR/MTTR
= 1-e
-1
= 0.63 = 63%,
meaning that there is 63% chance that the UPS will
again supply the load after MTTR hours of repair.
L.4 Industry availability practice
UPS built and tested to satisfy the requirements of a particular safety integrity level will
confidently offer a specified availability of power to the critical load when appropriate service
0
0
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(maintenance) conditions are adhered to. These conditions include monitoring of the UPS, the
availability of spare parts and of personnel to perform maintenance as well as training and
become critical as the required MTTR decreases.
Concepts like high nines availability and tiers of availability represent industry practice that
has been adopted in data centres even if not being an international standard. They should not
to be interpreted as the Functional Safety defined in IEC 61508.
NOTE:
As an example, the Uptime Institute, http://uptimeinstitute.org/, promote a 4-tier availability classification consisting
of
Tier I Basic single path no redundant components
Tier II Redundant - single path redundant components
Tier III Concurrently maintainable multiple paths redundant components
Tier IV Fault tolerant - multiple paths redundant components
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Annex M
(informative)
Environmental UPS data - disclosure requirements
M.1 Introduction
The objective of this annex is to define credible, relevant, and harmonized UPS
related environmental information and attributes to be disclosed by the UPS supplier
to the user or to an authority.
Global awareness of the urgency of preserving the natural environment has resulted in the
developments of local, national, and/or international regulations on products, a growing consciousness
of consumers of products, and generally speaking a growing involvement of every stakeholder in
these matters. This has resulted in an increasing need of exchanges of environmental information
between all actors during the product life cycle, from the raw material provider to the recycler, through
the manufacturer and the finished product end user. At every stage, needs in terms of content and
format of environmental information are different, and possible solutions to fit these needs are
multiple. But the key actor of this chain is definitely the producer, who must put on the market
products, which:
- are in conformity with the relevant environmental regulations,
- fulfil the technical and environmental requirements/expectations of users.
Every producer is then led to collect the necessary information upstream of the manufacturing stage,
and deliver product-related environmental information downstream. Upstream information has so far
been collected by individual producers from their numerous suppliers. This means that every supplier
is receiving as many requests as he or she has customers. Though these requests generally deal with
the same items, they are all different and require customized answers.
In the same way, producers have to be able to answer as many request as they have customers, or to
provide consumers with the information they are expecting. This long-standing situation is more and
more difficult to manage for companies because of the growing number of questionnaires, most often
very different in contents and format, and the increasing number of answers to be provided. It is thus
costly and burdensome for:
- every supplier to reply to a lot of different questionnaires,
- every producer to manage a huge quantity of data, and to deliver proper information.
The main concern for this annex is to ensure a level playing field on the market in order to avoid
misunderstanding between stakeholders and possibly false claims which eventually would lead to
market distortion.
M.2 Description of items to be disclosed by the UPS supplier
The following items should, where applicable, be described by the UPS supplier:
Table M1: Environmental information on UPS (EIUPS)
Description UPS suppliers declaration
Information about the producer
-Provide Annex D, D.6 UPS Technical data sheet -
Manufacturer's declaration
Description of the product
-Provide Annex D, D.6 UPS Technical data sheet -
Manufacturer's declaration
Constitutive materials and -Describe relevant material constitution of the product
substances -List regulated substances contained in the product
Manufacturing process -Provide ISO 14001 certificates of production sites
Distribution
Use phase -Energy efficiency. See Annexes I, J, K of this standard
End of life -Provide End of life instruction
Environmental impacts -Provide Life Cycle Assessment
Eco-solutions -List environmental benefits of the product and solution
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Annex N
(informative)
Output short circuit test procedure Guidance and typical values
N1. General
The output short circuit test verifies the performance and safety of the UPS when a short
circuit is applied across all output phase terminals. The test should be repeated by placing a
short circuit across the phase closest to the neutral terminal when the latter is provided. The
test circuit of Figure N.1 should be used to conduct the test.
NOTE Further guidance can be found in IEC 60947-1 under "General conditions for short-circuit tests".
a.c. source - Rated Voltage, 3-phase as applicable
R - Resistor
SW - Closing switch may be located as shown or ahead of limiting impedance
F - Enclosure fuse
EUT - Equipment under test
F1 - Short circuit protection device e.g. protective fuses or circuit-breaker
NOTE Since transient recovery voltage characteristics of test circuits, including large air-cored
reactors, are not representative of usual service conditions, the air-cored reactor in each phase should be
shunted by a resistor taking approximately 0,6 % of the current through the reactor
Figure N.1 Test circuit for UPS output short-circuit
X
R
F1
F
SW
Load terminals
a.c. source
(Normal / Bypass mode)
E.U.T.
a.c. input
terminals
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N2. Test set up
The UPS output should be set to the proper frequency and voltage and should have sufficient
power to permit the verification of the characteristics declared by the manufacturer.
N3. Calibration of the test circuit
The resistance and reactance of the test circuit if applied to the rated a.c. input source should
provide current listed in Table N.1 and satisfy the test conditions specified in Table N.2. The
source reactance is represented by X that should be implemented with linear reactors that
may be adjustable and of air-core technology. They should be connected in series with the
resistors R. Parallel connecting of reactors is acceptable when these reactors have practically
the same time constant as specified in Table N.2. The leads to the unit under test should be
included in the calibration.
If the manufacturer declares a higher output short-circuit withstand current than shown in
Table N.1, the declared value should be used for the test.
Table N.1 Short time withstand current
Rated UPS output
current I
e
(r.m.s.)
A
Prospective test
current
(r.m.s.)
A
Initial Asymmetric
peak current ratio
(A peak / A r.m.s)
Minimum duration of
prospective test
current
cycles (50/60 Hz)
Ie 16 3 000 1,42 1,5
16 < Ie 75 6 000 1,53 1,5
75 < Ie 400 10 000 1,70 1,5
400 < Ie 500 10 000 1,70 3,0
500 Ie 20 I
e
or 50 kA
whichever is the lower
(0,5 I
e
+ 3150) / 2000)
or 2,2
whichever is the lower
3,0
NOTE: depending on the characteristics of the UPS
- the actual values observed during the test may be lower than those listed in Table N.1.
- bypass mode of operation and / or inverter current limitation mode of operation may be invoked automatically as a
consequence of the prospective test current being applied.
Table N.2 Values of power-factors and time-constants corresponding to test currents,
and ratio n between peak and r.m.s. values of current
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N4. Test procedure
N4.1. Normal and Bypass Modes
The test should be performed with UPS operating in Normal mode and should be repeated
with the UPS operating in Bypass mode, if applicable.
Subject to any conditional withstand rating declared by the UPS manufacturer (see Note 2
below), the following test applies.
A circuit breaker which will maintain the test current for at least 1,5 cycles up to and including
400 A and 3.0 cycles over 400 A should be used as the protective device F1.
For reference, the phase current(s) should be recorded during the test. The highest peak
value of the current should be not less than n times the rated short time withstand current of
Table N.1, the value of n being that corresponding to this value of current according to Table
N.2. When the UPS design incorporates automatic current limitation, during such current
limitation, the highest peak current value of the current should be not less than the current
limitation value declared by the manufacturer.
Note 1: Inverse proportional current values apply where the rated input and output voltages of the UPS differ
Note 2:The stored energy source is considered an integral part of the UPS and should remain connected during the
test
Note 3: The manufacturer may declare a conditional withstand rating e.g. for the bypass mode and specify a
protective device (F1) to be used in conjunction with the unit under test. F1 should be placed between the UPS
input terminals and the a.c. input source. The closing switch SW should be fitted at the load terminals of the UPS
When SW is closed the test current should be maintained until interrupted by F1.
N5 Stored energy mode
The a.c. input source should be disconnected and the test should be performed with UPS
operating in stored energy mode.
For reference, the phase current(s) should be recorded during the test. The highest peak
value of the current should be not less than n times the rated short time withstand current of
Table N.1, the value of n being that corresponding to this value of current according to Table
N.2. When the UPS design incorporates automatic current limitation, during such current
limitation, the highest peak current value of the current should be not less than the current
limitation value declared by the manufacturer.
N6 Test verification criteria
A UPS should withstand the designated levels of current until the over-current protective
devices open or for a time as designated in Table N.1.
At the conclusion of each test:
a) the UPS should be fully functional with the exception that power switching components
are permitted to fail,
b) There should be no arcing from live parts to the UPS chassis or to the enclosure.
Note: opening of the 32 A enclosure fuse, F, indicates failure of the test
c) there should be no damage to the UPS to the extent that the integrity of the mounting
of live parts is impaired,
d) the enclosure door should not be blown open prevented only by its latch
e) no conductor should have pulled out of its terminal connector and there shall be no
damage to the conductor or conductor insulation,
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f) Flames, molten metal or burning particles should not be emitted during or after the
conclusion of the short circuit test;
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Annex O
(informative)
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IEC 60478-2:1986, Stabilized power supplies, d.c. output -
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IEC 60478-3:1989, Stabilized power supplies, d.c. output -
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IEC 60686:1980, Stabilized power supplies, a.c. output
IEC 60068-3-3: 1991, Environmental testing Part 3.3: GuidanceSeismic test methods for equipment
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