262 HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION

acre-ft of water and ends with a reservoir that is empty. Assume that there
is no inflow to the reservoir and that both units are on-line for the entire
12 h.
Find the optimum schedule for the hydroplant using dynamic pro-
gramming. Use only three volume states for this schedule: 0, 10,000, and
20.000 acre-ft.
FURTHER READING
The literature relating to hydrothermal scheduling is extensive. For the reader desiring
a more complete guide to these references, we suggest starting with reference 1, which
is a bibliography covering 1959 through 1972, prepared by a working group of the
Power Engineering Society of IEEE.
References 2 and 3 contain examples of simulation methods applied to the scheduling
of large hydroelectric systems. The five-part series of papers by Bernholz and Graham
(reference 4) presents a fairly comprehensive package of techniques for optimization of
short-range hydrothermal schedules applied to the Ontario Hydro system. Reference 5 is
an example of optimal scheduling on the Susquehanna River.
A theoretical development of the hydrothermal scheduling equations is contained in
reference 6. This 1964 reference should be reviewed by any reader contemplating
undertaking a research project in hydrothermal scheduling methods. I t points out clearly
the impact of the constraints and their effects on the pseudomarginal value of
hydroelectric energy.
Reference 7 illustrates an application of gradient-search methods to the coupled
plants in the Ontario system. Reference 8 illustrates the application of dynamic-
programming techniques to this type of hydrothermal system in a tutorial fashion.
References 9 and 10 contain examples of methods for scheduling pumped-storage
hydroelectric plants in a predominantly thermal system. References 11-16 show many
recent scheduling techniques.
This short reference list is only a sample. The reader should be aware that a literature
search in hydrothermal-scheduling methods is a major undertaking. We suggest the
serious student of this topic start with reference 1 and its predecessors and successors.
1. Description and Bibliography of Major Economy-Security Functions, Parts I, 11,
and 111, I EEE Working Group Report, I EEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, J anuary 1981, pp. 211-235.
2. Bruderell, R. N., Gilbreath, J . H., Economic Complementary Operation of Hydro
Storage and Steam Power in the Integrated TVA System, AI EE Transactions, Vol.
78, J une 1959, pp. 136-150.
3. Hildebrand, C. E., The Analysis of Hydroelectric Power-Peaking and Poundage
by Computer, AI EE Transactions, Vol. 79, Part 111, December 1960, pp. 1023- 1029.
4. Bernholz, B., Graham, L. J ., Hydrothermal Economic Scheduling, a five-part
series:
a. Part I. Solution by Incremental Dynamic Programming, AI EE Transactions,
b. Part 11. Extension of Basic Theory, AI EE Transactions, Vol. 81, Part 111,
Vol. 79, Part 111, December 1960, pp. 921-932.
J anuary 1962, pp. 1089-1096.
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