OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this experiment are as follows:

To compare the profile of the convex, simple harmonic, constant acceleration and
circular cams, with two types of followers, flat follower and dome followers
To know the velocity profile of simple harmonic and constant acceleration cams, with
two types of followers that is, flat follower and dome followers.
To know the acceleration profile of simple harmonic and constant acceleration cam
with two types of followers that is, flat follower and dome followers.




















DATA, OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

FOR CIRCULAR CAM

Crank Angle,
Displacement, x(mm) Theoretical
displacement,(mm) Dome Flat
0 0 0.1 0.000
10 0.2 0.5 0.200
20 0.6 1.2 0.800
30 1.1 2.2 1.800
40 1.9 3.4 3.100
50 2.9 4.7 4.600
60 3.9 6.2 6.300
70 5.2 7.9 8.000
80 6.85 9.7 9.800
90 8.55 11.3 11.600
100 10.3 13.1 13.200
110 12.1 14.5 14.600
120 13.7 15.9 16.000
130 15.3 17.1 17.100
140 16.7 18.2 18.000
150 18.0 18.9 18.700
160 19.0 19.4 19.200
170 19.5 19.5 19.500
180 19.7 19.4 19.700
190 19.5 18.9 19.500
200 18.9 18.2 19.200
210 17.9 17.2 18.700
220 16.7 15.9 18.000
230 15.2 14.5 17.100
240 13.55 13.0 16.000
250 11.85 11.2 14.600
260 9.9 9.5 13.200
270 8.1 7.7 11.600
280 6.5 6.2 9.800
290 5.0 4.8 8.000
300 3.7 3.5 6.300
310 2.6 2.3 4.600
320 1.7 1.4 3.100
330 0.9 0.6 1.800
340 0.5 0.2 0.800
350 0.2 0.1 0.200
360 0 0 0.000




FOR CONVEX CAM

Crank Angle,
Displacement, x(mm) Theoretical
displacement,(mm) Dome Flat
0 0 0 0.00
10 0.1 0 0.00
20 0.1 0 0.00
30 0.1 0 0.00
40 0.15 0 0.00
50 0.05 -0.1 0.00
60 0.05 -0.1 0.00
70 0.05 -0.2 0.00
80 0.05 -0.2 0.00
90 0 -0.3 0.00
100 0.1 0 0.00
110 0.7 1.2 0.00
120 1.75 3.0 0.00
130 3.2 5.4 0.00
140 5.2 8.4 0.00
150 7.9 11.8 0.00
160 11.5 16.0 0.00
170 16.1 18.5 0.00
180 19.5 19.2 0.00
190 17.4 18.9 0.19
200 12.4 17.0 0.79
210 8.7 13.0 1.83
220 5.6 9.3 3.38
230 3.3 6.2 5.52
240 1.7 3.7 8.39
250 0.7 1.7 12.11
260 0.05 0.3 16.78
270 -0.15 -0.3 22.43
280 -0.2 -0.3 16.78
290 -0.1 -0.2 12.11
300 -0.1 -0.2 8.39
310 0 -0.1 5.52
320 0 -0.1 3.38
330 0.5 -0.1 1.83
340 0.05 0 0.79
350 1 0 0.19
360 0 0 0






FOR SIMPLE HARMONIC CAM

Crank Angle,
Displacement, x(mm) Theoretical
displacement,(mm) Dome Flat
0 0 0 0.000
10 0.2 0.2 0.152
20 0.75 1.0 0.603
30 1.55 2.0 1.340
40 2.6 3.2 2.340
50 3.95 4.8 3.572
60 5.45 6.2 5.000
70 6.7 7.8 6.580
80 8.5 9.6 8.264
90 10.3 11.2 10.000
100 12.0 12.8 11.736
110 13.6 14.3 13.420
120 15.1 15.5 15.000
130 16.4 16.7 16.428
140 17.6 17.7 17.660
150 18.5 18.5 18.660
160 19.2 19.1 19.397
170 19.6 19.4 19.848
180 19.75 19.5 20.000
190 19.55 19.4 19.848
200 19.05 19.1 19.397
210 18.3 18.4 18.660
220 17.4 17.6 17.660
230 16.1 16.7 16.428
240 14.7 15.5 15.000
250 13.1 14.1 13.420
260 11.4 12.6 11.736
270 9.7 11.0 10.000
280 8.5 9.4 8.264
290 6.4 7.9 6.580
300 4.9 6.2 5.000
310 3.6 4.8 3.572
320 2.4 3.4 2.340
330 1.3 2.2 1.340
340 0.6 1.1 0.603
350 0.2 0.3 0.152
360 0 0 0.000






FOR CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAM

Crank Angle,
Displacement, x(mm) Theoretical
displacement,(mm) Dome Flat
0 0 0 0.00
10 0.25 0.2 0.12
20 0.65 0.7 0.49
30 1.3 1.6 1.11
40 2.2 2.8 1.98
50 3.3 4.2 3.09
60 4.1 5.8 4.44
70 6.2 7.8 6.05
80 8.2 10.0 7.90
90 13.0 11.8 10.00
100 12.3 13.5 12.10
110 14.1 15.1 13.95
120 15.7 16.5 15.56
130 16.9 17.6 16.91
140 18.1 18.6 18.02
150 18.95 19.4 18.89
160 19.6 19.9 19.51
170 20.0 20.2 19.88
180 22.0 20.4 20.00
190 20.5 20.2 19.88
200 19.65 19.9 19.51
210 19.05 19.3 18.89
220 18.25 18.6 18.02
230 17.1 17.6 16.91
240 15.8 16.5 15.56
250 14.2 15.6 13.95
260 12.3 13.5 12.10
270 10.2 11.8 10.00
280 8.2 10.0 7.90
290 6.2 8.0 6.05
300 4.55 6.1 4.44
310 3.25 4.4 3.09
320 2.15 3.0 1.98
330 1.25 1.7 1.11
340 0.65 0.8 0.49
350 0.25 0.2 0.12
360 0 0 0.00




VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION PROFILE FOR SIMPLE HARMONIC AND
CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAMS.


Crank Angle,

Constant Acceleration Harmonic
velocity
(mm/deg)
Acceleration,
(mm/deg
2
)
velocity
(mm/deg)
Acceleration,
(mm/deg
2
)
0 0.0 2.0 0.0 10.000
10 25 2.0 1.736 9.848
20 4.9 2.0 3.420 9.397
30 7.4 2.0 5.000 8.660
40 9.9 2.0 6.428 7.660
50 12.3 2.0 7.660 6.428
60 14.8 2.0 8.660 5.000
70 17.3 2.0 9.397 3.420
80 19.8 2.0 9.848 1.736
90 22.2 2.0 10.000 0.000
100 19.8 -2.0 9.848 -1.736
110 17.3 -2.0 9.397 -3.420
120 14.8 -2.0 8.660 -5.000
130 12.3 -2.0 7.660 -6.428
140 9.9 -2.0 6.428 -7.660
150 7.4 -2.0 5.000 -8.660
160 4.9 -2.0 3.420 -9.397
170 2.5 -2.0 1.736 -9.848
180 0.0 -2.0 0.000 -10.000
190 -2.5 -2.0 -1.736 -9.848
200 -4.9 -2.0 -3.420 -9.397
210 -7.4 -2.0 -5.000 -8.660
220 -9.9 -2.0 -6.428 -7.660
230 -12.3 -2.0 -7.660 -6.428
240 -14.8 -2.0 -8.660 -5.000
250 -17.3 -2.0 -9.397 -3.420
260 -19.8 -2.0 -9.848 -1.736
270 -22.2 -2.0 -10.000 0.000
280 -19.8 2.0 -9.848 1.736
290 -17.3 2.0 -9.397 3.420
300 -14.8 2.0 -8.660 5.000
310 -12.3 2.0 -7.660 6.428
320 -9.9 2.0 -6.428 7.660
330 -7.4 2.0 -5.000 8.660
340 -4.9 2.0 -3.420 9.397
350 -2.5 2.0 -1.736 9.848
360 0.0 2.0 0.000 10.000




SAMPLE CALCULATION
1) Convex

- For the first 180 degrees, the theoretical value for displacement is 0.
- The theoretical is 10 until 180 then start from 10 until 90 and decreasing till 0

For = 10

sin = 35 sin (180-)
55
= 35 sin (180-10)
55
= 0.1105

= 6.344

= -
= 10-6.344
= 3.656

OE = 55 sin
sin (180-)
= 55 sin 3.656
sin 170
= 20.195

X = OE 20
= 20.195 20
= 0.195mm

2) Harmonic

For = 10
= angular velocity in rad/sec, in our case = 1 rad/sec

x = R(1-cos)
= 10 (1-cos 10)
= 0.1519mm

v = (Rsin)
= 1 ( 0.01 sin 10)
= 1.7365 x 10
-3
mm/sec
= 1.7365 mm/sec

a =
2
(Rcos )
= 1 (0.01 cos 10)
= 9.848 x 10
-3
m/sec
2

= 9.848 mm/sec
2
3) Constant Acceleration


For 0 to 90

x = [(/15)/3.6]
= [ (10/15)/3.6]
= 0.123 mm

v = dx/d
= d[(/15)/3.6]
d
= (2/15
2
)/3.6
= 0.02469 mm/sec

a = dv/d
= d (2/15
2
)/3.6
d
= (2/15
2
)/3.6
= 2.469 x 10
-3
mm/sec
2

For 91 to 180

x = 20 [(180-/15)
2
/3.6]
= 20 [(180-100/15)
2
/3.6]
= 12.099mm

v = dx/d
= d [20 [(180-/15)
2
/3.6]]/ d
= 4/9 /405
= 0.1975 mm/sec

a = dv/d
= d(4/9 /405)/ d
= -1/405
= -2.469 x 10
-3
mm/sec
2

For 181 to 270

x = 20 [(-180/15)
2
/3.6]
= 20 [(190-180/15)
2
/3.6]
= 19.88 mm

v = dx/d
= d[20 [( -180/15)
2
/3.6]] / d
= 4/9 - /405
= -0.1975 mm/sec

a = dv/d
= d(4/9 - /405)/ d
= -2.469 x 10
-3
mm/sec
2
For 271 to 360


x = [(360-/15)
2
/3.6]
= [(360-280/15)
2
/3.6]
=7.9 mm

v = dx/d
= d[(360-/15)
2
/3.6]/ d
= -8/9 + /405
= -0.148 mm/sec

a = d(-8/9 + /405) / d
= 1 /405
= 2.469 x 10
-3
mm/sec
2





















ANALYSIS
1) Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for Circular Cam

2) Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for Convex Cam

0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400
Displacement,
mm
Crank Angle,
Graph of Displacement vs Crank Angle for
Circular Cam
Dome
Flat
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Displacement,
mm
Crank Angle,
Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for
Convex Cam
Dome
Flat
3) Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for Simple Harmonic Cam

4) Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for Constant Acceleration Cam

0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Displacement,mm
Crank Angle,
Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for
Simple Harmonic Cam
Dome
Flat
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Displacement,m
m
Crank Angle,
Graph of Displacement against Crank Angle for
Constant Acc. Cam
Dome
Flat
5) Graph of Velocity Against Crank Angle for Simple Harmonic and Constant
Acceleration Cams

6) Graph of Acceleration against Crank Angle for Simple Harmonic and Constant
Acceleration Cams

-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Velocity, mm/deg
Crank Angle,
Graph of Velocity vs Crank Angle
Simple
Harmonic
Constant
Acceleration
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Acceleration,
mm/deg
2

Crank Angle,
Graph of Acceleration against Crank Angle
Simple
harmonic
Constant
Acceleration
DISCUSSION

1) The graph of circular cam, convex cam, simple harmonic motion and constant
acceleration cams with dome tappet follower shows same type of graph. All the graph
almost shares same shape. Its a quadratic shaped graph. The lowest displacement is
0 meanwhile the maximum displacement was at 19.7, 19.5 19.75 and 22.0
respectively. The graphs pattern was increasing until 180 where the highest
displacement occurs and then the pattern decreases until displacement reach 0. For
convex cam, the graph possess the same shape but with steeper gradient and the graph
started to rise at angle of significantly at angle of 30.

Meanwhile, the graph of circular cam, convex cam and simple harmonic motion cam
with flat tappet follower also shows the same pattern with the graph of dome tappet
follower. The highest point of the graph is 19.3, 19.4 and 19.1 respectively.

The graph for velocity against angle for simple harmonic motion cam was a quadratic
graph with two cycles. The highest value that was recorded was 10 mm/deg while the
lowest that was recorded was 10 mm/deg. The graph for Constant acceleration cam
nearly possessed the quadratic graph with two cycles but the graph was steeper. The
highest value was 22.2 mm/deg and lowest point was -22.2 mm/deg.

The graph of acceleration against simple harmonic motion cam was a cos graph. The
starting point and ending point of the graph is at 10.00 mm/deg
2
. The lowest point in
the graph was at 10.00mm/deg. The graph for constant acceleration was in adifferent
shape with the maximum acceleration was 2.00 mm/deg
2
and the minimum
acceleration was 2.00 mm/deg
2
.







2) Based on the graphs plotted for displacement versus angle of experiment for the
constant acceleration, circular, convex and harmonic cams, it has almost the same
shape as the theoretical calculated ones, which is a quadratic shaped graphs. When the
cam rises, the follower is driven away from the cam axis by the increasing radius of
the cam profile at the point of contact. When the cam falls, the follower continues to
maintain contact with the cam profiles whose radius is continually decreasing at the
point of contact. In the case of the constant acceleration cam, the velocity increases
linearly to a maximum at middle section and then decreases to zero at the end of the
section with respect to time. This causes the acceleration to positive and uniform over
the first half of the section up to the point of maximum velocity where it
instantaneously reverses directions to become negative and uniform over the
remaining half of the section. The motion of the simple harmonic cam is in a way
where the displacement is the projection of a point on a circle to a reference line. For
this kind of motion, the maximum velocity occurs in the middle of the time section,
whereas, the acceleration is greatest at both ends of the time section and least in the
middle of the time section. The constant acceleration cam on the other hand has a
smaller maximum acceleration compared with simple harmonic cam but has sudden
changes at the start, the middle and the end of the rise motion. The simple harmonic
cam has a gradual change in acceleration except at the start and end of cam rotation.
For velocity, it is the opposite, the constant acceleration cam has a higher maximum
velocity compared with the simple harmonic cam but at 180 the velocity will sharply
decrease which causes a discontinuity in the acceleration graph.
The experiment that we conducted has some errors that might have been caused by
equipment error or human error. One of the apparatus used had some problems with
the calibration. For example when we set the cam to 0, it wasnt actually 0 and the
increments also had errors. The cam also was not totally centered due to long usage,
and had some free play which caused some errors.




3) Importance of Cam Gears in Internal Combustion Engines is that, a cam is an
important component of an internal combustion engine .Especially in an overhead-
camshaft engine, the cam controls the opening and closing of valves. There are
separate camshafts for fuel inlet and exhaust valves .How it works: the engine
crankshaft has a gear or sprocket fitted to its one end. A second shaft, called a
camshaft, is placed close by which also has a gear or sprocket. Both gears are joined
by a chain. Two turns of the crankshaft give one turn of the camshaft. Resting on the
camshaft is a pushrod which moves up-and-down or backwards-and-forwards as the
camshaft turns. Fitted on the top of the pushrod is a pivoted arm or rocker. One end of
the rocker pushes down on the valve as the other is lifted by the pushrod. To return
the valve to the closed position a coil spring is fixed to the top. This then gives the
opening and closing system for the engine fuel supply. In the whole system explained
above, function of cam gears is to keep the camshaft rotating properly.






CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, it was found that the tappet motion for all the cam used was found to
exhibit the similar profiles Although there might be some errors due to human error,
instrument error but does not affect the overall result. It was also found that the flat follower
produced to stable reading compare to dome follower due to the shape of the follower.
The circular, harmonic and convex cams were found to possess different characteristics. Even
though the profiles of the circular and harmonic cam did not show any significant differences,
but the velocity and acceleration of these profiles suggest otherwise. The circular cam has a
rapid velocity changes and much higher acceleration than the harmonic cam which instead
exhibits a much slower velocity changes but achieved the highest velocity than the circular
cam.

REFERENCES

1) Department of Mechanical Engineering. 2014. Machine Design & CAD Lab
Manual. University Tenaga Nasional. Pp 22-27.
2) Robert L.Norton. 1999. Design of Machinery. Second Edition. Massachhusetts :
McGraw-Hill. Pp274.
3) Cam and Tappet Experiment.2008.
http://webcabinet.tripod.com/Assignment/camandtappet.htm